This is the man that got me interested in neuroscience and biology in general. I can't get enough of his lectures.

@uygy15

6 жыл бұрын

007MrYang ikr? i just got hooked now i cannot stop. its just so interesting!

@michaelpondo6324

5 жыл бұрын

Yes tell trump to listen to his lectures and look into his own soul. A true sociopath looks back as trump looks into a mirror.

@chandanahuja82

5 жыл бұрын

Same!

@project_X_design

3 жыл бұрын

@@michaelpondo6324 dont bring politics into this. I personally am a person of science, not bullshit.

@captainathens1658

2 жыл бұрын

@@michaelpondo6324 you watch the news too much.

Main lesson is "be really careful, really cautious before you think you know what causes a behavior, specially if it's a behavior you are judging harshly ... Every bit of behavior can change with circumstances ..."

@MindfieIds

7 жыл бұрын

Sapolsky is one of my favorite scientist that studies human behavior, thinking, evolution, condition, genetics or evolution. He really understands the human being and his society.

@keithklassen5320

7 жыл бұрын

walperstyle Or you could question the value of individuality, and how centuries of advertising have eroded culture's senses of common good to make people more easily manipulated by greed.

@themuse11

6 жыл бұрын

yes - and it's psychological inroad to the human psyche & the way it justifies itself is by promoting moral relativism.

@themuse11

6 жыл бұрын

When people say things like 'common good' or 'greater good' ... I wonder if they really give much thought to what that means. Here is a quote: 'Better never means better for everyone' - The Commander in Handmaid's tale trying to justify Offred's situation (slavery, rape). He's !00% right. And that means some people will have state-sanctioned violence used against them, their rights violated - and worse - it means that the ones who are the beneficiaries don't quite care, and like to use those phrases 'greater good' and 'common good' to justify it.

@naturallaw1733

6 жыл бұрын

"Stop, think to yourself; 'how can bad people use this to control my individuality and freedom?" ?? and that's what you're doing with all that Libertarian Dogma you keep regurgitating? Lol

this guy has great bio lectures on stanfords youtube page

@angelic8632002

7 жыл бұрын

Steven Lake I second this. Highly recommended.

@JohnBastardSnow

7 жыл бұрын

One of the most fascinating courses you can take. He also has amazing lectures on The Great Courses (under paywall, totally worth it).

@mirzamay

6 жыл бұрын

Steven Lake thank you.

@mrs_d3n1mx28

6 жыл бұрын

they were life changing for me.

@reasondroid5544

6 жыл бұрын

Agree - Sapolsky's work / lectures greatly changed my perspectives on life.

In just 15 minutes he gave us his wisdom in a silver plater, +30 years of field research in kenya, summarized his Stanford's biology lectures, best ever TED lecture and lecturer offcoarse

@physicsevolutionandscope9588

5 жыл бұрын

Bcoz he is a jew😉

@kellyberry4173

4 жыл бұрын

Amen.

@arinb.9176

3 жыл бұрын

@J. B. Hamel you had to bring in politics here, didn't you? I've completely lost hope in humanity.

@j.v.5499

2 жыл бұрын

@J. B. Hamel Can you give an example of what you mean? I know you commented quite some time ago, and I'm curious why you made that assessment.

@luisito7018

2 жыл бұрын

@@physicsevolutionandscope9588 hahahahahaha nice one

A bonafide genius. His ability to effortlessly describe very complex things in simple clear language is the hallmark of a master

Found this guy on accident...a biology prof at Stanford, I happened upon one of his lectures. I cannot get enough of him. He is an extraordinarily fascinating human being who every one of us can learn a great deal from!

@IlaughedIcried

2 жыл бұрын

Same -- I discovered his lectures while looking for something else entirely, and am now a rabid fan! Watching every single thing he's videotaped! He makes me want to go back to school and get a second degree!

@srilakshmi3637

2 жыл бұрын

@@IlaughedIcried me too!

@nikolademitri731

Жыл бұрын

If y’all haven’t read the book version of this talk, “Behave”, I can’t recommend it enough. I just finished the audiobook, again it’s a masterpiece. I’d put it right next to, ‘The Mismeasure of Man’, as one of the best books on human behavior, and the facts of nature/nurture, that I’ve ever read.

@formxshape

7 ай бұрын

Same… he speaks and we’d all benefit to listen.

