"An oddly precise prediction given the source material" I died

@stevencooper4422

4 жыл бұрын

I cried when he mentioned significant figures :(. I've lost so many points to that.

@pete1972

4 жыл бұрын

Oh jeez, man.. Rest in peace

@matd675

4 жыл бұрын

Did you post this comment via ouija board?

@imlaion2133

2 жыл бұрын

@@matd675 yes

@flashgordon6670

2 жыл бұрын

We know Uniformitarianism is wrong, bc it depends on averages and averages don’t exist for long periods of time. The Geological column was formed horizontally, by Sedimentary Deposition. From water containing the particles that were gradually deposited and condensed by huge pressure, into the rock strata we see in the Geological column. If the rock strata formed vertically over a time scale of 100s of millions of years, it would’ve eroded away faster than it could have formed. So it must have formed more quickly, with larger volumes of water. I.e. By a flood(s) and the receding waters, as they drained down to the lowest places of Earth,s topography. If Earth’s age was in the billions of years, there would be nothing left of it by now but space dust, due to erosion processes and the friction and degradation of the size of Earth’s particles. I rest my case. Pls feel free to reply to this comment and correct me, if and where I’m wrong. Ty.

For laymen like me who habitually hit up spacetime and have learned a decent bit of physics, just wanted to say thanks for the breather. Please keep on just like you do with challenging material, I'm getting through it, but a breather episode is always welcome!

@sonofasailir35

4 жыл бұрын

I agree. Physics to me is more interesting but a struggle to understand. Before I discovered Spacetime I thought I had come a long way with “sort of” understanding relativity and quantum theory, but these episodes keep reminding me I understand very little.

@snow3828

4 жыл бұрын

this still wasn't a breather at least comparable to vsauce standards xD but enjoyable none the less

@gwarscout1825

4 жыл бұрын

Are the pages flipping through the books supposed to be Matt's eidetic memory in action? :)

@sortof3337

4 жыл бұрын

Kenneth Simon I study physics and these topics are crazy to me too. But a lot of ideas are on the frontier so

@akrybion

4 жыл бұрын

Just yesterday I read a funny anecdote about a physicist that gave up on his studies to become a banker. When asked why the promising young man changed directions so sharply his PhD supervisor shrugged and said "he tried to understand quantum mechanics".

Day 1 in Brahma: We were born Day 2: We were swallowed by the sun

@ShivamKumar-mp5et

3 жыл бұрын

It should be "of Brahma" and not "in Brahma". :)

@anthonyhutchins2300

3 жыл бұрын

It might be around the start of day 3 honestly

@maxnotwell7853

3 жыл бұрын

There are actually infinitely many 'brahmas'. This corresponds to infinitely many parallel universes in the hindu tradition.

@pokemonhunter8418

3 жыл бұрын

suppose you're Adam world's first person God has just putted you in earth in the age of 50 of which you could born babies ok ? Now if we send science to that time and science check your age but Science would say you're 50 years old and about to science a human can't be adult without being a baby without passing teenage but the reality is God direct made him in the age of 50 as God didn't need to make the first person pass teenage etc In same way God didn't need to make earth pass millions years in cooling down etc In same way God direct made a human of age 50 didn't need to make human passed the monkey stage etc *God*-who made this all even scientist's brain *The bible* -About to God vision *Science* -About to human vision About to human vision/science this all can't be without a big bang But God don't need to make a big bang he direct made the situation of after a big bang .

@pokemonhunter8418

3 жыл бұрын

Science isn't even wrong and religions aren't even wrong

just found your channel and seriously love the in-depth explorations you allow us to share with you by posting to your channel bro 😎 🥳✅‼️you got the vibes and aren’t bias in your research either, tru science and study so i can seriously commend this, better then anything i could manage to put together without days/months of study and editorial education to manage to make a video like this

I love how every time Kant is mentioned on science You Tube is mentioned for his Galaxy speculations, and I'm here in philosophy-land knowing him for...other things.

@thenasadude6878

4 жыл бұрын

Indeed, I always wonder if the philosopher and the astronomer are the same person when Matt SpaceTime mentions him. Quite an impressive genius

@fuckeadito

4 жыл бұрын

as a lawyer, who got tired of studying kant's work, same

@marcpeterson1092

4 жыл бұрын

Immanuel Kant, but Chingis Khan.

@animistchannel2983

4 жыл бұрын

@@marcpeterson1092 It's like we say over on Isaac Arthur's channel: "If brute force isn't working, you still aren't using enough of it." The Khan knew how to cut through the subtleties that stumbled other men.

@Idtelos

4 жыл бұрын

Its.... kHAAAANNNN!!!!!! -Cpt. T. Kirk

I enjoyed this diversion from the sometimes heady astrophysics topics, though I love those videos too. I wouldn't mind seeing more stuff like this every now and then before diving back into the craziness that is spacetime.

@bernhardname8098

4 жыл бұрын

Sounds like you need more Kyle Hill in your life.

@TheExoplanetsChannel

4 жыл бұрын

Me too

@theorixlux2605

4 жыл бұрын

(in the darkness, you gear faintly): *geology isn't a science*

@flashgordon6670

2 жыл бұрын

We know Uniformitarianism is wrong, bc it depends on averages and averages don’t exist for long periods of time. The Geological column was formed horizontally, by Sedimentary Deposition. From water containing the particles that were gradually deposited and condensed by huge pressure, into the rock strata we see in the Geological column. If the rock strata formed vertically over a time scale of 100s of millions of years, it would’ve eroded away faster than it could have formed. So it must have formed more quickly, with larger volumes of water. I.e. By a flood(s) and the receding waters, as they drained down to the lowest places of Earth,s topography. If Earth’s age was in the billions of years, there would be nothing left of it by now but space dust, due to erosion processes and the friction and degradation of the size of Earth’s particles. I rest my case. Pls feel free to reply to this comment and correct me, if and where I’m wrong. Ty.

