It’s truly encouraging to see that Fermilab is pushing the envelope and broadening the horizons of fundamental particle physics through world-class scientific research. Great work! I’m impressed. 👏🏽👍🏽❤️

I like your enthusiasm, I like people interested and always proud of their job

These are the best physics videos on youtube. Keep them coming Don!

Thanks very much for you explanation,greetings from México.

I'll always have a soft spot in my heart for Fermilab. Back in 1980, you guys offered me a position as a computer scientist. I ended up going to Bell Labs, instead. That was the hardest decision I've ever made in my life. My one regret? You sent me a telegram with your offer. Western Union called me on the phone and read me the telegram. They then asked me if I wanted a copy and I said no. Thinking back, I should have asked for a copy because It would still be hanging on my wall.

Could you please make a video on the engineering of how the RF waves are produced

Thanks for sharing. it's very exciting to see that kind of upgrade! For sure so many good results are coming.

Wow great video

@3Space1time

5 жыл бұрын

Ya !

@DeepakSingh-ir6yt

5 жыл бұрын

@@3Space1time lol

Physics is so awsome!!! I love it but also look at how shiny everything is haha! We are really starting to delve deep into the universe and no end in sight yet! Yay!! :)

This is incredible! It is so wonderful to be alive in such a groundbreaking line of time. Keep these videos up; the updates feed inspiration to those of us who are challenging the smaller parts of our own personal worlds 🌌🧠✊🏽

I love it ! Can't say I truly understand it, but I love it !

Hi Dr. Don, Your videos are incredible, I love them. Could you please do a video on the correlation between the spin of a particle and its respective charge. Keep up the awesome videos 👍👍

As usual, just an excellent video. No one can do better.

Thank you

Super cool vid!

Good jobs God bless all scientists. .

The host is truly an unsung hero of science education. What a gift to every layman physicist and science fan around the globe. Thank you sir!

I LOVE FERMILAB!!!!

How do you focus the Neutrinos into a beam after the Proton is smashed? They don't have charge so you can't use magnets, so I'm quite curious as to how you get them aligned into a beam.

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

The next video will cover this.

@NeonsStyleHD

5 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 Great. Thanks

Great news and good luck! Will there be progress reports?

At 5:29 are the cavities the same as Cavity Magnetrons lined up in series? Just a guess but I love these videos, thank you for sharing

7:19 A cat was responsible for destroying Alderan = Confirmed

@danuttall

4 жыл бұрын

You got to admit that cats chasing laser dots are cute!

Awesome.

I dont have much knowledge in physics but fermilab videos are 🔥

I hope I'll get to do research at Fermilab in the coming years! Very cool stuff

@fredsingateh9701

5 жыл бұрын

edmund Best if luck to your sir or madam and follow your dreams!

@constpegasus

5 жыл бұрын

Go for it and do it.

@john-or9cf

5 жыл бұрын

Had a physics prof back in the 60’s who went to Fermilab - hope he was a better researcher than a professor. He made the case for a smaller school vs a name school....

Can / will you be able to spoof other neutrino detectors? (like for calibration not jokes)

Good luck with that 👍

Finally new one..where are you my #physicscrew ?☺😂

Dr Don pls make a vedio describing .....the New FASER detector in LHC

Hi Doctor Lincoln! Thanks for the video! What about a video about delayed choice quantum entanglement/eraser, three box quantum paradox, Wigner's Friend paradox extended by Renner, the simultaneous collapse of the wave function and the nom simultaneity of relativity? Thanks!

congrats

How are neutrinos directed toward the detector in South Dakota? Do they follow the same direction as the beam of protons because of conservation of momentum?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

That's the next video.

How will the Linac replacement and other future upgrades impact daily research at Fermilab?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Not at all until the changeover, which will be quite a few years in the future. PIP-II can be built during ongoing operations.

Go PIP-II !!!