I love this guy, how can we keep him alive forever?

@sorcerykid

2 жыл бұрын

That's something I've been concerned about lately too. Having seen some of his more recent lectures, it's clear he's aging. And I wish it were possible for him to live forever, because his spirit and intellect is world changing and we cannot afford to lose him.

@deksroning125

Жыл бұрын

@@sorcerykid Biological immortality by 2030 or 2035. We've successfully reversed aged skin in a woman by 30 years. Regenerative medicine is entering the larger scope by 2025... and technology and science evolve exponentially. Death is NOT inevitable.

@user-hk3eu7bg5y

10 ай бұрын

The wealthy are working on immortality. But it won't be available for the public. Only the wealthy will have access to it. The Immortality should be available for the wealthy by 2030. -j from my wife's KZread with her permission of course. Good guys ask if it's okay to do anything. Be so good that if someone were to impersonate you on Facebook, no one you know would believe what the impersonator writes. ☮️🎶Use your brain to get what your heart desires. ☮️🎶

@what_how_n_whyy9412

10 ай бұрын

same worries here 😢

@Jerkules555

6 ай бұрын

With biology? 😂

This wasn't long enough. I need a 40 minute version.

@justgivemethetruth

7 жыл бұрын

Read the book, or listen to a ton of other lectures or talks given by Sapolsky. These ideas are also featured in a series of documentaries called "Unnatural Causes" which is very enlightening.

@sorellman

7 жыл бұрын

Human behavior is weird? Compared to what? To zebras? The rest of the speech is, how should I put it, weird, compared to a rational logical understanding of the nature of being human. To begin with there is no such thing as "biology of self." From the time of Socrates we knew the self is energy, "Know your self," as in spirit energy, not biology, something confirmed today by the way of theoretical physics and transpersonal psychology. Starting from this false premises everything goes downhill with his talk, and when Sapolsky tells us that the brain tells the muscles what to do, we know we are on the wrong track since as many scientists have established in the last decades, consciousness is something apart from the brain, from the physical aspect of being human. We are spirit energy that sends the command to the brain that then makes that manifest as sound, movement and such. Speaking of our best self, though, we are the way we understand reality, and when we are being fed in churches and schools a false representation of the nature of being human, we end up in existential chaos, a state we have been in for thousands of years now, no thanks to religion or scientific materialism. I highly recommend Paul Greene's A Time of Change. You will not see reality, civilization earth and your self with the same eyes ever again. But you will not hear that in a TED Talk. It is too, how should I put it, weird, too "fringe," as in too unorthodox for the taste of the status quo.

@D3ADSY

7 жыл бұрын

No biology of the self? How do you explain the people in a brain injury unit at a hospital? Their functional impairments are related to the specific areas of their brain that get damaged. How does spirit energy explain that?

@sorellman

7 жыл бұрын

Ben Bicakci You have no understanding of what the world "self" stands for. Not your fault, it is our education system's. So, the spirit energy uses the brain to make manifest commands it sends to the brain. If certain areas of the brain are damaged, the manifestation is not going to happen. How do you explain the despite the fact that Stephen Hawking is inert in a wheelchair he can communicate thoughts by the way of a computer? His spirit energy produces those thoughts within a damaged body. The brain is still functional, but the rest of the body is not. When you talk to Hawking and Hawking is talking to you, you are communicated with his spirit energy. The body, the hard drive is biology, the spirit energy is high frequency energy, sophisticated software. So I have to end this by asking you, what is your understanding of self?

@Metal0sopher

7 жыл бұрын

Clearly you don't have a clue what energy is. Before you start, incorrectly, bringing up physicists please first educate yourself on what energy actually is according the the laws of physics.

9:34 funnily enough it's also more complicated for baboons. While they're generally a very aggressive species with a very stratified group hierarchy, there's one instance where this changed. There was a group that lived near a dumpsite where they took food from, and as usual the dominant males ate first. However, some of the food was poisonous, and those dominant males died, leaving the more submissive males and females. The females did not feel the danger of violent reprisal anymore, and started mating the surviving males, who had a much more peaceful and mild disposition. Because of their genes and the way they raised their new young the group stayed peaceful and altruistic. So even a little shuffling of the genepool, and a nicer environment, completely changed the predisposition of these baboons.