@semaj_5022

2 жыл бұрын

@@flashgordon6670 We've dated rocks to billions of years of age, though. Not to mention that not all rock is sedimentary, but even the rock that is is sometimes replenished through deposition faster than it can be eroded, either by sediment trapped in rainwater or by river deposition, etc. Erosion also varies greatly over time and by region based on climate and local geography, as does deposition. For instance, rock on the ocean floor will erode much more slowly than rock exposed to waves, wind or rain, and will build steadily through deposition before eventually surfacing from tectonic movement. Rock buried under ice will also erode more slowly, compacting under the weight of the ice and becoming much harder, but will eventually be carved out when that ice melts, but not disintegrated. Rock formed by soil and plant matter in forest or woodland built up over time also erodes incredibly slowly, as plant cover catches much of the wind and the rain, and soil layers prevent them from interacting with the rock underneath. Plate tectonics also allows for earth's surface to refresh itself periodically, with one edge of a plate pushing down into the outer mantle while magma rises to the surface and cools, building more land. Don't forget we've also dated rock brought back from the moon, and it matches pretty well some of the older rock we've dated from earth both in age and general composition(minus things produced by decay and other biological products). The earth is an incredibly complex system that is always changing, albeit extremely slowly, and with our modern technology and general scientific understanding, we've been able to discover that both uniformitarianism and catastrophism come up short in their explanatory ability. However, plate tectonics, climate cycles and a combination of erosion and deposition varying in rate in different regions at different periods, along with biological activity go a much longer way to describing the history of the rock we see making up the world around us. Some of the oldest continuously existing surface rock in the world exists in parts of South Africa and Australia and has been pretty accurately dated to around 3+ bya. I recommend reading about it, as well as other ancient rock and the dating techniques used to get a good idea of why the scientific community is so confident in our current age estimates of the Earth, as well as the data gained from astronomical observation that plays into that dating as well.

Matt, love the videos you do. Keep up the great work.

I'm also gently amused by the thought that ancient people in India, having developed math that included zero and could therefore be done fairly easily up to very large numbers, immediately used that math to attempt to determine the age of their universe. Humans are awesome at times.

@BothHands1

4 жыл бұрын

Diana Gibbs seriously! and the fact that one of their ages is significantly close to the actual age of the universe makes me wonder what kind of knowledge we could have lost, with wars and the way the world was before, library in Alexandria being burned down. how much more would we know if we didn't so frequently take to burning books as a society, and conquering each other.

@kaitlyn__L

4 жыл бұрын

@@BothHands1 yeah... definitely lots of astronomy lost in those various purges... astronomy is almost the first science societies come to: people look up at the sky all the time, and paying attention to the moon was important for agriculture, plus obviously the cycles of the sun were relevent to hunts long before that. surely wondering what we were seeing must be a pretty primal human thing? presumably relatives such as neanderthals too, after all they had basic medicines just as we did, they definitely observed their surroundings and built models to hold observed patterns in.

@zxvats

4 жыл бұрын

I am from India , most of the scientific work especially in astronomy is lost. Only thing which is remaining is superstitions and religious stuff which makes no sense to me.

@LunaticTheCat

4 жыл бұрын

@@zxvats That's unfortunate

@jaykrishnak3268

3 жыл бұрын

@@zxvats unfortunate truth. Our ancestors made a huge mistake by passing on the information verbally rather than have records of it. And even if they were records, they were mostly written on leaves and leaves well..decay over time. There's a lot more that our astronomers would've found but we'll never know they did.

I'm a geologist and and I feel acknowledged by this video.

@maythesciencebewithyou

4 жыл бұрын

Had Sheldon Cooper narrated this video he'd have said "now lets change from geology to a real science, Physics"

@TJfromEarth

4 жыл бұрын

a little needy but ok

@brainwashedbyevidence948

4 жыл бұрын

I am a genetic engineer and I feel indirectly validated on evidence for evolution!!!

@brainwashedbyevidence948

4 жыл бұрын

@TheExplorer that is logically impossible since one thing can only have 2 halves. Also, my creation is human base with bacterial, Archean, plant, mold, insect, arachnid, diatom, tardigrade and fish genes along with some synthetic genes that are not in nature.

@joseluisblanco8074

4 жыл бұрын

Never mind Sheldon Cooper

I would panic at the ISCO but but temporal dilation means it all happens a bit too slowly to induce panic. Like death and taxes, you know it's going to happen, but, not today.

@MBBurchette

4 жыл бұрын

I don’t think the time dilation would be apparent to you. You could be flailing your arms in fear at a fraction the speed of light, but only a more distant observer would think, “hey they’re waiving at me like the Queen of England.”

@Kneedragon1962

4 жыл бұрын

@@MBBurchette ~ Well this is true, but why let the facts get in the way of a good joke? I think by the time a temporal anomaly would be evident, you'd be dead anyway...

@Jordan-zk2wd

4 жыл бұрын

As if death and taxes aren't making me panic regularly

The end of the episode almost made me cry at realizing how magnificent our planet and our universe is and how insignificant we are. I love this channel!

@JacksonOfBelgium

2 жыл бұрын

We aren’t that special there are probably millions of planets just like ours maybe better

@likes_stuff4754

2 жыл бұрын

@@JacksonOfBelgium Earth is special to us tho its are home

@bwproctor

7 ай бұрын

Or there is no planet capable of sustaining life like ours and we are truly significant!

@Mayan_88694

2 ай бұрын

@@bwproctorthere are many actually. we are insignificant, cry harder

@Mayan_88694

2 ай бұрын

@@bwproctorwe are insignificant. The earth isn’t the only planet that is capable of supporting life, and you have no evidence for your god to begin with.

sometimes i feel we know more about cosmology than we do about our own planet. thanks for this piece.

@skurbanvintr0

Жыл бұрын

You are the cosmology of the youniverse.