*_...leaves out the low end-how would you do the low end-how would you produce sub-4eV neutrinos-how would you trap, sub-4eV neutrinos-at such low 4 eV energies we'd suppose you could violate lepton count and create neutrinos directly using metamaterials (computer nanocircuits)... Remember 'UHF neutrinos go through light moments of rubber'..._*

How do you guide the generated neutrinos down a particular pathway (ie, towards the South Dakota detector)? I thought neutrinos had no charge.

@s3cr3tpassword

5 жыл бұрын

tscoffey1 the direction of the parent particle will determine the momentum of the decay product. Imagine smashing a car into a fixed pole. Most of the car and you, would fly in the direction of the car motion before crashing.

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Fermilab's next video covers this.

@tscoffey1

5 жыл бұрын

That is what I assumed, but the animation seems to imply that this "shepherding" (for lack of a better term) occurred post-proton collision. But to your specific point: As a lepton, isn't a neutrino subject to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (like an electron), such that you cannot know both the position and momentum (except as probabilities)? So isn't the best you can say is that some x% of neutrinos will follow the desired path (towards that great neutrino vacation spot, South Dakota)? Just curious, since these things are both fascinating, and confusing to me.

@tscoffey1

5 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 Has this posted yet? I keep looking for it, but have not seen it.

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

@@tscoffey1 Maybe today. Maybe tomorrow.

How intense is the neutrino beam compared to the neutrino flux from the sun, at the near detector and at the distance of DUNE? At what distance would the the neutrino beam divergence reduce in intensity to a level similar to that of the sun? There's a wealth of information about how it works, how it will be built, what it will help to discover and lots of other interesting thing but for some reason I am unable to find what I would think is a very significant statistic - how intense the beam is. The best I can find is the intensity of the proton beam, mentioned even in this video, but I have no idea how that translates into the intensity of the neutrino beam produced, not just because of the unknown (to me) ratio of proton beam power to neutrino beam intensity but also because at a distance it will depend on how well the neutrino beam is focused/collimated.

I'll come pick up that scrap metal if you want 😉

@nidhishsharma9471

5 жыл бұрын

same :D

@kotkesha

3 жыл бұрын

Adam Kendall I don't think guys with this metal scrap you will fill good

I hope the upgrade works at least as well as designed. Fingers crossed.

Do the protons volunteer for the conversion?

@markgigiel2722

5 жыл бұрын

No, Mike Pence forces them.

@pimwillemsma9547

4 жыл бұрын

considering the "pro" in "proton" one might say they are seeing this as a positive opportunity.

How did you aim the beam precisely to the detector in South Dakota?

@masbaiy4858

5 жыл бұрын

GPS, most likely. Military has access to higher resolution GPS. Same satellites, different privilege.

I predict that PIP-II will deliver tremendous advances in engineering, applied soon to a huge variety of domains. We'll see some applications in our day to day life within 10 years ( and sooner )

We used magnatrons and klystrons for injecting rf into our linacs. Sure would like to have one of the cavities out of the old linac.

Very nice. But, what about G-2? What is happening with that experiment?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Probably a few months before the scientists look at the data to see what story it is telling them.

Thank you for sharing! You never said how many more neutrinos the upgrade was going to produce. Kinda weird when you said it's all about the number of neutrinos you produce.

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Four times the power equals four times the neutrinos. And it could do 200x more with the right equipment.

Dr. Don, sadly even in the most upgraded form for DUNE the accelerator needs another 1.19GW for time travel to observe :(

@spudhead169

5 жыл бұрын

@Flat Earth Data Really? All of us are doing it right now.

@tabularasa0606

5 жыл бұрын

Wasn't it 1.19JW?

Fermilab is the best physics lab! Me, an ordinary Joe, can follow his easy illustration. That's why.

Hey doctor Lincoln , project blue book wants to convey something.please have a look at its interview.The alien talked about quantum foam I guess.