@drzeworyj

Жыл бұрын

that's Sapolsky's story

@MarmaladeINFP

6 ай бұрын

There probably wasn't enough time to cause much genetic change. More probable, it was epigenetic changes. In research, it's been mostly a failure in finding genes that directly link to much of anything specific.

@KarlSnarks

6 ай бұрын

@@MarmaladeINFP The less dominant males already had genes that made them more cooperative than their aggressive peers (or environmental pressures that made them like that, including epigenetic) so it's perfectly possible if it's because of their genes, that they transferred those to the next generation, which is what I meant with shuffling.

@VaclavChlad

5 ай бұрын

No, its not "more complicated". He just stated, that generally they evolved to being violent. Thats true and this story of their change under certain cirmustances (yes, that is his story), has really nothing to do with it.

@johnmarkhatfield

5 ай бұрын

what’s more interesting still, dr zapolski re visited this group and noticed all of the monkeys he studied had died out, but the non-violent culture was passed down.

Hugh Thompson - A man willing to mow down his own allies to protect his enemies from rape and slaughter. I'm honored to have even known such an amazing person. Thank you.

@101yayo

2 жыл бұрын

Enemies??? Civilians. If babies and old women are your enemies you are definitely in the wrong.

@sca-london

2 жыл бұрын

@@101yayo The enemies of the US Government, not the enemies of the American people.

@jeffjohnson8624

2 жыл бұрын

Hugh Thomson was a hero. And an honorable human being. He did the right thing when others were in a state of low consciousness. ☮️🎶🖖War brings out the worst in people. Especially, when stress is high. it's kind of disgraceful that American soldiers did that stuff. it's like don't rape. Period. no shooting babies and women and elderly women.

@michelemarie2568

Жыл бұрын

No decent reason to be at war in Vietnam for anyone . . . Thompson may have been your hero -- my heroes chose jail or Canada rather than kill innocent people in a war that had no meaning.

@dunzek943

Жыл бұрын

"This isn't what freedom looks like..."

By far the most sophisticated Ted talk I've seen. There's a lot of footage of Sapolsky lecturing on KZread for those who want more.

I instantly gave a thumbs up because I knew Robert Sapolsky would deliver.

@reasondroid5544

6 жыл бұрын

lol true the guy is a legend breaking down massive ignorance

Thank God this guy doesn't want to torture me

@jairosequeira233

6 жыл бұрын

He could've said, netanyahu or fxxxxx kissinger. But no, he had to pick on poor hitler. When are they gonna stop it...

@fullmetajacket2090

6 жыл бұрын

if you don't consider this video torture, you aren't thinking hard enough about the human condition. #edgelord #preemptive

@kennyw871

5 жыл бұрын

Thank "god" he doesn't believe in "god."

@lofiafterdark9882

5 жыл бұрын

nutrino I thought the same thing.

@rogsolaris7411

5 жыл бұрын

How do you know he doesn’t want to torture you?

Robert Sapolsky is ever inspiring and incredible. Everything he studies is very much suggestive of the poignant truth that humans are deeply flawed, and still quite beautiful regardless. I would love to meet him.

@MrKrickea

5 жыл бұрын

JavaScript KZread

@anondoggo

5 жыл бұрын

Deeply flawed? Perhaps you are, just don't speak for anyone else.

@carlarecaido6951

5 жыл бұрын

Cindy Shi what is deeply flawed, is that as humans we inevitably make mistakes. At some point before coming to adult stage we all have have juvenile brain. Listen to this ted talk to further understand

@tahataimur1859

4 жыл бұрын

@@anondoggo really so human beings are perfect? we have no flaws? we who over the course of our history have killed each other in the hundreds of millions? fantastic.

@tahataimur1859

4 жыл бұрын

@Cliff Hanley our own? we are great and we are terrible. Yet it is the capacity for being great that also gives us the capacity for being terrible even so being terrible is our flaw. We have murdered each other by the millions and oppressed each other by the billions since our dawn. You can add to that our biological and psychological as well as emotional limitations. Complexity does not mean perfection.

This also serves to highlight how important it is for us to treat 'now' as carefully as possible because it then would in some way impact our actions in the future.

one of the best speeches ever

@psychologyis

6 жыл бұрын

Grubbs Grady truly

@Q_QQ_Q

2 жыл бұрын

Exactly

Robert Sapolsky is like a neuroscience/behaviour rock star!

