I very much enjoyed this deeper explanation of how the process works. Thank you!

In these videos, the science is great, the explanations are great but the enthusiasm that Dr Duffy shows when talking about science is the best part. It shows people who may not know that science is exciting and wonderous! Thanks to everyone involved in developing and making these videos.

“Heartfelt compliment”… LOL, that is a Don Lincoln level joke right there. Awesome!

@teacherhaggis6945

2 жыл бұрын

I lsughed out loud in an empty room. Magnificent work; great physics and wonderful presentation!!! Superb!!!

I am here for the puns! How do you make a neutrino beam? Give it a heartfelt compliment! lol. Nice, fun, educational video!

Thank you! I am always looking for a more in-depth, realistic explanation rather than just conceptual ones. Now I am just left wondering what goes on in the control room. It would be cool to see the machines and how they work exactly as well. The one that creates the hydrogen ions, the extractor that pulls them in a direction, and the radio-frequency quadrupole. How are the electrons are stripped from the ions making the proton beam? Why solid graphite or beryllium as the target? You say they absorb a lot of energy, is that why? Do you use different targets to produce different sprays of particles? Thank you for the tidbits on the magnetic focusing horns! Very interesting!

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

Why do you use the word "cool" it is unclear and childish. Grow up

@mlgklipz2543

2 жыл бұрын

@@guff9567 childish? Mans triggered over a word 🤣

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

@@mlgklipz2543 do you use the word "cool" incorrectly?

@radiantflora6425

2 жыл бұрын

You're asking great questions! Some answers from what I know: The main control room is both a communication center and a technical nerve center. The operators who work in the MCR monitor and tune the accelerator systems to keep everything running at maximum efficiency, which involves a lot of fiddling with digital and mechanical settings. Stripping the electrons off of the hydrogen during injection to Booster is pretty complex, but basically the beam is streamed through a thin piece of carbon film ("foil") which draws off the electrons from the moving atoms through some cool quantum mechanics. The electrons, partially stripped hydrogen, and unstripped hydrogen are deflected from the beam path and collected separately, and the protons are directed to continue circulating around Booster. The targets (and really anything else that is placed in the beam path) is selected based on its ability to both produce the desired physical reaction AND handle the thermal and mechanical stresses of getting pounded by the beam. There are some really good academic articles out there about the choices of materials for these devices, but it does take some research. Hope that helps a little!

@ravenous9577

2 жыл бұрын

@@radiantflora6425 Yes, it does! I figured they ionized the hydrogen gas through something like heating to a plasma. But I guess they can't do that because they might heat the superconducting magnets? Plus if you could do that, it would eliminate the need for an electron donor like molybdenum. Seems like it is not that simple. Really COOL that there is more to it. I will try and find some of those articles. I guessed the targets were just an efficient way to create some heavier-energy reaction products, but I didn't really know if changing the material the beam interacts with could change the products you get. I wouldn't have guessed about thermal and mechanical stresses! Thank you for the response :)

Welcome back; Great explanation.

What a great content describing the whole process of generating and detecting neutrinos. Thank you!

Great presentation! Probably my favorite of Even Bananas. Keep up the great work. Thank you!!!

Excellent video, loved the credit give to the engineers and technicians making it all possible.

Very interesting/educational! Thanks for the great content.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

I still can't work out what a kaon or pion is

This is very cool. It isn’t often the inter workings of these great machines are presented. More like this please.

@perryrhodan1364

2 жыл бұрын

@@guff9567 Troll.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

@@perryrhodan1364 Do you too use the word "cool" in a babyish American fashion?

@perryrhodan1364

2 жыл бұрын

@@guff9567 Ahhh. You are a RT troll. Even worse. Not cool.

Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.

Interesting to hear about the inner workings of a particle collider

One of the best and most interesten EB videos. TY.

excellent presentation! Very visual! Love it!

