The magic of physics - with Felix Flicker

Ғылым және технология

Join Felix Flicker as he introduces the magic of condensed matter physics, from the subtle spells that conjure crystals from chaos, to creating new particles which have never before been seen. Watch the Q&A here: • Q&A: The magic of phys...
Felix's book 'The Magick of Matter: Crystals, Chaos and the Wizardry of Physics' is available now: geni.us/wVto
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Imagine you had a crystal which lit upon your command: magic must be at work, and you must surely be a wizard. Yet these days such an action is mundane: LEDs are crystals, and their practical technology lights our streets and homes.
The modern name for wizardry is condensed matter physics. It is the study of the world around us - the states of matter, how they emerge from the quantum realm, and how they can manifest exotic particles which cannot exist in the vacuum of space. It is one of science's best-kept secrets: a third of all physicists work on it, yet its story has rarely been told.
This talk was recorded at the Ri on 1 November 2022.
Felix Flicker is a lecturer in physics at Cardiff University. A theoretical physicist, Felix works on the quantum underpinnings of matter.
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Пікірлер: 193

  • @Twitchi
    @Twitchi Жыл бұрын

    Whooo, Felix!! The man is a wizard at both physics and presentation

  • @MasterBlaster3545

    @MasterBlaster3545

    Жыл бұрын

    😆 People actually think you are being serious.

  • @Twitchi

    @Twitchi

    Жыл бұрын

    @@MasterBlaster3545 I am 100% serious

  • @michaeljoefox

    @michaeljoefox

    Жыл бұрын

    @twitchi Kelly Smunt’s other educated comments on this video include “Solar panels work very bad in really hot conditions so the Sahara is not a good idea.”

  • @MasterBlaster3545

    @MasterBlaster3545

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Twitchi well he is useless at presentation.

  • @MasterBlaster3545

    @MasterBlaster3545

    Жыл бұрын

    @@wesley135 you’re easily lit

  • @mungbean60
    @mungbean60 Жыл бұрын

    I would have liked to have him as my high school physics teacher, so much fun listening to him 👏

  • @luminousfractal420

    @luminousfractal420

    Жыл бұрын

    Likewise. I couldnt handle any more worksheets on the forces of a spring. (Four years of high school as they swapped curriculums and i slowly fell down to the lowest set) the physics teacher was lovely, she was nice enough to offer to advance me through extra classes at lunch times...which was denied by the deputy head out of spite. He was more into suits for him and his wife than educating though. And i was not good at doing what i was told by spiteful bullies. End result no qualifications...tow the line a bit kids, plenty of time for rebellion in adulthood, just learn it all and hold it precious to you. Many doors in this life, just make sure you dont lock yourselves out

  • @elenawimsey5714
    @elenawimsey5714 Жыл бұрын

    I can't wait to see my husband's face when I tell him I saw a video which convinced me that crystals are magical. 😂

  • @luminousfractal420

    @luminousfractal420

    Жыл бұрын

    😂🤣nice

  • @ticthak
    @ticthak Жыл бұрын

    Thank you for keeping and projecting the "gosh-wow" mentality of the observational scientist. Back in the 1980s when I got my degree, they hadn't settled on "condensed matter" as the label for materials science.

  • @mikeclarke952
    @mikeclarke952 Жыл бұрын

    What a dull crowd, hardly any claps or laughs and it was a very informative, funny and hardcore demonstrative lecture. Bravo! Bravo!

  • @michaeljoefox
    @michaeljoefox Жыл бұрын

    Seeing anyone explain their passion is typically mesmerizing, but this guy is on another level. Absolutely brilliant, thank you! If you need a hand bringing the audio to level, don’t hesitate to reach out.

  • @lesterbrandt3203

    @lesterbrandt3203

    Жыл бұрын

    If you can reload his lectures with cleaner audio, you'd be a hero. There is a fuzz , a real shame. Noticed this on many RI videos, but like his stuff best. Thank you.

  • @edgeeffect
    @edgeeffect Жыл бұрын

    I spent a while working at Diamond Light Source as a humble software developer... and one of my outstanding questions is "what is soft condensed matter?"... so thanks for answering half the question.

