I visited Austria 🇦🇹 in 2024, and wished that country still had its monarchy.

Small inaccuracy: The peace of camp formio didn’t last until 1804. The Austrians went to war with France again in 1799, culminating in the Marengo campaign in 1800, where Napoleon moved through the alps and outflanked melas.

@Historiansplaining

7 ай бұрын

Thank you!

Second and that painting is so sad yet is six years before the War. It exudes the man's sorrow. If only the Balkans were not a mess.

First Edit: damn first commenter and viewer, my first time. It’s a triple first!

@johnnotrealname8168

Жыл бұрын

@#£%, I am late. Well done mate.

Before World War I, only three European countries - Hungary (1849), Austria(1867), and Belgium(1898) - declared and enacted laws protecting ethnic minority rights. Only these 3 countries allowed the use of minority languages in primary schools, cultural institutions, offices of public administration, and legal courts. In contrast, other European countries during this time did not permit the use of minority languages in these settings. The situation in Hungary was particularly notable, as they were the first to pass laws on ethnic and minority rights in 1849, during the Hungarian revolution. Fast forward to the year 1867, when the Kingdom of Hungary entered into a Compromise with the Habsburg Dynasty, known as the Ausgleich. Among the initial actions taken by the restored Hungarian Parliament was the passage of a Law on Nationalities, officially known as the Minority Rights Law (Act number XLIV of 1868). This law aimed to protect the rights of various ethnic groups within Hungary. The situation of minorities in Hungary during this time was markedly different from that of other European countries leading up to World War I. Notably, highly diverse and multinational nations such as France, Russia, and the United Kingdom The plight of the Scottish, Irish, and Welsh people during the dominance of English rule is widely acknowledged. Their ancestral languages were nearly eradicated, as cultural and educational institutions solely focused on English. Court proceedings and the workings of public administration were conducted exclusively in English. Disturbingly, in Wales, Welsh children were subjected to physical punishment if caught conversing in their native language amongst themselves, a practice infamously known as the Welsh Not policy. Further examination reveals the well-documented tensions and complexities surrounding the Irish question. The situation in Ireland was marked by brutality and bloodshed, leading one to question the true unity of the so-called "United" Kingdom, which often felt more like an extension of England. It is crucial to bear in mind that even the English legal system failed to recognize even the most basic minority rights, including linguistic rights, for the native populations of Scotland and Wales until the post-World War II era. Let us turn our attention to the diverse nation of France: During the era of the Great French Revolution, a mere 25% of the Kingdom of France's population could claim French as their mother tongue. Even by 1870, France remained a multiethnic state akin to Hungary, with only 50% of its population speaking French as their native language. The other half encompassed speakers of Occitan, Breton, Provençal, Catalan, Corsican, Alsatian, West Flemish, Lorraine Franconian, Gallo, Picard, Ch'timi, Arpitan, and many more. Interestingly, some of these minority languages bore closer resemblance to Spanish or Italian than French itself. However, the French government took measures to suppress these languages, prohibiting minority language schools, newspapers, and theaters. Additionally, the usage of minority languages was forbidden in offices, public administration, and judicial proceedings. Over time, the proportion of French speakers gradually increased from 50% to 91% between 1870 and 1910. The situation in the German Empire, particularly in Polish territories and among the Sorbs, was also well recognized and documented. Let us now shift our focus to certain Eastern countries within the Oriental Eurasian, or Orthodox, civilization: In the pre-World War I Kingdom of Serbia, the concept of minority rights was absent from its legal system. Similarly, the legal system of the pre-World War I Kingdom of Romania also lacked provisions for minority rights. Notably, Romania stood as the sole European country during this era that denied ethnic minorities citizenship and suffrage, despite their significant representation, which amounted to approximately 20% of the population. Furthermore, the Kingdom of Romania implemented discriminatory laws against Jewish people, akin to those observed in Tsarist Russia. For a deeper exploration of this topic, I invite you to peruse the following link: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#Treaty_of_Berlin_and_aftermath While Western Christian Europe had abolished slavery during the high medieval period, it persisted within Romanian territories until the mid-19th century. It is worth noting that the abolishment of Gypsy slavery and slave markets in Romania only occurred in 1852. The status and treatment of Romani people in Romania bore resemblance to that of African Americans in the United States prior to the Civil War. Let us now delve into the stark contrast between the Kingdom of Hungary and the prevailing conditions in pre-World War I Europe: Contrary to the realities experienced in contemporary Western Europe, the notion of "Magyarization" in Hungary was not as severe. This is primarily because minority rights and laws were in place to safeguard the interests of these communities. In stark contrast, the legal systems of Western European countries at the time did not recognize the concept of minority rights. Consequently, political leaders in these nations unabashedly suppressed their minority populations through legislation. Consider the following comparisons: 1. Were there primary schools dedicated to minority languages in Western European countries? The answer is no. 2. How many official languages were recognized in Western European states? Only one official language prevailed. 3. Were minorities permitted to use their languages in self-governments, public administration offices, and tribunals in Western Europe? Regrettably, they were not afforded such privileges. 4. What about newspapers catering to ethnic minorities in Western Europe? They were virtually non-existent in the Western context. The list of disparities could be extended indefinitely. 5. Were minority languages allowed in cultural institutions across Western European countries? Once again, the answer is no. These examples highlight the stark contrast between the Kingdom of Hungary, which upheld minority rights, and the prevailing circumstances in Western Europe during the same period.