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

I can't understand their accents

Great job!!!

magnetic horn uses 200k amps sounds scary

Trillions of neutrinos per second seems ... tiny, given that a 100 trillion neutrinos pass through our bodies every second. Can the neutrino detector even tell which ones came from Fermilab? BTW, as an engineer, I appreciate the shout-out to engineering at 1:13. Thank you! 💖

@juzoli

2 жыл бұрын

Not individually, but statistically, yes.

@frankh.3849

2 жыл бұрын

Like trying to see a 40w light bulb in front of the sun...

@juzoli

2 жыл бұрын

@@frankh.3849 Science is doing it for years, when searching for exoplanets…

@rahulj9

2 жыл бұрын

Please stop with the fucking bananas.. just stop.

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

This is a great question. Kirsty talks about distinguishing neutrinos from our accelerator in this episode of Even Bananas: kzread.info/dash/bejne/imeTudtmf7zdgrw.html

This is fascinating 😍

How much can you control the direction of the beam? I imagine it may not be trivial to hit the DUNE detector for exemple.

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

The lab has experts who work on alignment of the beam. They make sure that the neutrino detectors and the accelerator equipment (the magnets that are steering the proton beam) are carefully positioned so that the neutrino beam is on target and will hit the detector. The neutrino beam also spreads out as it travels - you can think of a neutrino beam as more of a flashlight than a laser pointer.

great informative video m'lady!

THANK YOU ...!!!

Cool stuff

Interesting!

Thanks Doctor Duffy and Laura, great explanation. Keep up the good work.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

They both need elocution lessons

I LOVE THIS VIDEO.

Can you see any deformation in the targets after impact when they are removed? Do the targets shatter? Id love to know more about that.

When a pion decays, do the resulting particles’ directions have any relation to the direction of the pion or are they random?

@thabomsiza2502

2 жыл бұрын

They must be related since momenta needs to be conserved.

Why are the electrons stripped off of the H ion? How does the detector work if neutrinos don't interact with anything?

@Pedro-vn5vk

2 жыл бұрын

in my understanding, neutrinos do interact with stuff, basically. But they are so small, so light, and because of their neutral charge, it is really hard for them do interact with stuff. So they produce A LOT of neutrinos, so that one of them, by chance, interacts with the detector. and they take the electrons off the H Ion because they want only the protons, and one Hydrogen atom without its electrons is just a single proton.

@DrDeuteron

2 жыл бұрын

if you has a voltage configuration |0|+|0|, so ground on the ends and positive in the middle, the H- ions are accelerated to the center, stripped, and then the H+ ions are accelerated back to ground. So for a +1,000,000V, you get 2MeV electrons to put in your beam pipe. Clever.

@mastershooter64

2 жыл бұрын

they do interact with stuff, but they're not charged so thet dont interact with particles through the electromagnetic force thet dont interact with particles through the strong nuclear force either, the only thing through which they interact with other particles is the weak nuclear force, which as you know is weak lol like 10 million times as weak as the electromagnetic force or something from the neutrino's perspective everything is basically just empty space and the only thing it can interact with is the stuff in the nucleus and you know how small a nucleus is compared to an atom, like an atom is 99.99999% empty space because the electrons are so far away and also because the nucleus is so compact

@thomasbramwell9592

2 жыл бұрын

My understanding is: So they can use magnets to control the hydrogen atoms, ie speed them up and focus to a beam. I'm a layman so don't quote me on that😋 I imagine it to be like a really big BIG! CRT(old fashioned big box) TV? 😉

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Neutrinos interact very rarely, but they do interact! As others have mentioned, we make a large amount of neutrinos to increase our chances of seeing an interaction. Kirsty explains more about how detectors work and what they see in this episode of Even Bananas: kzread.info/dash/bejne/g6Sitc-bY5raYJM.html

As an electrical engineer, I find the idea of making a focuser for neutrinos really cool. The shape of the washers? Tell me more?

