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Benedict’s Test for Reducing sugars - Principle, Composition, Preparation, Procedure, and Result
Benedict’s test is used to test for simple carbohydrates. Benedict’s test identifies reducing sugars (monosaccharides and some disaccharides), which have free ketone or aldehyde functional groups. Benedict’s solution can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine.
Some sugars such as glucose are called reducing sugars because they are capable of transferring hydrogens (electrons) to other compounds, a process called reduction. When reducing sugars are mixed with Benedict's reagent and heated, a reduction reaction causes the Benedicts reagent to change color. The color varies from green to dark red (brick) or rusty-brown, depending on the amount of and type of sugar.
Benedict's Test
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Benedict’s quantitative reagent contains potassium thiocyanate and is used to determine how much reducing sugar is present. This solution forms a copper thiocyanate precipitate which is white and can be used in a titration. The titration should be repeated with 1% glucose solution instead of the sample for calibration
Principle of Benedict’s Test
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When Benedict’s solution and simple carbohydrates are heated, the solution changes to orange-red/ brick red. This reaction is caused by the reducing property of simple carbohydrates. The copper (II) ions in Benedict’s solution are reduced to Copper (I) ions, which causes the color change.
The red copper(I) oxide formed is insoluble in water and is precipitated out of solution. This accounts for the precipitate formed. As the concentration of reducing sugar increases, the nearer the final color is to brick-red, and the greater the precipitate formed. Sometimes a brick red solid, copper oxide, precipitates out of the solution and collects at the bottom of the test tube.
Sodium carbonate provides the alkaline conditions which are required for the redox reaction. Sodium citrate complexes with the copper (II) ions so that they do not deteriorate to copper(I) ions during storage.
Complex carbohydrates such as starches DO NOT react positive with Benedict’s test unless they are broken down through heating or digestion (try chewing crackers and then doing the test). Table sugar (disaccharide) is a non-reducing sugar and does also not react with the iodine or with the Benedict Reagent. Sugar needs to be decomposed into its components glucose and fructose then the glucose test would be positive but the starch test would still be negative.
Composition and Preparation of Benedict’s Solution
Benedict’s solution is a deep-blue alkaline solution used to test for the presence of the aldehyde functional group, - CHO.
Anhydrous sodium carbonate = 100 gm
Sodium citrate - 173 gm
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate = 17.3 gm
One liter of Benedict’s solution can be prepared from 100 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate, 173 g of sodium citrate and 17.3 g of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.
The procedure of Benedict’s Test
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Approximately 1 ml of the sample is placed into a clean test tube.
2 ml (10 drops) of Benedict’s reagent (CuSO4) is placed in the test tube.
The solution is then heated in a boiling water bath for 3-5 minutes.
Observe for color change in the solution of test tubes or precipitate formation.
Result Interpretation of Benedict’s Test
If the color upon boiling is changed into green, then there would be 0.1 to 0.5 percent sugar in solution.
If it changes color to yellow, then 0.5 to 1 percent sugar is present.
If it changes to orange, then it means that 1 to 1.5 percent sugar is present.
If color changes to red,then 1.5 to 2.0 percent sugar is present.
And if color changes to brick red,it means that more than 2 percent sugar is present in solution.
Result Interpretation of Benedict's Test
Positive Benedict’s Test: Formation of a reddish precipitate within three minutes. Reducing sugars present. Example: Glucose
Negative Benedict’s Test: No color change (Remains Blue). Reducing sugars absent. Example: Sucrose.
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