@davidmunoz4022

7 жыл бұрын

is neuroscience the same as human behavior biology / neural biology?

@Wildcard1992

7 жыл бұрын

David Munoz it's a very broad subject with several sub-disciplines. Neuroscientists study both behavioural and neural biology, and a multitude of other things as well.

@DanielBrownsan

6 жыл бұрын

What do you mean "like" a rockstar?

@reasondroid5544

6 жыл бұрын

Danielsan B Sapolsky a legend against ignorance

Beautiful. It takes the strongest person to admit that they were wrong.

I highly recommend his book "Behave", the scope and scholarly quality is on another level

One of my fav teachers ..positive vibes your way

Such lucid explanation and such great examples. Thank you Dr Sapolsky.

God, I love listening to this generous,compassionate, and articulate genius

I never tire of watching/listening to Dr Robert Sapolsky, he is phenomenal

Wow that ending! Had to listen to it 3 times to understand and appreciate it. LET US STUDY ALL OF THOSE!

15 minutes of pure knowledge! It is so good that a man who is studying this for 20+ years can take some minutes to share a bit with us! Thank you, internet!

"What we're left with here is this inevitable cliche: 'Those who don't study history are destined to repeat it'. What we have here is the opposite: Those who don't study the history of extraordinary human change; those who don't study the biology of what can transform us from our worst to our best behaviors; those who don't do this are destined not to be able to repeat these incandescent, magnificent moments."

@cliffhanley2120

3 жыл бұрын

Why might he believe that those of us who don't study those things won't be able to magnificent things? Did the heroes he talked about here study those things?

@nicolassalliou2352

3 жыл бұрын

@@cliffhanley2120 It's called being inspired. It does not mean you cannot do it without knowing them, it's just making it more likely.

@andrius00

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for writing this out

@murraydunn6704

Жыл бұрын

@@nicolassalliou2352 "being inspired"? Robert would describe that as the result of a cascade of biological and physiological causes stretching back millions of years. You have no more control over your "inspiration" than you do over digesting your last meal.

I understand and agree with it. Where does that leave us on topic of personal responsibility then?

@VaclavChlad

5 ай бұрын

Listen to some podcast with Sapolsky where he speaks about free will and you will see thats a really good question :D

@kemalistdevrimturkaydnlanm168

3 ай бұрын

You are and your behaviour is end result of your ancestry, dna, hormones, experienced environments, therefore you don’t have a free will that’s what he teaches us and I love his scientific mind.

MIND BLOWING!!! Sapolsky at it again, blowing away ignorance of the world.

I have met and heard his lectures before; Sapolsky is such a great speaker... these are the TED talks I subbed fore.

finally we had a TED by the one and only Dr Sapolsky

a liberating and moving lecture. I am reading 'behave' now. Thank you. Just what I needed.

This is the first time that I see a TedEx where the host says in 15 minutes a huge lesson to all of the humanity, cos there is bullets in all directions and I love that, this talk should be 4 hours long and even in that scenario , will not be enough to learn from this man.

My primatology professor suggested Sapolsky in 2020 for a read and I am now in love eoth his work and how he shares his knowledge with the world. Share him with anyone and everyone lovelies 💜

I've watched this video at least five times and it still gives me really deep insights about myself. The video is underrated, indeed. Thank you a lot

Check out Robert Sapolsky's lectures, especially his _Human Behavioral Biology_ Stanford course.

One of the most important talks. Period.

Sapolsky the best lecturer in the whole world

At 3:25 of this spectacular lecture Prof. Sapolsky is basically describing a bottom-up vs top-down (his favorite) approaches to the problem.

I'm going through all his lectures and this is one of the most powerful nights if my life. I'm understanding the connecting between my childhood, heredity, hashimotos, and depression. I'm understanding how we can live simultaneously as predetermined slaves, yet we live with complete free will. Strange loops of all kinds are seeming natural. As an empath and artist, I am so grateful for this wisdom!

I love sapolsky this is a nice nutshell of some of what this man studies and has tried to understand in himself and all of us. His delivery is humble sometimes humorous. Concise. Clear. And compassionate

One of the most underrated TED Talk.

I absolutely love his lessons.I learn so much .

Fascinating. And logical. And an important message.