I really appreciate the very informative and engaging explanation on the subject, thank you! Now if I remember correctly what I read a long while ago, the LHC uses a very thin film of gold or carbon to strip the H- of its electron cloud; does Fermilab use the same method? It was not mentioned on the video I also remember something about the H- needs to be on a certain energy so the cloud does not "stick" to the proton too much before it is rammed into the film. Do you just spin them around real fast to achieve this energy level, like a E = pc + mc^2* kinda thing? 🤔 * Note: Not sure if I'm using that right-not really good with numbers or equations; but you know what I mean. 😅

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Fermilab uses a thin carbon foil to strip the electrons off. And yes, there is a relationship between the kinetic energy of the particles and how efficiently a foil can strip off the electrons. The ions are accelerated straight through the cavities of the linear accelerator, so not much spinning in that sense!

@ChadTheHow

2 жыл бұрын

@@fermilab I see, so they don't linger very long in the main injector but get much of their energy through the linear part. Thanks very much! 😊

I have been wondering is the amount of neutrinos in the universe continuously increasing or are there processes where lots of neutrinos turn into something else? And if neutrinos and antineutrinos annihilate, we should see blinking lights. Nobody seen those lights?

Out of curiosity, why would you add an electron to a H atom to give it a charge, only to strip it of electrons in the end? Would it make a difference to just strip the electrons off and start with that instead?

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Though it seems counterintuitive, it's easier to add an electron (and remove the electrons later) than to remove the sole electron at the start. This has to do with electronegativity and electron orbitals. There are also several engineering reasons to start with hydrogen ions, including the voltage differences needed in the machine to accelerate the particles. Our linear accelerator was designed to work with H- ions!

ok that neutriono horn bit seems to deserve an in-depth video on its own...

What note does this neutrino horn play?

How do you insure your neutrino beam doesn’t go through other labs detectors (like ice cube)?

@CraftyF0X

2 жыл бұрын

Probably with the curveture of Earth?

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

The neutrinos made by the accelerator travel in a straight line in one direction, and spend most of their time traveling deep through the earth. You can think of two points: one where the neutrinos are made, and the other where the neutrino beam exits the earth. Only detectors along this line will see the neutrinos. So if we're aiming a neutrino beam from Illinois to South Dakota, a detector in Antarctica won't see much! Here's a visual that might help: mod.fnal.gov/mod/stillphotos/2022/0000/22-0004-03.hr.jpg

Try holding your smartphone in front of it for an hour, see if you notice anything. Question, is the massless neutrino travel in a stationary trajectory, where the movement of the earth, spin, trajectory, solar system trajectory movements and galaxy direction, or even Suns pull off gravity affect it, at all? Just curious.

@BrianSu

2 жыл бұрын

Yes neutrinos interact with gravity but we normally ignore this as it’s such a weak force that it’s not worth considering when if comes to neutrinos. You’re much better off using the weak nuclear force, which is what they’re doing here. Even then you’ll need a block of lead 5 light years thick to have a chance of interacting with a single neutrino. Here they produce trillions of them to increase the probability of interaction. So going back to gravity, not a chance at all realistically speaking.

Thank you! I

great video although I think the audio levels weren't quiet consistent. I found myself pulling up and down the volume at various times to be able to hear clearly.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

I can't understand yank accents or squeaky Yorkshire ones either

Isn't there a risk of causing either "activation" (i.e. making something radioactive) or creation of neutrons when you aim the proton beam at the target? Or is the target material chosen carefully to avoid any such risks? EDIT: Two extra questions: * What is the energy output of the beam in watts? Not the amount of energy it takes to run (though that is interesting as well), but the actual energy that the neutrinos comprise themselves. * Do bananas emit fewer neutrinos when they go bad? I think the answer must be _yes_

Awsome , do you think this neutrinos "rays" could be used across earth (side to side) to transport information securely? and/or use it to detect longer gravitational waves than with lasers as current tech ?