Congratulations! Exciting times. I wonder what such a concentrated beam would look like to any alien race monitoring neutrino particles?

Can you use neutrino beams for HFT trading communications? Can raise tons of investments for neutrino based network adapter :)

@masbaiy4858

5 жыл бұрын

Neutrino as short range information carrier is a gross waste. Remember those particle does not interact much? You'll suffer enormous information loss. Now, if you're thinking of communication in megaparsecs distance..., neutrino might have some potential.

Why would the linac be a limiting factor? Even if its output energy is low won't the booster raise it to booster's max energy? Before the upgrade, could we just feed more but lower energy protons to the booster?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

The problem is the LINAC could not send many more protons per second. It's drinking a soda with a straw that is too small.

@nicktohzyu

5 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 could linac send more protons but with lower energies?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

@@nicktohzyu The issue is that there are what are called spacecharge effects. Put too many protons in the same place at the same time and they alter the nature of the accelerator so it won't accelerate anymore. Currently, this effect begins with the LINAC but when PIP-II is working, then the booster will exhibit this behavior. It is intrinsic to all accelerators, although the onset occurs at higher proton concentration in some.

@nicktohzyu

5 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 thanks! Could you please make a video on the engineering of how the RF waves are produced

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

@@nicktohzyu Perhaps, but not in the near future. Google Klystron for a cool learning experience.

_pip install --upgrade Fermilab_

50 years? A good year to be born in, 1969. We landed on the moon, Sesame Street debuted, UNICS was created, Stonewall happened, and, a local item to Sonoma County, Clover Diary's mascot was created, Clo the cow.

Long live Fermilab.

I’m not the least bit concerned about the technical challenges. Have you got the funding sorted out?

I really think you and most of your peers are too well educated in a field that needs to be reexamined by childlike minds that are not confused by very subtle mistakes passed generation to generation in basic physics. I love your videos. Thank you Dr. Lincoln.

Way to go Ian. 10:59

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Ian is the man...

I know this is probably a dumb question, but why are we bothering making neutrinos when we have a neutrino maker 8 light minutes away that can make 10^100 neutrinos per second?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

The Sun makes low energy neutrinos. And it's awfully expensive to get a detector near the source to see what is going on as they leave the Sun.

@alexanderkrizel6187

5 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 thanks for the reply. I guess I'm just not getting it. In the video you said high and low energy neutrinos act pretty much the same, and since they don't interact with pretty much anything, what does it matter if we get the right at the source or a light year out? Are we testing to see if they lose energy or decay like muons but over a longer time? Thanks again for sharing.

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

@@alexanderkrizel6187 The issue is many fold. The neutrinos from the sun are >>very

But when will the upgrade be completed?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Several years.

I like the car analogy. So basically, the new LINAC will have a 5-speed transmission. 😎

Is that "PIP-II Fermilab" t-shirt for sale?

نايس

NO!! Not another 50 years to make an improvement to that design!!! Iprove that in other few years, every few years!

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Well the video does say that the interim upgrade goes to 1.2 MW and there is an upgrade following that one that gets to 2.4 MW. So Fermilab seems to be following your advice.

@Lyle-xc9pg

5 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 haha!

👍

Can i have the old Linac? With some mods would make a great particle beam weapon in my plan to take over the world.

8:55 Yeah! I bet the boys at CERN would agree :D

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

They probably would. Of course, they'd say that the CERN accelerator pros are also second to none. The fact is, both teams (and several others) are all extraordinary and competitive for best in class.

Physics is everything. What is everything?

@markgigiel2722

5 жыл бұрын

Just a bunch of stuff.

Some science fiction stories come to mind. :-)

Since the Standard Model predicts that neutrinos have no mass, why hasn't the model been changed since we discovered the truth?

Curious query: we know nuetrinos have mass due to oscillation, right? Photons have no mass, but don't photons oscillate as well? They are electromagnetic WAVES after all.