  • @jimbenge9649
    @jimbenge9649 Жыл бұрын

    Felix, I love the calm, cool, magical way you have of explaining the universe. I hope I can learn from it in my efforts to educate my grandchildren. 👍

  • @deeremeyer1749

    @deeremeyer1749

    Жыл бұрын

    Crystals are "condensed" instead of "frozen" in your "universe"? No wonder you think he's smart. He's as smart as you are. Which is dumb as a post. Condensed matter is matter in a liquid state. Crystals are solid. Solid-state matter is ALWAYS "frozen". No matter its temperature. Common sense. Where did all you poor ignorant souls that can't recognize a "psuedoscientist" that is flat wrong when you see and hear him go to school?

  • @jimbenge9649

    @jimbenge9649

    Жыл бұрын

    @@deeremeyer1749 I love when people who disagree do it with such grace.

  • @busybillyb33
    @busybillyb33 Жыл бұрын

    I've just discovered this man only recently on Ri, and what an absolutely wonderful science communicator. Love everything about his style of presenting, even his fashion choices! What I like the most in the way he presents is how he always steps back from the finer details and tells you where you are on the presentation flow, keeping you in the loop with all the things that you need to tie in to get the full picture. Apart from that, love the way he takes the time to compliment anyone who lent their work or services to the presentation. I want to see more from Felix!

  • @grabdaCikan

    @grabdaCikan

    Жыл бұрын

    100%

  • @anaryl
    @anaryl Жыл бұрын

    Love watching Felix, loved his first presentation, glad to see he's still going with his Faraday fashion sensibility; such a charming, well mannered young man!

  • @peterspiker9960
    @peterspiker9960 Жыл бұрын

    Fantastic presentation, Felix! Absolutely excellent.

  • @davidmiller9485
    @davidmiller9485 Жыл бұрын

    For anyone who wants to understand quasiparticles better go watch PBS Space Time here on KZread. Dr. O'Dowd uses animations to show how quasiparticles work in silicon. It's quite fascinating.

  • @andycordy5190
    @andycordy5190 Жыл бұрын

    A wonderful use of that theatre. Thank you

  • @battlefieldcustoms873
    @battlefieldcustoms873 Жыл бұрын

    been on a RI binge for a few months now and this one was absolutely top 3 favorite if not 2. so much learning so many experiments. I would love to go here one day.

  • @richardhellyer
    @richardhellyer Жыл бұрын

    A wonderful talk in the best spirit of the RI. Thank you

  • @douglasstrother6584
    @douglasstrother6584 Жыл бұрын

    Condensed Matter is my favorite field in Physics: Tabletop Quantum Mechanics.

  • @mrervinnemeth
    @mrervinnemeth Жыл бұрын

    "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic" - Arthur C. Clarke

  • @johnt.inscrutable1545

    @johnt.inscrutable1545

    Жыл бұрын

    @mrervinnemeth I was trying to recall the wording of that quote just as I came to your comment. I imagine that will hold true for humans for eternity. Which I think is good, because it comes from our ability to (still) be amazed (wowed) by the “magic” around us. I am still amazed by many things that I do understand. Even that we can “understand” things should evoke a “Wow!” from all but the most jaded of people.

  • @mattwalter5184
    @mattwalter5184 Жыл бұрын

    Perhaps he is deserving of a round of applause.

  • @raymitchell9736
    @raymitchell9736 Жыл бұрын

    An interesting talk... What I think the key point is the familiar is magical, just like other states of matter like Superconductors, plasmas, etc. In a way it crosses into almost a metaphysical domain that I've considered the phenomena of my ability to observe this stuff is also magical, and then the next step of understanding it and its practical applications even more so. Also the presentation style is fun and engaging, I really like the way Felix gets into character, transports us into a sci-fi fantasy world, but then grounds it in reality with real physics and science... I just Love that!

  • @shantanulokhande1792
    @shantanulokhande1792 Жыл бұрын

    I just want to visit RI once before I die.

  • @martinpollard8846

    @martinpollard8846

    Жыл бұрын

    The RI in London or The RI in London inThe Peripheral

  • @johnt.inscrutable1545

    @johnt.inscrutable1545

    Жыл бұрын

    @@martinpollard8846 Uh…

  • @theeconomicmachine2369
    @theeconomicmachine2369 Жыл бұрын

    Always great to watch a Felix Flicker presentation!