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Great question! Kirsty talks about some of the limitations of using neutrinos for communication/information transfer in this recent video: kzread.info/dash/bejne/X2qd29uGZbu4qJc.html

@andreja5521

2 жыл бұрын

measurements of gravitational waves are influenced by other gravitational waves, earthquakes and anything insude the earth is causing gravitational waves that would have been interfering with the measurement anything in acceleration is emmiting gravitational waves away cars, traffic, airplanes, too acceleration is any change in speed or vector, or in both at the same time

@tuliomop

2 жыл бұрын

@@andreja5521Hi I agree , but using their frequenzy-energy ,scope/timming of impact , along with a "matching event of origin", observed in the electro-magnetic spectrum, Multiple sensors around the earth, pointing in different directions (3D) could get the direction of the wave, and scope of influence (all sensors or most should sense something) + AI to filter all data. Should be possible to get precise direction +possible type of event of origin .

@tuliomop

2 жыл бұрын

@@fermilab Thanks ! , I love your channel, cheers

Is there any kind of annihilation process, should neutrinos and antineutrinos collide?

"Even Bananas" Is such a cool name for a series on nuclear physics.

Please, make a continuation explaining the "real deal" : the neutrino detector...

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Yes, detecting the neutrinos is as fascinating as making them! Kirsty and guest Katrina Miller talk about detector technology in this video: kzread.info/dash/bejne/g6Sitc-bY5raYJM.html

Is there a lot of "spray" of high energy H and H- when you attempt to strip off the extra electrons to create the H+ beam? If I understood correctly, you first accelerate the H- and then smash it into something in order to strip off two electrons. I'd guess that this is not a 100% effective or instantaneous process so I'm wondering how you control the "mess" of high energy positive, negative and neutral particles part way through the stripping process. It'd be easy if 100% of the H- transformed instantly into H+ at a precise point along the path but anything you do with electric or magnetic fields is going to have the wrong effect on particles where one or both electrons are stripped a millisecond early or late. I'm picturing ions and atoms spraying out in all directions at high speeds as the E/M fields bend them differently depending on exactly when their charge changed. And where do all the electrons go? Is that a high energy beam or do they instantly slow down and accumulate somewhere?

Why do negative pions make antimatter but positive makes matter? Shouldn't most of it be matter regardless of charge selection? Edit: Sorry, I missed the part where the electrons are stripped. Can you detail more how the protons are converted to antipions?

I read in a book that on an average billions of neutrinos pass through our body per sec.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

"our" body? Are you a multiple person?

@daydreamer05

2 жыл бұрын

I generalized this statement for every person. This is not only true for me, it's true for you also. For more details see footnote of introduction to elementary particles by David J. Griffiths, page number 27.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

@@daydreamer05 page 28, actually

@daydreamer05

2 жыл бұрын

@@guff9567 I've second revised edition.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

@@daydreamer05 Oh, sorry. My bad. Please send me a link to a scanned copy.

Ive once made a neutrino. Its true. Thanks

You negative charge the H? Is there a tandem accelerator somewhere?

If a neutrino SOURCE moves away from a detector at half the speed of light would it cause a change in the neutrino oscillation profile, with changes in the probabilities of detecting the three flavours of these particles? Would this "neutrino oscillation redshift" hint to the exact masses of each flavour if compared to the observed neutrino oscillation phenomenon of stationary sources and detectors?

Two questions: 1. If neutrinos are so easy to produce, why are they looking for them in huge detectors under water at the poles? 2. Are the very first neutrinos produced by stars still barreling to the edge of the expanding universe?

I would like to see another video about how the neutrino detector works. I thought those buggers are supposed to be bloody hard to detect.

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

You're right, neutrinos can be tricky to detect! Kirsty and guest Katrina Miller explain how neutrino detectors work in this episode: kzread.info/dash/bejne/g6Sitc-bY5raYJM.html

@engwiki

2 жыл бұрын

@@fermilab Great, thanks! (That ought to be linked in this video.)