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

They don't oscillate their identity. Neutrinos do.

fermilab : all your neutrino are belong to us

The handwritten SM in the intro is still not fixed XD

“After a Few intermediary steps”

People have been forgetting ULTs goodbye cake at 2:30 for 5 years now...

Why not have the LHC accelerate those protons ?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Different goals. A bulldozer and a Ferrari are both amazing. But you wouldn't swap one for the other.

A neutrino should be composed of an electron and a positron, plus something else to keep the fractional spin. Also, protons definitely have the potential of a positron within, so antimatter is hiding, shielded, in plain sight.

@MikeRosoftJH

3 жыл бұрын

A neutrino doesn't consist of an electron-positron pair. If that were the case, then neutrinos could decay by the two particles annihilating; that's not what occurs. (Plus, neutrinos can have lesser energy than electron-positron rest mass.) Likewise, a neutron doesn't contain an electron, and a proton doesn't contain a positron. A free neutron can decay into a proton and release an electron, and a proton in an an atom with an excessive amount of proton can decay into a neutron and release a positron. This happens when one of the up quark decays into a down quark, or vice versa, by weak interaction.

@onehitpick9758

3 жыл бұрын

@@MikeRosoftJH I know all this. I'm just talking about the potentials for hiding components within others as an explanation for where the missing matter is (which is only observationally provably as a local problem).

@MikeRosoftJH

3 жыл бұрын

@@onehitpick9758 So, you are proposing theories based on nothing, and which you know are impossible? If neutrino had consisted of an electron-positron pair, then 1) it would quickly decay by the particles annihilating, and 2) it would have rest mass equal to at least twice the electron mass (it's well known that neutrino rest mass is very small - no greater than about 1 eV). Likewise, hiding particle-antiparticle pairs within other particles solves nothing about the problem that all known processes conserve the baryon and the lepton number (basically, the number of particles minus the number of antiparticles). So where did matter come from? (A proton doesn't contain a positron, and a neutron doesn't contain an electron. A neutron - either free or in an atom with excess neutrons - can decay into a proton by emitting an electron and an antineutrino, and a proton in an atom with excess protons can decay into a neutron by emitting a positron and a neutrino. Both processes conserve the lepton number.)

@onehitpick9758

3 жыл бұрын

@@MikeRosoftJH Systems lose apparent rest mass when they degrade and emit energy. I'm proposing that annihilation is not the endgame and that the particles still exist at an energy level that is too low for us to detect as real particles. You can say that a neutron doesn't "contain" an electron but it certainly produces one consistently that is directly observable and does not do quite the same for the quarks. It's all modeling and interpretation and what we see is interference of states on detectors (essentially interactions with electrons). Sure... Baryon number is mostly conserved in the standard model and in observations. But, nonetheless a lepton readily pops out of a loan neutron (balanced by an anti-neutrino). I propose when a plasma gets energetic and/or dense enough, there is mutability between leptons and baryons.

"Neutrinos", sounds like a breakfast cereal :)

@markgigiel2722

5 жыл бұрын

No calorie and Gluon free.

Come to Fermilab, we have Cake (at 2.30pm)

@lisa1162

4 жыл бұрын

Is GLaDOS serving? 😐

I sure hope Uli's good-bye party went well

Love your vids

Sad,injured overwhelmed Worn out u win

Are you that boson dude?

You have magnet experts? Hmmm...

Goodbye Uli, whoever you are. Leave some room for the cake on Wednesday.

Did they give you enough money? God, I hope so!

But when do we have an accelerator that uses 1.21 gigawatt?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

The scientific community has done that dozens of times and then...every time...Doc Brown goes back and alters the timeline.

Metal without sharp corners is safe in microwave ovens. A spoon left in a coffee cup won't be hotter than the liquid in the cup.

@GeorgeKlinger

5 жыл бұрын

HarshColby that’s true from the perspective of arcing, but from the perspective of reflection of the microwaves, it’s not a good idea to put spoons in a microwave oven.