  • @DeLiverpool
    @DeLiverpool Жыл бұрын

    Magical 💐

  • @riverbender9898
    @riverbender9898 Жыл бұрын

    Fascinating presentation! Thank You.

  • @winstongludovatz111
    @winstongludovatz111 Жыл бұрын

    Excellent presentation, the most engaging I have seen in this series.

  • @andrewbrodis1239
    @andrewbrodis1239 Жыл бұрын

    Excellently theoretical description. Thank!

  • @ManiM-kw6jz
    @ManiM-kw6jz Жыл бұрын

    Thank you, I understand super conducting and quantum properties a little more now

  • @dingleferry736
    @dingleferry736 Жыл бұрын

    Easily my new favorite science presenter! This and the talk on magnetic monopoles are both asbolutely wonderful!

  • @lorellafabro5484
    @lorellafabro5484 Жыл бұрын

    Wonderful presentation wizard Felix! Bravo! 👏😍

  • @lionsden.1
    @lionsden.1 Жыл бұрын

    Brilliant visualization with the Infinity Cube...

  • @sunwonders
    @sunwonders Жыл бұрын

    I always feel that the word magic is used to hide ignorance. If you are using magic as a metaphor for physics and in this discussion a way of describing the interaction effects of different states of matter, then I can see the relevance but I still feel the word and it's connotation hurt more with many people than help in the understanding of why things work the way that they do.

  • @Sound-Dimensions
    @Sound-Dimensions Жыл бұрын

    came here from the interview on radio 4 today - fascinating - thank you!

  • @sohamsuke
    @sohamsuke Жыл бұрын

    Brilliant sir, thank you.

  • @marthareal8398
    @marthareal8398 Жыл бұрын

    You are most interesting and fearless. Thank you.

  • @rhosllwyd2863
    @rhosllwyd2863 Жыл бұрын

    Excellent and entertaining!!!!

  • @muhammadmushtaq6928
    @muhammadmushtaq6928 Жыл бұрын

    This is very interesting and captivating,but beyond my comprehension.But still I love to understand this.

  • @hiredranger7410
    @hiredranger7410 Жыл бұрын

    Brilliantly explained sir.

  • @ianmackenzie8831
    @ianmackenzie8831 Жыл бұрын

    Excellent!

  • @outsidethepyramid
    @outsidethepyramid Жыл бұрын

    Too cool, love this

  • @jameshughes7670
    @jameshughes7670 Жыл бұрын

    great lecture! easily understandable analogies :)

  • @eskileriksson4457
    @eskileriksson4457 Жыл бұрын

    Wonderful lecture! Bravo!

  • @ronaldjorgensen6839
    @ronaldjorgensen6839 Жыл бұрын

    thanks for your alchemical persistance in the face of the void is gold of defined system over chaos order from aether

  • @christahurst7233
    @christahurst7233 Жыл бұрын

    Thank you enjoy great teacher

  • @dmonvisigoth1651
    @dmonvisigoth1651 Жыл бұрын

    This guy is so utterly cool. He's what Americans picture when they imagine a British Professor (sans being old). Or an incarnation of the Doctor. Which I think he may, in fact, be.

  • @JRH2109
    @JRH2109 Жыл бұрын

    Are we witnessing some kind of fashion renaissance amongst this new canon of young scientists? I swear that this guy, James Beacham and Cédric Villani (amongst many others) either share a stylist or are part of some clandestine network of time travelling eccentrics. (I'm just jealous, of course).

  • @johnt.inscrutable1545

    @johnt.inscrutable1545

    Жыл бұрын

    @johnholland3003 I like the clandestine or perhaps a conspiracy theory regarding their attire. I hoped it catches on then I won’t be quite so out of place! Lol!

  • @alexandrugheorghe5610
    @alexandrugheorghe56104 ай бұрын

    Suggestion: record the screen with presentation/camera and display that footage when presenting the relevant portion instead of the wide camera angle

  • @leighshaw2551
    @leighshaw2551 Жыл бұрын

    I love that Felix wouldn't look out of place as a Hogwarts professor.

  • @whatitmeans
    @whatitmeans Жыл бұрын

    there is a much intuitive example of quasiparticles: think of the manipulation of an air bubble on water as it travels to the surface, you could see the air bubble as a "lack of water" particle and find an equivalent description of its physics behavior

  • @kevinlasher2812
    @kevinlasher2812 Жыл бұрын

    My absolute favorite Berries and Cream mad scientist.