@MoosaIb

9 ай бұрын

We pretend

James Hutton lived in the Holyrood area, right on the edge of Arthur's Seat, the 823ft high volcanic cone which dominates Edinburgh. He would take his daily walks there, and that was what first got him intrigued by rock formations. He then travelled throughout Scotland, which has hugely diverse geology, and other parts of the UK, studying and taking samples, which is what led this chemist to become the "Father of Geology". But poor Hutton. He wanted to present his paper to the University of Edinburgh, but the Church of Scotland, who controlled the university, refused to allow him challenging the Biblical creation narrative. The church had also cast aspersions upon his character for even suggesting such. So it was the first reading of his paper was given rather to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, by his friend, Playfair, in a heavily abridged version. Today there is an exhibition centre, Dynamic Earth, near where James Hutton lived, which tells the tale of our planet in a hugely fascinating and highly entertaining way.

@javihache8066

3 жыл бұрын

Love it! thanks!

@randomperson2078

2 жыл бұрын

This is totally inaccurate. 1. Hutton for decades published through the Royal Society - he had no connection to the university. And the Church of Scotland did not block him from speaking at the university. Nor did it cast aspersions on his character for even suggesting such. 2. Nor did Playfair take “his place” at the university. He had no place to give up. His friend, Joseph Black, gave the first lecture to the Royal Society on the subject and he gave the second lectures.

@Bob-Maplethorpe

2 жыл бұрын

@@randomperson2078 Sources?

@jbangz2023

Жыл бұрын

Thaks for your comment, let's tackle U238, its half-life=4.5Byrs, how is it calculated? Of course, we can use formula half-life=ln2/k, where k=decay constant, the problem is how k is calculated? The amount of isotope N(t) left after time t elapsed is given by N(t)=N(0)e^(-kt), where N(0) initial amount. dN(t)/dt=-kN(t) = R -> decay rate, k=(dN(t)/ dt)/N(t)=R/N(t) -> you see, decay constant(k) is dependent on decay rate(R). For U238, with a half-life=4.5Byrs, you need to measure first the decay rate at t=4.5Byrs, how do you do that? when you live only ~100yrs? I am seeking an honest reply, I'm not trying to be smart or pretend to know it all.

Guys, thanks for the great program, as always. BUT how could you not mention Clair Patterson?! That's the dude who first came up with the 4.5 billion figure. His story is absolutely astounding, as is his research itself. I'm amazed you didn't even mention him (or did I miss something?). Actually, this just happens to be story of Clair's life... a totally underappreciated but highly influential scientist - and philantrope. (on another note: the updated graphics rock! )

@damyr

4 жыл бұрын

That's because no one likes men with girly names.

@timothyforet1836

4 жыл бұрын

Perhaps more famous for his discovery that the oil industry was poisoning the human population with ethyl leaded gasoline!

@mikect05

2 жыл бұрын

Srsly, this is a sad oversight. Clair Patterson is my 11yo son's Favorite scientist. Our society will be more respectable if we give our children real heroes and the magic of science and the universe instead of Santa Clause and Marvel heroes.

Oh! Thank you so much for telling us about the painting! Somehow I missed this q&a :D It's riveting and i spend every video you filmed in front of it, looking at all the shades of gold :)

Awesome, just awesome, and awe inspiring episode. You have so succinctly described these methods to be useful in "conversations" with other people. I have literally been trying to parse such a coherent statement to present to others that hold more mainstream American views. Again thank you.

Deep time, deep space --- This requires Deep Thought.

@sdfkjgh

4 жыл бұрын

@Terry Endicott: True, but does speaking about it require a Deep Throat?

@TheExoplanetsChannel

4 жыл бұрын

True

@thenasadude6878

4 жыл бұрын

Just use deep learning

@sunstone6106

4 жыл бұрын

If it does, would the answer to the universe be 42?

@pax7081

4 жыл бұрын

Perhaps we could get Deep Blue, Deepak Chopra, and the crew of the Deepwater Horizon to search the deep web for answers while deep frying deep sea bass and listening to Deep Purple.

Know the difference: Gamers: the cake is a lie Geologists: the date is a lie

@BattousaiHBr

4 жыл бұрын

flat earthers: i don't know what it is, but it is a lie

@aegyobot1923

4 жыл бұрын

i forgot that phrase existed. didnt miss it tbh

@SeikoshoKaiShorei

4 жыл бұрын

And explain why ? The answer wouldn’t be the book of talking snakes and donkeys would it ?

@goodstori

4 жыл бұрын

@@SeikoshoKaiShorei its from the first portal game

@Camelotsmoon

4 жыл бұрын

@@goodstori Your explanation is a lie

"The covid19 lock-down cannot interfere with the important work of talking about black holes". My general relativity professor disagrees. He cannot figure out how to any streaming services to save his life.

@Nava9380

3 жыл бұрын

black holes < streaming services .

@jaimimumbai

3 жыл бұрын

May b he wanted to holes of colour... May b he means black holes matter.

@readmyusernamecauseitssoreally

3 жыл бұрын

Streaming services are black wholes

@TheNoiseySpectator

3 жыл бұрын

Perhaps he means "Must not" interfere.

@donotreadthis26

2 жыл бұрын

Sounds like he's a real scientist not one of those pesky engineers

Space is so magical. I cant get enough. I have videos in a playlist on repeat. Even watch it sometimes and listen to music I like imagine me travel the space fast feel driving the racing car with rokk music deltaparole tool foofighters nirvana and other.

7:57 “Half-lives: 3” Lol. That’s gotta be intentional.

@nicoberrogorry

4 жыл бұрын

If it was intentional it would've jumped straight to 4

@michalbotor

4 жыл бұрын

kids, count with me! one, two, alyx, ...

@Cscuile

4 жыл бұрын

Me: Valve, count to 3. Valve: 1 2 Half Life 2: Episode One Half Life 2: Episode Two Half Life: Alyx ... ... (2024) ... (2050) ... Half Life 4: The End

@lucamuscarella4085

4 жыл бұрын

?