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

@@engwiki We've added the link in the description. Thanks!

What’s the difference between a neutrino and an anti neutrino in terms of quantum properties?

Questions! What fraction of protons end up producing a neutrino? Can you use the mesons for anything else besides heat treating concrete? What could you do with a mol of neutrinos? What about a gram of them?

@radiantflora6425

2 жыл бұрын

The likelihood of these processes depends on a lot of factors, so it's not easy to estimate a fractional measurement of efficiency overall. However, we do know that the vast, vast majority of protons do interact with the target and therefore produce the desired reaction, so that fraction would be pretty large. Also, like electrons, neutrinos are not so much valuable in proportion to their mass (which is basically nothing) but rather in relation to other properties like their energy. Fun fact: by mass, neutrinos are arguably the most expensive material on Earth.

@IanKjos

2 жыл бұрын

@@radiantflora6425 The other competitors are antimatter and that one stamp in London, right?

@radiantflora6425

2 жыл бұрын

@@IanKjos and Bay Area real estate

I feel like we're at the stage when electricity was first discovered. I so want see three or four hundred years into the future to see what we're using neutrinos for? Fingers crossed 🤞 for hover boards! 😀😁

Your proton pack is extremely cumbersome, which at least avoids the hazards of crossing the streams. Are you sure you can catch a ghost with that thing?

FYI, there's a typo in the subtitles at 0:25 (complement instead of compliment).

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for that catch! All fixed :)

@mugwump7049

2 жыл бұрын

@@fermilab You're welcome.

Now that I've heard you, I'm off to figure out what you said.

Hey! She missed telling how they get the hydrogen to accept an extra electron - and how both are stripped off the proton afterwards.

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

You're right! There's a lot of detail we didn't get to share. Making H- ions is done in the source cube when an arc between the molybdenum cathode and the anode body frees up electrons that were flowing in the molybdenum. These electrons bond to the neutral hydrogen that fills the space between the anode and cathode, creating H-. This process is a result of a property called electronegativity, which is often discussed in chemistry classes. The electrons are later stripped from the hydrogen during injection into the Booster. This happens with a device called the stripping foil, thin layers of carbon sheeting placed in the beam path.

@Peter_Riis_DK

2 жыл бұрын

@@fermilab Thanks. So, if I understand you right, you have an electrical arc producing free electrons [why an arc] in an atmosphere of Hydrogen, and the Hydrogen readily accepts an extra electron without any further persuasion? Now, I can see a problem getting the ions fired through [or is it past?] the stripping foil, as such an operation normally is done in a vacuum - or what? I would guess the stripping foil has a positive charge to attract the electrons, but is it really that easy to have an atom surrender all it's electrons?

So, Laura BOLT works on the fastest side of the lab, the accelerator. Makes sense.

I hate bananas but love neutrinos 💙💙💙💙

Just for fun; if you took all the neutrinos that exist, on average, in the visible universe, and put them all together in one place, how large a volume would that take up?

@DrDeuteron

2 жыл бұрын

this question can't really be answered. All stars stream out high energy neutrinos (MeV), while the cosmic neutrino background fills the universe with 10 ueV neutrinos. They can be packed as tight as their Compton wavelength h/(mc), but what is m? You are talking about neutrino degenerate matter.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

Can two neutrinos exist in the same location at the same time? How does their mass change as they approach light speed?

@DrDeuteron

2 жыл бұрын

@@guff9567 mass doesn't change with speed....that's an old idea. The idea of "same location", i.e. eigenstate of the position operator in quantum mechanics isn't going to work out, but they can exist in the same spatial quantum state as long as their spins at to zero, Kinda like the two electrons in the ground state of helium.

@guff9567

2 жыл бұрын

@@DrDeuteron I though all neutrinos span anticlockwise.