  • @djvycious
    @djvycious Жыл бұрын

    The guy used his physics expertise to get perfect hair. Just look at that flow!

  • @Reth_Hard

    @Reth_Hard

    Жыл бұрын

    He's probably just using a neutron based shampoo, nothing too complicated...

  • @krishchandran6819
    @krishchandran6819 Жыл бұрын

    Superb

  • @tortysoft
    @tortysoft Жыл бұрын

    You won me over with the finger running up and down the tube !

  • @paulvr3158
    @paulvr3158 Жыл бұрын

    Nice!

  • @soarinfan
    @soarinfan Жыл бұрын

    hi could anyone advise please ......was that a small fluorescent strip light or an led strip light he used over the plasma ball ? many thanks

  • @mymysticalside2842
    @mymysticalside2842 Жыл бұрын

    38:59 It's used in my record player and has been since the 70's...

  • @konradcomrade4845
    @konradcomrade4845 Жыл бұрын

    a second thought about long range superconducting power lines: 1.) would this be more susceptible to to detrimental induction by a Carrington_event_size solar flare? 2.) could it have a disrupting back EMF on Earth's magnetic dynamo ( if it is a DC line )? The Earth_dynamo may already be in a spinning down mode and going to reverse polarity?

  • @John-bv2ft
    @John-bv2ft Жыл бұрын

    Well made

  • @ZeHoSmusician
    @ZeHoSmusician Жыл бұрын

    17:42 I want that "infinity cube"! 😍

  • @NikkiTrudelle
    @NikkiTrudelle Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for sharing this one! Does anyone know the original air date of this lecture? Just wondering

  • @benjerman4438

    @benjerman4438

    Жыл бұрын

    I just found it - it was a little buried in the description so I can see it being overlooked: 1 November 2022.

  • @michaelpenklis7580
    @michaelpenklis7580 Жыл бұрын

    I remember watching a magic show and saying that is done by magnets. Its also knowing how strong the magnet pull is.

  • @joseeduardorussoperis4668
    @joseeduardorussoperis4668 Жыл бұрын

    Felix is giving me the over qualified Bill Nye vibes. Great presentation!

  • @alicetries5954
    @alicetries5954 Жыл бұрын

    I had not know about it before now

  • @simontyrrell8866
    @simontyrrell8866 Жыл бұрын

    Surely the De Broglie wavelength of the electron also plays a part in preventing the electron from existing in the nucleus? Or am i being too simple?

  • @m4inline

    @m4inline

    Жыл бұрын

    Is a salt the smallest thing in the universe or is it a flour?

  • @AkiraVendaku
    @AkiraVendaku Жыл бұрын

    Well Done===>

  • @roberttrimble6361
    @roberttrimble6361 Жыл бұрын

    How much you want for the infinity cube?

  • @user-qi4zb7hl4g
    @user-qi4zb7hl4g Жыл бұрын

    The amount of light coming out from the crystal should be half that of the light coming in? or the crystal can double the energy? 🙃

  • @Reth_Hard

    @Reth_Hard

    Жыл бұрын

    yes

  • @justincosby2258
    @justincosby2258 Жыл бұрын

    Im a rockhound, I love and study geology, and physics ( on my own not in college ). I seriously want one of those half mirrored ping pong ball boxes. Lol I absolutely love that!

  • @lohphat
    @lohphat Жыл бұрын

    It’s 2022 why was this recorded in interlaced mode? The edge flickering is distracting.

  • @sirgoatofcheese
    @sirgoatofcheese Жыл бұрын

    You mentioned M Faraday's labs and work but failed to mention E Laithweight's work and presentations he did in that very room concerning Mag Lev. Why?

  • @byrnemeister2008

    @byrnemeister2008

    Жыл бұрын

    Because Faraday was one of the giants of physics. Uniting electricity and magnetism. Coming up with the first proper field theory. The foundation need for Einstein and relativity. Eric Laithwaite was a charismatic presenter and communicator. Very different achievements.