Physicists have observed tachyons, so they are no longer “hypothetical.” Most physicists do not know it, but all neutrino speed measurements have yielded average speeds slightly faster than the speed of light. And the neutrinos’ rest mass-squared has been measured from neutrino oscillations, and they are negative. The square-root rest masses are thus imaginary. According to special relativity, positive relativistic mass must always travel slower than the speed of light. Conversely, negative relativistic mass must always travel faster than the speed of light. Thus, neutrinos have negative relativistic mass and negative-imaginary rest mass. Neutrinos are tachyons and cannot rest but must travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. Although we would measure neutrinos time as going slightly backward rather than stopped like light, they do not actually go there at all. Everything we see and measure is in the past, but nothing goes there. There is no “tachyonic antitelephone.” I have uploaded several papers on all these properties to Academia.com.

I thought at some point he was going to say “who’s going to pay for it?”

LHC has left the chat...

As you know I'm a skeptic, the proof is in the Proof...

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

The proof is in the fact that Fermilab accelerator wonks are the wonkiest wonks in all wonkdom. This is what you call your basic, no-risk, proposition...

@twonumber22

5 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 Shut yer wonker

How are neutrinos actually focused into a beam? And why is the recipient lab of the beam in South Dakota? Is there anything special about that location or is it just a political thing?

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

The neutrino beam question will be the next video. And SD isn't a political thing. There's an abandoned mine there which allows for placing a detector a mile underground. That makes the project vastly less expensive.

The universe is expanding, space is expanding. Is space expanding everywhere? (choose a. or b.) a. If space is not expanding everywhere, what EXACTLY are the conditions for some given volume of one cubic meter, under which there is absolutely zero space expansion? b. If space is expanding everywhere, how much new space is generated inside the milky way every year? (Note: I am not asking about how much the stars inside the milky way are drifting apart. They don't, because gravity is stronger and compensates. I am merely asking for the amount of new space. If there is none, please answer question a.)

0:12 So that is why the SSC was canceled, we already had Fermilab? Makes sense.

Nice project. A bit too much self-advertisement for my taste though. The US should cut the military budget by 1 permille and build the next hadron collider...

And, of course, you guys can't leave all the glory to the LHC!

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

Remember that Fermilab is the largest user institution at the LHC. Fermilab scientists certainly contribute to LHC glory.

@sogerc1

5 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 Nice! I did not know that.

CERN people currently designing their new 100km accelerator: "Cute video!"

@drdon5205

5 жыл бұрын

You should know that the CERN people interested in neutrino physics are working on making PIP-II and DUNE a reality. That's because if you're wanting to figure out how neutrinos tick, this is the way to go.

@666Tubata

5 жыл бұрын

Sure! I was just making fun of all the boasting that happened. Cheers!

Build the wall first.

@Lyle-xc9pg

5 жыл бұрын

yes! so that the orcs dont come in and destroy our accelerators

@donnydanger273

5 жыл бұрын

They're taking all the scientist's jobs & they're eating dolphins & now they've started eating baby humpback whales. Oh the humanity!!!!

@Lyle-xc9pg

5 жыл бұрын

Donny Danger, Hahahaha! lol, i think our science jobs are safe

I thought you gained levels by killing monsters and looting.

I can't imagine how frustrating it must be to be an American particle physicist in the 21st century. Relying on the political whims of two parties which barely care about science at all--or even believe in it--the SSC was cancelled, giving the Higgs discovery and the majority of basic physics industry over to the Europeans. How difficult was it to get the funding for PIP-II, I wonder? "Please sir, could I have a dollar to replace this ancient bottleneck in our equipment?" "YOU WANT SOME MORE? I THOUGHT WE GAVE YOU A DOLLAR A DECADE AGO!" You have to hand it to the Fermilab folks, though: they've really learned how to make the best with whatever they've got.