I have listened to a few lectures of yours and felt like sending gratitude to you. More than the actual scientific findings themselves I absorbed through these lectures, I found myself fascinated by your ways of expressing, of bringing the findings to the foreground, through fluent language that combines the scientific fact to the human story, the storytelling, this allowed me to relate to your work, not feel it either too technical, analytical or too philosophic, abstract, rather balanced and centered on the practical human experience. Thank you professor for your unique contribution, the inspiration, the example 💗

Learned about this guy in a neuroscience class, have been watching his Stanford lectures just for fun since then. Men like him make science interesting and accesible.

He's always so eloquent and really uses good storytelling to builds upon his points. For me, everyone is an us. Every human being is an individual worthy of respect and human decency, including ourselves, and if we all kept that same basic assumption when interacting with others there'd be less violence.

Great minds like professor Sapolsky are shaping our reality and our future. I really enjoyed this talk. Thanks.

I absolutely love this and everything else that this professor teaches! ❤️

This is one of my all time favorite video's on the internet. Everyone should see it!

One of the best presentations I have ever seen on KZread. An amazing introspective into the human condition.

Robert, you are my favorite professor, and I’ve learned so so so much from your lectures! Thank you!

Hugh Thompson was presumably mindful of the ostracism he had faced and the long wait for that medal ceremony in Washington. As he told The Associated Press in 2004: "Don't do the right thing looking for a reward, because it might not come."

That was excellent. Time flew by so fast watching this.

I'm still in shock. This changes many things for me. Thank you for your work.

Robert, I just love you. I'm so glad you are here. You really help me. You are the man!

@jpgrumbach8562

4 жыл бұрын

How did he help you? What do you still know about the lecture?

A LEGEND against ignorance. Robert Sapolsky.

one the best lectures i had ever watched in TED.

this is one of the best TED talks EVER!

What a revelation, I've always been on the fence about humans being ability to change. And I completely believe now it is possible. What great content. Thank you YT for bringing me this video. I love when the algorithm works

so nice talking. His talks give me calmness and confident! Thanks!

I would love to see and listen to Professors Sapolsky, Dawkins, and Tyson on a panel.

@MrDjuroXXX

3 жыл бұрын

Add Lawrence Krauss to spice things up

@ghostling2245

2 жыл бұрын

Tyson wouldn't let them talk unfortunately

So powerful I immediately replayed it. Too much genius to take in

Mr. Sapolsky is best professor i see in KZread. He is so brilliant.

Beautifully structured as well. Meaning proceeded by significance. If there's a scientific argument for forgiveness, humanity, and love, this is it right here, folks.

I am sold. Going to read his book right away

Magnificent, Indeed!!!!!

Can't believe I started connecting with scientists at this level from bottom of my heart. First it was Carl Sagan & now this gentleman !

Amazing talk.. I love his lectures, what an intelligent man!

By watching this, can we step back and reflect on ourselves and be a better person every day we wake up? Or do we watch Robert only once and get emotional and forget about things when tomorrow comes?

I adore this man.

THANK YOU, ROBERT ! ! !

That was amazing! Thank you, got me teary

I think it is about being truly conscious, being sufficiently aware to act rather than react, to decide, in plain conscience, from a higher perspective. That moment when we define, through volition, who we are and who we want to be, when we become the true actors of our lives. All these people who made compassionate moves made it because they expanded their minds and consciousness out of the boundaries we normally keep ourselves in.

Eternally grateful for Dr. Sapolsky.

thank you. My favorite TEDTALK to this day.

By far the best Ted Talk I've ever seen

It is for videos like this one that I have subscribed to TED. Fascinating.

One of my favorite speakers on the planet

One of the greatest lecturers I've every seen. His behavioral biology course lectures are on Stanford's page.

As a professor, I watch this and rewatch this like game film of a championship performance.

Such a powerful speech, I loved it!

People like him inspires masses towards biology. I never thought biology was this cool.

It surprised me the amount of comparing that was amazing to understand. Thank you so much.

Sapolsky is always solid, thank you for this upload!

this is simply amazing

Wow! This the best Ted lecture/video I've ever seen. I learnt a lot in just 15 minutes.

Outstanding he is amazing!!

The Hugh Thomson segment blew my mind

Great lectures... Thank you.

So hard to understand 'mindless' violence at the moment. This helped. Thank you.