  • @JohnDlugosz
    @JohnDlugosz Жыл бұрын

    38:40 Re: levitating the Bullet Train removes the resistance from the tracks and that lets it go very fast. The resistance of rolling steel on steel rails is very small. You still have the bulk of the resistance which is from moving through the air. Maglev trains can have up to 4x the resistance of conventional rail, because of the higher speed. So saying it can move fast because of lower resistance is completely wrong. The Japanese Bullet Train runs up to 200 mph using wheels on track! The record speed, with conventional rail, is 275 miles per hour. The fastest operational maglev train (which I've ridden, BTW) is in China, not Japan. Japan does hold the speed record (375 mph) for a prototype vehicle on a test track, in 2015.

  • @thea.igamer3958
    @thea.igamer3958 Жыл бұрын

    Here comes the showman !

  • @kylestanley4734
    @kylestanley4734 Жыл бұрын

    Check out the concept of vacuum birefringence. If there happens to be a magnetic field on the order of 10 ^ 24 Tesla say from a magnetar birefringence occurs as a result in regards to polarized light.

  • @MichaelSmith420fu

    @MichaelSmith420fu

    Жыл бұрын

    A magnetic field of 10 to the 24th what?

  • @kylestanley4734

    @kylestanley4734

    Жыл бұрын

    @@MichaelSmith420fu Tesla is the unit of measurement to define the magnetic flux density. This is a unit of measurement on the International System of Units, which is the metric system. One tesla is the same as one weber (the representation of magnetic flux) per square meter. One tesla is equal to 10,000 gauss.Jan 31, 2019

  • @MichaelSmith420fu

    @MichaelSmith420fu

    Жыл бұрын

    @@kylestanley4734 thx 👍

  • @kylestanley4734

    @kylestanley4734

    Жыл бұрын

    @@MichaelSmith420fu when a neutron star is formed the magnetic field is the former star is preserved and compressed into that 24 km radius mass of neutrons us making a magnetar. Flux density can reach as high as 10 ^ 56 Tesla.

  • @Randomlyme
    @Randomlyme Жыл бұрын

    Felix is a magician

  • @themightyripples6582
    @themightyripples6582 Жыл бұрын

    About the solar panels in the Sahara... Couldn't we do that and store the energy in huge batteries then move it elsewhere? We'd only need to make sure that the amount of energy used to transport it is enough less than the amount of energy being stored, Idk if that's possible tho. If it is the people transporting it could also bring empty batteries to replace the full ones with. The whole process could have an automation to it where the transport truck would have to line itself up with each of its tires between 2 bumps, and the truck would have a computer on it that could see the battery, use fork lift like arms, which are on a track so it can move itself along the length of the bed of the truck, to lift and disconnect it (the battery would have to be approximately parallel to the spot the truck has to line up with) and the bed of the truck could have a conveyor to load the forklift like arms with the empty to replace the full battery with an empty one for charging, then it could pick the disconnected battery back up and the conveyor would roll the full one onto the truck where the empty just was. Again, I have no idea if this would be possible (mainly the whole "having enough more energy than it takes to transport it" bit. In fact, this might be less efficient then just having reeeeaally long wires), but it was an interesting thought process so I share :).

  • @atomicdmt8763
    @atomicdmt8763 Жыл бұрын

    wiz-bang ~ central casting!

  • @davidwilkie9551
    @davidwilkie9551 Жыл бұрын

    This Mathemagical Holographic Principle Imagery, e-Pi-i sync-duration i-reflection Spinfoam bubble-mode orbital-orbits in crystalline Function->Form.

  • @mrgadget1485
    @mrgadget1485 Жыл бұрын

    Electrons, being Fermions, how can they be in the same state in a super conductor?

  • @joshsav-.9080
    @joshsav-.9080 Жыл бұрын

    would have liked him as my cat drinking condensed felix physics milk

  • @johnnyq4260
    @johnnyq4260 Жыл бұрын

    38:42 Incorrect. The current speed record holder is the maglev line in Shanghai.

  • @dnstone1127
    @dnstone1127 Жыл бұрын

    With that name I was expecting a mad German scientist.