@Rovsau

4 жыл бұрын

FYI Hazard Time @ youtube is posting daily Half Life 3 updates. - There is no news...

Thank you for these videos, I love learning through this channel, and I talk about the universe and what I learn here with my son all the time. I hope he wants to be an astrophysicist when he grows up :) Keep up the great work!

subscribed and am on board 🎉 you now are a new member of my top10 favorite channels/youtubers

The easiest video of PBS Space Time I have ever seen! Thanks Matt for the exception!!

Had the pleasure of visiting Sicario Point on a geo trip. Amazing how truth literally stares you in the face (after someone else has pointed it out of course). A bit of a where’s Waldo sense of things

Your videos are on point at every point. Love what you do, Thanks for making them!

Kudos on a great video, team! Also, "Temporal Vertigo" is my speed-prog band.

@chukwumaolisehemekaouwarre3236

Жыл бұрын

How Old is the earth kzread.info/dash/bejne/Z52MmcWFoZO1lKg.html.k

7:07 Just a correction, the Earth's surface is much hotter than expected, even when radiation is taken to consideration. This is because the convection currents in the mantle bring up heat from the core.

@marcofransowitz4773

Жыл бұрын

Also it made for a good soundbite but when he said ‘the earth has travelled around the sun 4.5billion times and itll do it again’ is darker with the context that the suns expansion will render liquid water nonexistent on earth around its 5billion mark, meaning we’re on the tailend of the planets habitability

@Fecal_Eruptions

10 ай бұрын

​@@marcofransowitz4773 having 5 billion more years means we're only at the halfway mark

2:23 - savage. loved it - had to actually laugh out loud at that ;)

I missed the expected inevitable reference to ( edit, NOT Clyde Tombaugh, who discovered Pluto ) ( edit actually Clair Patterson ) discovering the age of the earth, and coincidentally discovering the massive lead poisoning of the whole planet by leaded fossil fuels. Aka the first man to know the age of the earth, he had to perfect cleaning and isolating lab environments to get rid of lead contamination in order to date the zircons in question.

@eulermachado3968

4 жыл бұрын

I saw it with the brilliant Neil de Grasse, its an awesome episode.

@ximalas

4 жыл бұрын

Maybe you're thinking of Clair Cameron Patterson.

@Vulcano7965

4 жыл бұрын

that wasn't Tombaugh

@Finarphin

4 жыл бұрын

My high school physics teacher was married to Claire Patterson. One day she dragged him in and he explained how they determined the age of the earth ("four point six times ten to the ninth") -- the lead/lead ratios.

@animistchannel2983

4 жыл бұрын

@@ximalas I'll have to review the history and see if I have the stories mixed up.

Thank you for providing us with a clear and simple explanation about how carbon dating work with some very clear animations about atomic half-lives.

As always totally awesome episode! I would like to see an episode focused on what happens if a stellar mass black hole collides wish a super massive black hole and what happens to the circularity of the stellar mass once adsorbed by the super massive?!?!

Space Time: "The earth is billions of years old." *Ken Ham has entered the chat.

@petercarlson811

4 жыл бұрын

Ham is already foaming around the mouth and yelling "heretics". Mostly because he doesn't really understand what is being said in this video.

@timperry6948

4 жыл бұрын

He is foaming because science means fewer people for him to scam money from.

@petercarlson811

4 жыл бұрын

@@timperry6948 Yup! The more people having a fundamental understanding about natural sciences the less people will give their money to snake oil merchants like Ham.

@bernhardname8098

4 жыл бұрын

@@petercarlson811 I feel like something missed me. Is it bad or good that i do not even bother to google Ham?

@petercarlson811

4 жыл бұрын

@@bernhardname8098 Avoiding Ham is quite healthy for one's blood pressure.

Talking about how old things "feel" from a human perspective, I actually find the universe feels extraordinarily YOUNG given that our humble little backwater of a planet has been around for a significant portion (somewhere around 1/3) of its existence. Sure, it's unfathomably long compared to a human life; but given the chaotic churn of matter in the universe, stars and planets are being born all the time and dying all the time. The fact that our one has been around for a 1/3 of the total time of the universe either makes our planet really old or the universe really young. We know of stars much older than our sun, and can assume they have planets, so calling our planet "old" doesn't really fit. That just leaves us with a "young" universe. (this is all completely subjective of course; the terms "young" and "old" don't have any practical use here)

@Mosern1977

4 жыл бұрын

Yeah, I wouldn't be surprised if we run into the same "deep time" things with the universe - maybe figuring out it is actually a million times older or something.

@moisesmontecillo7570

4 жыл бұрын

Yeah. Do you think were one of the first life forms from our point being 9 billion years away from the beginning of space? so pretty much the beginning should be teaming with life while our point in space is only beginning to create life?

@anilin6353

4 жыл бұрын

I fear that humans are the first advanced life form.

@moag2000

4 жыл бұрын

@@anilin6353 I fear that we don't really know yet, what advanced really means

@Niosus

4 жыл бұрын

On top of that, I'm pretty sure I've read some stuff on what the earliest time is at which a planet like our own could form. The first stars were pure hydrogen and helium, so their planets could not have had all the elements we have on Earth. They were also way too large and lived far too short for a planet like ours to exist for long. So it took a few cycles of stars forming, fusing elements, dying and shedding many of those elements to "enrich" the galaxy with the building blocks of life. I don't remember any specific numbers, but what it comes down to is that it seems like Earth formed just around the time when it became possible to form. Now of course, it could've formed a couple billion years earlier, but not an order of magnitude earlier. Given that we can be pretty sure (based on our current understanding of cosmology) that there is plenty of "juice" left in the universe to keep forming stars for at least a couple more orders of magnitude of time to pass... It makes you think about the Fermi paradox and just how absolutely improbably it would be if Earth was a one-off event, that just happened to occur right away when it became possible to occur. This also mirrors the start of life on Earth as well. The more we learn about early life, the more it seems like it started almost the very instant Earth somewhat settled down. The first confirmed life started less than a billion years after the oceans formed (which happened about 100M years after Earth itself formed), but there are some clues that there could have been life about 100M years after the oceans formed. From a cosmological point of view, that's practically instantaneous. That combined with how "early" Earth formed... Why does it still seem like we're alone? All the indirect evidence suggest an abundance of life in the Universe and galaxy, but when we look, we have found absolutely nothing so far. Hopefully I will live long enough for this question to finally be answered in my lifetime. It just breaks my brain thinking about it...