I love the guy at 2:05 taking notes. I imagine him writing "what Robert Sapolsky would do to Hitler" Side note, I absolutely love R. Sapolsky lectures and was super happy to see his name come up in my class text

I wish I had more knowledge than that PhD but it is almost impossible..he is brilliant..I love him to pieces..he is extraordinary!

These 15min where so good it felt only like 5min!

Дякую за можливість прослуховувати ваші лекції українською 💛💙

Thank you Robert, best TED talk, peak reached.

My suspicion is that much of this comes from the shifting boundaries of "us and them". Often, when you really see yourself in someone else especially those common aspects like family, life struggles, or just wanting to keep those we love safe, then it is harder to do harm: "they are just trying to do their best as I am." I liked Robert's thought process about right and wrong violence. What is at the core of this? Perhaps when aggression comes from a combination of hate with "us and them" attitude, it is wrong? Wrong because it starts a cycle of revenge that often results in many innocent casualities such as the notion, "An eye for an eye". Untimately, it makes everyone blind. Perhaps self-defense or defense of loved ones is the right use of aggression? The intent is to protect and stop rather than harm and hate. Is is all about intent? I wonder.

@justgivemethetruth

7 жыл бұрын

I think an eye for an eye plus interest is fine ... the problem is that it has historically been done without any kind of due process. Creating justice is often extremely difficult if not impossible, which is why modern states seem to care more about keeping work and business going. The result of that is if you happen to be a victim of crime or violence, such as those My Lai victims there is no justice. The soldiers at My Lai were given minimal sentences .. and when you look at the Viet Nam war itself what was it but a huge crime that killed millions of people and destroyed land and peolpe's futures with birth defects and cancers from Agent Orange. This brings to the focus to our societies and countries, and do they interact any better or worse than people do? Human beings are so far from being intelligent or civilized it is amazing that we think of ourselves as such.

@sibanought

2 жыл бұрын

"Perhaps self defence or defence of loved ones is the right use of aggression?" - thinking about it objectively, why would using "aggression" (aka; violence) to protect oneself or one's loved ones be any more "right" than using it to protect someone who's a complete stranger we have no relationship with? - And isn't this subjective and tribalistic argument what's historically most often been used to justify group violence and warfare?

@jht3fougifh393

2 жыл бұрын

@@sibanought Because it is a forced situation at that point. Self defense means that if you do nothing, they will hurt you. Defense is not the same as offense, inherently.

my notes and takeaways from the talk We don’t hate violence, we love it in the right context Pulling a trigger or touching someone has very different meanings in different contexts There are multiple levels of causality for a behavior. An example case: There is man running toward you and holds something that looks like a gun. You shot him 1 sec before: amygdala -> fear, excitement minutes: a large black male is more likely to be shot, or if you are hungry or tired, frontal cortex doesn’t work well and ask you that are you sure if it is a gun Hours to days -> testesteron, stress hormones, alcohol -> they are not the cause but they amplify existing tendencies Weeks to months -> neuroplasticity -> brain changes by experience, if previous months were stressful, amygdala will enlarge, and will be harder to control Years to decades -> adolescence shapes the brain , stress in childhood or as a fetus leads to larger amygdala and elevated stress hormone levels Genes don’t determine anything because they work differently in different environments. Genes and environment interact Centuries -> if ancestors are nomadic herders, mood are that they will have a culture of honor and quick to anger and revenge, and this values can stick around for centuries Millions of years -> evolution, some species have lower aggression levels some higher - if you wanna understand a behavior, there are factors from the second before to millions of years before Its complicated and be careful to conclude what causes a behavior, especially if it’s a one you are judging harshly The single most important having to do with change, every bits of biology can change and it is possible to change in a good way Ecosystems change -> Sahara was a lush grassland Cultures change -> swedes Brains change -> people can get better even the ones who have done bad things We can change our worst sides, history is full of such examples and we are able to change for the better

His book Behave is an elaboration of this type of analysis of causes of behavior. Excellent.

Wow, that left me completely undone 😢 thank you, you amazing, beautiful, incredible man.

Robert Sapolsky in his recent interview with Joe Rogan, said that one of his fears is we look back 50 years from now and say "Wow, those people then were locking individuals up and thinking it was justified for a behavior we could fully analyze, understand, and even predict today."