I wonder how a class reunion of the BG XIX "Doeblinger Gymnasium" Vienna, Class of 1918 looked like. Did Richard Kuhn mock Wolfgang Pauli, because he was only the second to get a Nobel Prize?

Do you ever make apple pie ons?

Stack of fruit.. mmm.. great, less than 10 seconds into the video and I'm already hungry!

Even bananas create neutrinos, but do odd bananas also create them?

Seems like decay products of k-ons and pi-ons, after these latter have been focussed through the horn, "magically" have the same momentum. Is it magic, though ? P. S.: I love these more engineering-oriented explainers

@MikeRosoftJH

Жыл бұрын

It's really a matter of relativistic velocity addition. Let's first look at it from the point of view of the particle in motion. When the particle decays, the neutrino goes in an arbitrary direction (and the other decay product - for example, pion decaying into a muon - gets a corresponding impulse in the opposite direction due to the conservation of energy and momentum). But that's true in the reference frame where the original particle is at rest (the reference frame moving at almost the speed of light relative to us). What happens when we move back into our reference frame? That's where the velocity addition formula becomes relevant. Speed of light is the same for all observers. So what happens when you take the speed of light to the right, and combine it with 99% of the speed of light to the left? You still get the speed of light to the right. And the same applies when the original speed slightly differs from the speed of light: what happens when you take 99.999999% of the speed of light to the right, and combine it with 99% of the speed of light to the left? You still get almost 99.999999% of the speed of light to the right. And now we can see what happens. The energies involved in the particle decay are negligible, compared to the kinetic energy of the original particle; so the decayed particle will still move at almost exactly the same speed. But what about the neutrino? Neutrinos propagate, for all intents and purposes, at the speed of light. But remember, in the rest frame of the original particle the neutrino was emitted in an arbitrary direction. So let's split the velocity vector into the part in the direction in (or against) the direction of the beam, and into the part in the sideways direction. So some fraction of the speed vector will be in or against the direction of the beam; combine it with 99.999999% of the speed of light of the beam itself, and what you get is again almost exactly 99.999999% of the speed of light. What about the sideways direction? That will combine with the vector of the neutrino's motion, so that the total speed is still equal to the speed of light. (The exception is when the neutrino is emitted directly against the direction of the beam, or extremely close to it; in that case the resulting direction will be still directly against the direction of the beam, and the neutrino will be heavily redshifted; or, more generally, the resulting velocity will significantly differ from the beam's direction. But that corresponds to an extremely small fraction of the emitted neutrinos, which can be neglected.)

I snorged at the joke and fell into the wonderful explanations.

Im still relatively early in my physics career, but i hope that one day soon ill be working with people such as both of you in a place of pure discovery such as fermilab

Not only do these people get to operate particle accelerators but they're also allowed to ride quad bikes indoors. How good does a job get?

@radiantflora6425

2 жыл бұрын

The carts actually only have three wheels, but yes riding them is unanimously a huge perk of the job haha

Can neutrinos be entangled?

Bananas 🍌 strike again! ^.^

Ah yes. No sufficient stopping…power…decay.

Have anybody observed neutrino-antineutrino annihilations? If yes into what?

These crazy people are building a particle cannon and try to shoot the Earth with it. Straight out of a James Bond movie:D

Are neutrinos affected by gravity?

@MarkJonesisjustaman

2 жыл бұрын

Can they travel through a BE condensate?

@Skrzynia

2 жыл бұрын

Yes they are

@bhimanjali

2 жыл бұрын

But they have niglegible mass

@shatterthemirror8563

2 жыл бұрын

What is the force between neutrinos and antineutrinos? Gravity maybe?

There's an odd number of bananas...

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Here's why! kzread.info/dash/bejne/imeTudtmf7zdgrw.html

Hey Kirsty, just wanna say I'd love to hear a better quality sound from your part. That'll definitely improve your videos by 1000x Other than that, loving these insights. Keep up the great work 👌🏼👌🏼

Wolfgang Pauli had no children :(

"tons" of neutrinos?