A mere suggestion/idea. It would be cool to go back and show a timeline of new discoveries or confirmations since Space Time has been on KZread. The first image of a black hole is arguably the most significant, but there have been other things that have been observed/detected since postulated about in prior Space Time Journal Club episodes, etc. A follow-up with updates regarding those theories would be enjoyable. Sometimes I'll watch a Space Time video from a few years ago and realize that there have been new breakthroughs in those subjects since then. Neat stuff.

Clair Patterson really deserves credit for getting that 4.5 billion year figure. Granted he got a whole episode of Cosmos devoted to him, but this here is kind of like talking sbout the buildup to the moon landing and not mentioning Neil Armstrong

I really love this channel. I don’t always understand everything but I learn enough to feel like I can appreciate what’s going on. Very cool material and brilliantly delivered. Keep doing what you do!

I had a random thought about "young earthers" like 2 hours before this video was uploaded. Started out with how ridiculous all of this is, but ended with me having to concede, that I basically don't know *why* we know how old the earth is.. Thank you so much for uploading this pbs and thanks for recommending this to me to my nsa guy

@TheExoplanetsChannel

4 жыл бұрын

Oh

@DFPercush

4 жыл бұрын

Magic crystals from Australia told us. :p

@pax7081

4 жыл бұрын

Correction: We know why we think the Earth is as old as we think it is, what we don't know is how old it really is, and our guess is almost certainly wrong because we're always wrong.

@matthewlofton8465

4 жыл бұрын

@@pax7081 Science is never wrong, it's continually becoming more correct than it used to be.

@christianheichel

4 жыл бұрын

Uniformitarianism is a view on the beginnings but isn't something that we can observe it does little to explain our fossil record it does little to explain the continents and the islands at least on comprehensible terms, catastrophism on the other hand nicely explains the fossil record and points at a younger Earth. Not to mention there's been studies on radiological dating that points at it having a shorter lifespan in the past which would make it appear that our Earth is much older than it really is. Just a point of view but backed up by much more science.

Glad to hear you mention Brahma and his one day being 4.3 billion years!

Thanks for getting U-Pb right! It was also good to see someone other than me mention Concordia diagrams. You screwed up…Sort of. The Australian Jack Hill zircons are detrital. That means they were derived from other rocks because they are in meta-sedimentary rocks. You can’t get an actual direct age from sedimentary rock, only a maximum age. Those meta-sediments are much younger than 4.4 Ga. The rocks they were derived from, no longer exist. No mention of Clair Cameron Patterson?

For someone like me who has been studying University physics for years, this channel is a boon. Though you guys don't show the math, you are outstanding for visualisation.

@wicked5999

4 жыл бұрын

How are the people? Are they stereotypically more "nerdy" than average? Curious if the rumors are true

@danieldeelite

4 жыл бұрын

They show the maths

@steevepierre-louis9418

4 жыл бұрын

sometimes they show the math. Like some of the Einstein videos I think

@dennisdejong6540

4 жыл бұрын

I have not been blessed to go to an university. But I still always wandered what time space and all things connected are like. And I thank you people for figuring out so much, so that I can have a glimps of the truth (for as far as we can see). For people like me I think this kind of channels are very important. So that not only the scholars know what's up. ^_^ I should try to learn calculus in my free time thought... maybe i can understand more...

@adwaitnaravane5285

4 жыл бұрын

@@dennisdejong6540 Very nice, self-learning is the best way to learn Physics. The internet today has redeemed humanity of infinite knowledge. There are various KZread channels with a few hundred subscribers that have very elaborate videos for you. Good luck.

The one day of Brahma stuff intrigued me for a long time. We have stories of when some earthly king (Jaganath of Puri) visited Brahma in Brahma-lok (Brahma's residence) and when he returned, his Kingdom was no longer recognizable as many centuries had passed and a new king presided. Gave me creeps because it's just like interstellar amd what we know of Black Holes today.

@vve2059

4 жыл бұрын

Gods taught us everything. Hindus must always respect they are our biggest teacher and guide

@crusherolies8195

4 жыл бұрын

this tale feels a lot like the description for traveling at high speeds. a hundred light years at the speed of light feels instant, 100 light years for his kingdom on earth is 100 years.

@aronjanosov9046

4 жыл бұрын

not so original, there are many stories like this. Oisín was an irish poet/warrior who went to the Otherworld. After 3 years there he found out that 300 years passed on Earth.

@ninepuchar1

4 жыл бұрын

I know right, the time scale is in eons🤔. It fascinates me how the people in the past could even fathom such large time scale.

@zxvats

4 жыл бұрын

@@aronjanosov9046 yes pagans were quite intelligent. Their godly stories may seems like myth but they do have deep meanings.

Been watching PBS Spacetime for a good three years now. I love this series, and I particularly admire, Matt, your thoughtful and relatable communication skills. Just want to say something about this episode in particular. I appreciate the way you approached the topic of science and the Book of Genesis. As an evangelical (theologically) who doesn't believe there's any conflict between the claims of Bible and empirical truth, (in a theistic universe all truth must come from the same mind/Creator), it's really frustrating when otherwise objective science communicators essentially do exegesis (who, most likely, aren't learned in Biblical exegesis) and imply that the writers of Genesis or other parts of the Bible were trying to answer the kind of questions that in fact weren’t asked the way we ask them today until the Enlightenment. (e.g. The writers of Judeo-Christian scripture tried to answer material questions about the physics of the universe but science saved us from such anthropocentric thinking and revealed to us the truth.) Thank you for your objectivity.