  • @johnt.inscrutable1545

    @johnt.inscrutable1545

    Жыл бұрын

    @dnastone1137 - Has anyone run across a happy German scientist? Lol. I do believe though that “mad” in this context refers to “crazy”, “whacko”, “nutcase”, “head case”, “whack job”, und so weiter.* * Und so weiter is German for Et cetera. Not to be confused with Peter Cetera of the band “Chicago” whose albums all had the same name save the first album when the band was still called ‘Chicago Transit Authority’ or CTA, only with a number to denote the difference, e.g., Chicago IiI, Chicago IV, and so on.** ** And so on is the English equivalent of the German, und so weiter (usw), and thus the Latin, et cetera (etc). But the English has no abbreviation unless one considers “…” which has the same implication as “usw.”, “etc.”, and, “and so on”.

  • @luminousfractal420
    @luminousfractal420 Жыл бұрын

    The fuzzy balls was way more distracting than the magic 🤣

  • @hartunstart
    @hartunstart Жыл бұрын

    So, quasi-particles can not enter vacuum. Can you turn a volume of space into "super-vacuum" so that even real particles can not enter?

  • @3zan6bel9
    @3zan6bel9 Жыл бұрын

    Aether & EM waves solves all these questions

  • @NathanOkun
    @NathanOkun Жыл бұрын

    The electro-magnetic force is the force of magic since everything a wizard can do in fantasy and mythology can be done, in some manner, using it in some way.

  • @PBeringer
    @PBeringer Жыл бұрын

    He's wearing the same suit as his lecture on monopole magnets! Perhaps academics in the UK are paid as badly as in Australia ... 😜

  • @mallninja9805

    @mallninja9805

    Жыл бұрын

    Of course the pay is low, it's not like they're providing a useful service like playing football or lip syncing an autotuned melody!

  • @PBeringer

    @PBeringer

    Жыл бұрын

    @@mallninja9805 Haha! Touché 😜 (It's not a very funny state of affairs, really ...)

  • @vitsirosh3722
    @vitsirosh3722 Жыл бұрын

    What a weird strange nervous little man

  • @stunimbus1543
    @stunimbus1543 Жыл бұрын

    If this really was magic, the proffessor's assistant would have been way more glamourous.😅

  • @johnstfleur3987
    @johnstfleur3987 Жыл бұрын

    ABSOLUTE.

  • @cdavis759
    @cdavis759 Жыл бұрын

    That 3 piece suit and tie are straight out of 1842 London.

  • @direwolfen
    @direwolfen Жыл бұрын

    I thought of rinsewind of the Discworld...

  • @plunder1956
    @plunder1956 Жыл бұрын

    I don't think a 100w Incandescent bulb = a 2w LED. Possibly a 6-8w LED.

  • @m4inline
    @m4inline Жыл бұрын

    If superconductors make electricity cheap why are the prices still rubbish in the winter??????

  • @whirledpeas3477
    @whirledpeas347711 ай бұрын

    Count Olaf ?

  • @DiowE
    @DiowE Жыл бұрын

    Right side of audiences must be feeling very ignored during this whole lecture. 😂😂 [DiowE]

  • @larrybud
    @larrybud Жыл бұрын

    :40 seconds in and I'm pretty sure he's talking about "Zork".

  • @vinylzappa
    @vinylzappa11 ай бұрын

    Might dark matter and dark energy be the medium for photons?

  • @davidohara7669
    @davidohara7669 Жыл бұрын

    Snape?

  • @ShauriePvs
    @ShauriePvs Жыл бұрын

    Am i the only one who didn't see any spark when he tried showing closer to the camera

  • @tobystewart4403
    @tobystewart4403 Жыл бұрын

    It is a real shame that Einstein's photon is presented as a remarkable insight into the nature of light, rather than Maxwell's proof that light is an electromagnetic wave.

  • @63phillip
    @63phillip Жыл бұрын

    If sound doesn't travel through a vacuum of space, how do we get data from deep space probes back to earth ?

  • @tomamberg5361

    @tomamberg5361

    Жыл бұрын

    Radio waves, just like how a music station broadcasts to your car's FM radio receiver.

  • @JohnDlugosz
    @JohnDlugosz Жыл бұрын

    32:00 Electrons can't undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. They are fermions.

  • @teslastesticoil8560

    @teslastesticoil8560

    Жыл бұрын

    You're thinking single electrons. Cooper pairs obey Bose-Einstein statistics

  • @nafisarafat9140

    @nafisarafat9140

    Жыл бұрын

    Not exactly true. Some quasiparticles (excitons - electron hole pairs) are Bosons/collective excitation modes, and as such can form a BEC

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