@Historiansplaining

Жыл бұрын

All statements about Hungarian policy in this lecture are entirely accurate and well-documented in academic sources, four of which I listed in the notes. Hungary's language and schooling policy was aimed at assimilation and highly ethnocentric as compared to Austria's in the same period. You can point to Britain or France if you want but that does not change the facts. This is one statement that you can find online, in addition to the printed sources, at "The World of the Habsburgs," under "School policies and the language of teaching": " The situation was different in Hungary, where school policies pursued a very different solution in the nationalities question. Educational legislation in Hungary, which regarded itself as the Magyar nation-state, was entirely dominated by a policy of Magyarisation. Thus, even teachers in non-Hungarian minority schools were required to have knowledge of Hungarian, and in non-Hungarian kindergartens and primary schools it was compulsory to teach the children the basic elements of Hungarian. In higher schools, the Magyar claim to exclusivity was even more strongly marked. From 1875 on, only middle schools with Hungarian as the language of teaching were financed by the state, with the result that grammar schools in a different language had to be privately funded."

Many infrmation about Hungary could be refuted by Books of academic historians. (like the fantasy that only nobles were allowed to vote, and the laugable fantasy that ethnic minorities were not allowed to vote. You can't even find and quote such book on the Google Book searcher, which is the largest collection of Books on the internet..

@Historiansplaining

Жыл бұрын

All of my information comes from academic histories, which I cited in the notes. I do not delete comments. KZread most likely automatically holds your comments because you are spamming.

The Austro-Hungarian compromise, along with its associated Liberal Party of Hungary, faced significant disapproval from ethnic Hungarian voters. The sustained electoral victories of these pro-compromise liberal parties in the Hungarian parliamentary elections only served to deepen the frustration among Hungarians. Interestingly, it was the ethnic minorities who played a crucial role in upholding the political stability of the compromise in Hungary. Through their voting power, they consistently propelled the pro-compromise liberal Party into the majority and ruling positions within the Hungarian parliament. While this party enjoyed popularity among ethnic minority voters, minority parties representing groups such as the Slovaks, Serbs, and Romanians failed to garner support from their own ethnic communities. On the other hand, coalitions formed by Hungarian nationalist parties, which enjoyed overwhelming support from ethnic Hungarian voters, consistently found themselves in the opposition. There was a brief exception during the period of 1906 to 1910, when the Hungarian-supported nationalist parties were able to form a government. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party

@Historiansplaining

Жыл бұрын

It is entirely immaterial which voters did or did not prefer the Liberal Party. It has no bearing on the factually correct statements in the lecture that the franchise was restricted to a small minority of the population and that language and education policies were aimed at assimilation, compared to policies at the same time in Austria. I have cited several written sources in the notes, as well as online sources in my other comments. As for an online commentary on the franchise, "The World of the Habsburgs" states, under "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Process of Democratization": "The Hungarian Reichstag was able to operate effectively only if the political rights of other nationalities were suppressed. The parliament in Budapest remained an exclusive club for the Magyar elite, which retained suffrage based on tax contributions right until the end of the Monarchy and granted political representation only to moneyed classes." Now please stop spamming this page or I will have to mute you.