@flashgordon6670

2 жыл бұрын

We know Uniformitarianism is wrong, bc it depends on averages and averages don’t exist for long periods of time. The Geological column was formed horizontally, by Sedimentary Deposition. From water containing the particles that were gradually deposited and condensed by huge pressure, into the rock strata we see in the Geological column. If the rock strata formed vertically over a time scale of 100s of millions of years, it would’ve eroded away faster than it could have formed. So it must have formed more quickly, with larger volumes of water. I.e. By a flood(s) and the receding waters, as they drained down to the lowest places of Earth,s topography. If Earth’s age was in the billions of years, there would be nothing left of it by now but space dust, due to erosion processes and the friction and degradation of the size of Earth’s particles. I rest my case. Pls feel free to reply to this comment and correct me, if and where I’m wrong. Ty.

@greenlitlleman

2 жыл бұрын

sorry to tell you this, but Bible was written as a supposed revelation of God, and until 1,500 year no one thought anything written there to be just a metaphor. The myth of creation was considered a fact until it was 100% proven to be a joke. Religious fanatics killed people for speaking the truth, don't pretend it didn't happen.

@7inrain

Жыл бұрын

@@flashgordon6670 Hey, you Copy-paste queen, can you actually come up with another text instead of this same BS over and over again that has been fed into your head by creationist know-nothings? If not then please follow your own advice and rest your case. I. e.: Shut up!

Love your work. Thank for including visual aids.

So... the warranty is definitely expired, then... * snaps fingers * Darn it.

@xl000

4 жыл бұрын

please, keep your comments for the late shows.

@WarrenGarabrandt

4 жыл бұрын

And right after we slipped into the dark timeline too. Figured right? Warranties always run out right before everything breaks.

@bluewales73

4 жыл бұрын

If we wanted to return it, we shouldn't have got it wet.

@timbeaton5045

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks Thanos!

@timbeaton5045

4 жыл бұрын

PS Maybe should have sprung for Apple Care, after all!

Can you do an episode on consciousness and it's evolution (how could it have evolved from ancient organisms or even hydrocarbons ) please ?

@Stabacs

4 жыл бұрын

Is this really a topic for space time tho?

@pansepot1490

4 жыл бұрын

Consciousness is an emergent property of neural biochemistry. As a topic it has not much to do with physics.

Hi, not the brightest cookie, however i've always been fascinated by space since i was a kid, And its good to know about this channel as well as the explanations giving in it. Thank you so much cheers !

@philquintana7790

4 жыл бұрын

Ramos trester, good for you! Man, never stop learning. You stop learning and your brain will shrivel to the size of a walnut!? 😱

Sensational video! One point you left out was how did scientists determine Carbon 14's and Zircon / Uranium's half-life?

Great video. The mysteries of deep space can be so awing that we sometimes forget about the riches beneath our feet. After this introduction to earth chronology, I would love to dig more into earth evolution, how it came to be what it is today and how it went from inhabitable to comfy for beings like us that breathe oxygen. It might be out of the scope of your channel, but I'm sure it'd be very interesting nonetheless...

@wicked5999

4 жыл бұрын

PBS has another show, which covers such topics! Maybe it was PBS "eons"? I might be off, but PBS definitely has a channel for that topic

@ssnina4133

4 жыл бұрын

@@wicked5999 Oh I see!! Thank you, I didn't know that! I'll go binge that side of KZread for a while then haha.

With that surname its a good job Immanual Kant wasn't Australian

@willnzsurf

4 жыл бұрын

Or Kiwi👀

@milkismurder

4 жыл бұрын

So you're saying if Immanual doesn't adhere to social isolation guidelines he risks being a fully sick Kant

@steklf6340

4 жыл бұрын

Literally word for word what I commented

@nowthatsjustducky

4 жыл бұрын

Well, I heard that, "Immanuel Kant was a real pissant, who was very rarely stable." And you are all perfectly welcome for the earworm.

@Darxide23

4 жыл бұрын

@nowthatsjustducky Not a bad earworm to have.

The Earth was here before we got here, and it'll be here long after we're all dead.

@garethdean6382

4 жыл бұрын

Not if I have anything to say about it.

@thepinkthink1298

4 жыл бұрын

Grt this is the only reality

@OhNoNotAgain42

2 жыл бұрын

Shrodenger’s cat disagrees

Extremely well done and informative. I definitely believe in a multiverse as the latent gravity from other universes helps explain the expanding universe that speeds up rather than slowing down and collapsing.

@jbangz2023

Жыл бұрын

Thaks for your comment, let's tackle U238, its half-life=4.5Byrs, how is it calculated? Of course, we can use formula half-life=ln2/k, where k=decay constant, the problem is how k is calculated? The amount of isotope N(t) left after time t elapsed is given by N(t)=N(0)e^(-kt), where N(0) initial amount. dN(t)/dt=-kN(t) = R -> decay rate, k=(dN(t)/ dt)/N(t)=R/N(t) -> you see, decay constant(k) is dependent on decay rate(R). For U238, with a half-life=4.5Byrs, you need to measure first the decay rate at t=4.5Byrs, how do you do that? when you live only ~100yrs? I am seeking an honest reply, I'm not trying to be smart or pretend to know it all.

lol this is one of those rare episodes that I can actually comprehend something lol

@xl000

4 жыл бұрын

so, you mean you have gewatchen all those episodes without understanding /?

@vladdrakul7851

4 жыл бұрын

@@xl000 Well most of us do. Are you going to prove you understand things even the most advanced scientists disagree with. See Stephen Hawkings String theory is now being seen as rubbish and ironically it was Stephen himself at the end who came to that conclusion. Interesting you think you are the only genius who gets it all- When the most advanced scientists disagree and old ideas crumble such as time working both ways. (Nope; entropy proved otherwise) So how about you be less arrogant MR Einstein??