@andreja5521

2 жыл бұрын

that feels like saying tons of photons

Neutrinos are new particles not the neutrino name need to be changed because neutrinos hypo is incorrect. Neutron is a pair of proton and electron in deep orbit from a few fm from proton so electron orbit is sensitive to the proton surface which is affected by quarks. So electron orbit at quark is unstable and it causes beta decay of neutron and so energy distribution of electron is so large due to th quarks.

Please change your background from blinding white. My retinas will thank you

Nice work ladies. Does the following quantum model agree with the Spinor Theory of Roger Penrose? Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good." Ernest Rutherford When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons. Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone. 1/137 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface A Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting occurs. 720 degrees per twist cycle. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?

Thanks for showing up.what took you so long.

Hey man can I barrow youre particle accelerator ? No reply ? Fine .some people just dont like to share .I forgot how much some of the really smart people are lacking in a since of humor . They say its the best medicine .

@jacobclark89

Жыл бұрын

Dang , no response , some people just dont like to share !

I was actually wondering what the exposure risk was! Thanks for adding that answer. A converse question: How does the planetary balance the larger amounts of these? From my personal view everything has cause and effect. Where is the negative end of this??

I was disappointed that the mechanism for banana-neutrino generation was not described. Just a few sentences. How did we even detect that bananas emitted neutrinos in the first place?

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Sorry to disappoint! Fortunately, we have a whole video on how bananas emit neutrinos here: kzread.info/dash/bejne/hKqCttCvgbCrfZs.html

So her name is Bolt and her job is maintaining a huge beam of energy? I can't be the only one?

Interesting. I am of the view that there could be a flaw with this method

2:39 anyone else seeing the proton pack

heh, give it a heartfelt compliment

Laura, your midwest is showing

Savants Doctors Wizards Galactic Guardians ... instructive assessments Avoir une bonn semaine

If u made anti matter, it maybe A bad place to be sitting there?😅 btw, y do even neutrinostars last longer then 15minutes if it decays at that rate ???

Feet & miles ? 🙄

Funny u didn't say how u detect neutrino....that's the real magical thing abt neutrinos right, they pass thru everything.

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Neutrinos are very antisocial, but they do sometimes interact! Kirsty and guest Katrina Miller talk about how detectors work in this episode of Even Bananas: kzread.info/dash/bejne/g6Sitc-bY5raYJM.html

@andreja5521

2 жыл бұрын

they are catching them in to huge neutrino nets, the neutrino net is a customized butterfly net with much smaller gaps, so yes the fermilab neutrino catchers are running in circles with modified butterfly nets in their hands in desperate try to catch so many neutrinos as it gets, each such captured neutrino is then pinned to a wall for displaying

Please do not use people speaking in vocal fry.

What’s the point of all of this; & why ur activities r so secretive. 🙄 I drive regularly near Fermilab in Chicago & feel so frustrated that I’m not able to get inside & see where they r hiding the aliens’ spaceship 🙄

@andreja5521

2 жыл бұрын

they sleep there or they are sliding down a huge water slider that leads to a huge swimming pool, guess why they do not want anyone letting inside

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Fermilab is open to the public - come visit us and learn about our science! We have natural areas and a science center with hands-on physics demos, and would love to tell you more about why this basic research is important. Here's info on how to visit: www.fnal.gov/pub/visiting/

And this is useful why?

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Learning about neutrinos could help answer some of the biggest unsolved mysteries in physics, like why there is so much matter in the universe: kzread.info/dash/bejne/pmWLq5Sgn8Wyaag.html We also don't know what other practical applications neutrinos - or the technology advanced to study them - might have in the future: kzread.info/dash/bejne/X2qd29uGZbu4qJc.html. Basic science research often has ripple effects, like how the superconducting magnet technology developed for particle accelerators moved from physics research to MRI scanners that now help save lives.

Help develop a neutrino solar panel then come back and show us something special