@damyr

4 жыл бұрын

@@xl000 I barely know to write and I still watch this channel. Overloading is a viable tactic to get IQ200.

@danieliler886

4 жыл бұрын

Not just something but for once everything... probably

@philquintana7790

4 жыл бұрын

@@xl000 I'm confident enough in myself to honestly answer, yes. I must watch each video three or four times for it to begin making a little sense. It's called 'learning'. I've been told, "that's a good thing".

1:49 Impressionnant! Bravo!

Love this channel (and Matt) so much

how does one decide to become a geologist...I'm honestly amazed and grateful that we have humans who rise up and examine things that the most of us step past every day

0:40 - A correction: While the oldest _written_ record of a creation myth comes from the Sumerians, the oldest _recorded_ creation myth comes from the Australian Aborigines. They used pictograms.

@GoldSrc_

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks, I knew there was an older creation myth than the Sumerians but couldn't remember who had it.

@liamj2528

4 жыл бұрын

Which you'd think he'd know because well, he is Australian!

@jamiesaggers235

4 жыл бұрын

@@liamj2528 lol I don't think that logic stands up to scrutiny.

@GoldSrc_

4 жыл бұрын

@@deusexaethera don't think that works, it shows me error 1011 about hotlinking not allowed.

@MichaelAChristian1

4 жыл бұрын

NOTHING predates the bible. Wake up! Believe in Jesus Christ and you shall have everlasting life! Neither is there salvation in any other! Get a king james bible and believe. Read Matthew. Read 1 John chapter 4. kzread.info/dash/bejne/qHWby6qrldbdmpM.html

hey pbs, can you do a video about the schrodingers equation? It would be really nice if i could get a deeper insight towards that concept

@sheeniebeanie2597

4 жыл бұрын

oooooohhhh

@ImKittyCow

4 жыл бұрын

3blue1brown has some great videos about fourier transforms and how sound waves have many analogous properties to the schrodinger equation, with examples using easier concepts like radar

Wow I missed this one. Glad it was recommended.

Love the content and presentation!!!

Matt: "I have high hopes that you guys will get that joke." Me: "I WISH I DIDN'T."

@Andrey.Balandin

4 жыл бұрын

Will someone please explain the joke? You know explaining jokes always makes them more fun, doesn't it?

@Andrey.Balandin

4 жыл бұрын

I mean why would you panic in the innermost stable circular orbit around the black hole? Aren't you supposed to be fine there? Did the poster mean that you are falling past that point? If he did that wasn't obvious to me.

@Nosirrbro

4 жыл бұрын

@@Trey5S5S "rock"

@1musichombre

4 жыл бұрын

Meg Myers and I are feeling "numb"

@kbailkeri

3 жыл бұрын

when

Dr. Evil: "1 Millllllon years old" 🤫

@DFPercush

4 жыл бұрын

🤫

@BattousaiHBr

4 жыл бұрын

don't you think we should maybe ask for more?

@Xurreal

4 жыл бұрын

1-hundred...BILLION NANILLION SHUDLUDLUUULLION Years Old 🤔

I’ve concluded, after watching these videos for years to help get to sleep, that PBS Space Time is ASMR for science aficionados, people who prefer to do math with letters, and MBA graduates who really regret not taking more science courses during undergrad.

Hey, I understood this one! Usually, my mind melts 30 seconds into these streams of genius.

I was so consumed by the episode that i now wonder where ma pizza went. Anyway if there is even tiny possibility for Matt to show us his 4 corners and reveal real location of the facility where Kyle Hill works. Im pretty sure it's the basement. Nice earthly episode, i was wondering why they do not explain age of our planet in more details in school.

@sumilidero

4 жыл бұрын

They indirectly do, but teenagers arent so eager to learn ;D I hated school, and missed as much of classes i could (to not get thrown away) and now i regret it. Maybe not the primary school, but like college maths. And now i have to spend much more time figuring out integers myself :P Unfortunately you realize it when ur older, when its too late :D

Thank you so much for condensing the beauty of physics in a series of crystal clear, engaging, aesthetically appealing videos. The worth of this KZread channel is immense!! I find it amazing that human knowledge and art can be expressed in such a powerful way, and can be almost universally accessible, literally in the palm of our hands. We are privileged to be alive in 2020. Let's make sure we don't f##k it all up!!! Let's be kind, mindful, courageous, long-sighted, grateful. Thanks again.

@robertgoss4842

2 жыл бұрын

Holy cow. Not only do you express some powerful ideas, you do so with excellent spelling and syntax. I am thoroughly impressed.

@jbangz2023

Жыл бұрын

Thaks for your comment, let's tackle U238, its half-life=4.5Byrs, how is it calculated? Of course, we can use formula half-life=ln2/k, where k=decay constant, the problem is how k is calculated? The amount of isotope N(t) left after time t elapsed is given by N(t)=N(0)e^(-kt), where N(0) initial amount. dN(t)/dt=-kN(t) = R -> decay rate, k=(dN(t)/ dt)/N(t)=R/N(t) -> you see, decay constant(k) is dependent on decay rate(R). For U238, with a half-life=4.5Byrs, you need to measure first the decay rate at t=4.5Byrs, how do you do that? when you live only ~100yrs? I am seeking an honest reply, I'm not trying to be smart or pretend to know it all.

Nice to see creationists swarming around this topic and making nice foot traffic for the KZread algorithm ;) They are always helping make sure the video will reach a wider audience.

@anthonywilliams8956

Жыл бұрын

I believe in God, but not in a young Earth!

14:00 Can you please zoom out? This is either a really moldy wall or a really great looking design.

Dear Matt and spacetime team. I just wanted to thank you for creating such great and interesting content. You can really make non-physicists appreciate physics. Please keep it up!

Let's be clear: Watching this channel (and honestly, the same can be said for the lot of PBS Studios channels writ large) is frustrating in a good way. Pretty good validation for the Dunning Kruger Effect, in that the DKE illustrates that the more knowledge we consume and digest, the more humbling it is to consider the cosmically vast sums of knowledge yet to be visited.

this mad lad just said "OG patches" in a PBS educational video. you're my hero

Brilliantly explained, thank you.

Now I want to read some Kant. He seem like one of the biggest universal geniuses of all time.

@semaj_5022

4 жыл бұрын

Was definitely one of the few where the descriptor "ahead of his time" is pretty accurate.

@dankuchar6821

4 жыл бұрын

It's difficult reading, but it's good. He was very insightful philosopher.

@RalfStephan

4 жыл бұрын

Try Leibniz as well.

@dankuchar6821

4 жыл бұрын

@Astute Cingulus There are many things in science that are not clearly conceptual. Common sense can lead you astray. Your senses cannot always be trusted. Sometimes you have to go beyond your common sense to discover deeper truths. Mathematics is the language of physics. To say it is not important or irrelevant is foolishness. Mathematics allows us to construct logical descriptions of observe phenomena and transfer that knowledge to another person. Mathematics also allows us to predict things that we have yet to observe. Countless things have been observed that were previously predicted by mathematics.

@WaterspoutsOfTheDeep

4 жыл бұрын

The biblical text is light years more relevant and correct. The Big Bang theory is a Christian concept if you didn't know, same with the scientific method. Christianity brought about modern science, universities and the rise of the West which brought human civilization into the modern age.

panic at the disco, i had no idea "isco" was a thing, but then i rarely have any clue what theyre talking about on this channel, but it makes me smarter, i know that much.

@joaovictor852

4 жыл бұрын

innermost stable circular orbit

This is exactly the kind of question that make great minds hunt for those nearly impossible answers. Imagine knowing for certain all the processes Earth went through to become what it is.

Outstanding job! Thanks

Fun Fact: Genesis isn't even the oldest book in the Bible. If I remember correctly, Job is the oldest book in the Bible.

@briandiehl9257

4 жыл бұрын

That is not confirmed. We really don't know when it was written. But you are right, what of the main theories on it would make it older

@imadeausernamethislongl4412

4 жыл бұрын

@@briandiehl9257 regardless we know Genesis isn't the oldest one. I know there's a few contenders. But, Job is generally considered the oldest at least from everything I read.

Amazing video & research for this topic. Loved the inserts of religious texts without diminishing them. Real science! Informative & not looking for conflict. I would be able to share this easily with creationists if needed. Awesome work

@pavel9652

Жыл бұрын

Did he call the Bible a very dubious source? I agree, this is a polite way of saying it is garbage ;)

@user-zc4sx9ig6p

Жыл бұрын

​@@pavel9652 No he didn't

@user-zc4sx9ig6p

Жыл бұрын

​@@pavel9652 hope you find the warmth of Christ and theotokos hatred is bad

@pavel9652

Жыл бұрын

@@user-zc4sx9ig6p You can't even prove to me your invisible friend exists, but thanks for advice. You have as much proof as for Harry Potter, and I don't find him particularly warming. There is very little hatred in me, but I get often accused for it when religious fundamentalists are unable to convince me by producing the factual evidence.

@user-zc4sx9ig6p

Жыл бұрын

@@pavel9652 don't need evidence to see the Lord lol he is everywhere yet you ignore him blessed are the ignorant

Always shooting for the stars, Matt.

You are an exemplary teacher. Thank you!

also, the most amazing feels came over me when learning about the age of the cosmos and thermodynamics. a shivering chill ran through me as I realized the matter and energy of my body is at least around the same age as the entire universe, and the shivering chill became a warm comfort 😊🌝

@johnnamkeh1290

3 жыл бұрын

Did you see the video explaining that the type of heavy elements needed for our body is likely mostly produced only via supernovae and neutron star mergers.

@bobdobbs943

2 жыл бұрын

@@johnnamkeh1290 I asked someone, where is the super nova that created our solar system. Since there is no remnant of the nova, no nebula from it, he said it must have blown away and is gone. I wonder what someone educated in astrophysics would say.

@mustang8206

2 жыл бұрын

Reddit user

@imarchello

2 жыл бұрын

@@bobdobbs943 It's probably not a single super nova that made the Earth, but a combo of many of them. Material in our galaxy is being churned and mixed constantly after all. So the molecular cloud that made our solar system was likely a soup of many multiple star remnants. And if we look at molecular clouds around today, or star forming regions (Eagle nebula, for example), they are usually massive and produce many hundreds or even thousands of stars each. So in that sense, our Sun probably has cousins out there that formed around the same time from the same molecular cloud. But the original cloud is long gone, having made hundreds of new stars and any leftovers mixed with other molecular clouds.

@bobdobbs943

2 жыл бұрын

@@imarchello Wheres the left over nubula? There is nothing around us, just space

If the earth has been spinning for 6000 year already, why isn't it a flat pizza yet?

@patrickaycock3655

4 жыл бұрын

Yes and the sun is a disc. Well its actually gods flashlight. He uses Energizer batteries. Thats why we celebrate easter. Or.... you could watch a previous video where this exact question was answered, planetary formations iirc. Please note, your question is perfectly valid and a logical conclusion. Tldr: gravity.

@philochristos

4 жыл бұрын

@@patrickaycock3655 God doesn't use a flashlight. He uses a photon canon.

@philochristos

4 жыл бұрын

@TK-20466 My pizza dough does the same thing if I don't let it bulk ferment for long enough. The earth apparently just doesn't have good gluten development.

@celesteceleste6670

4 жыл бұрын

quick, delete this b4 the flat earthers see it.

@patrickaycock3655

4 жыл бұрын

@@philochristos my bad.

Thanks! Always wanted to hear details about deep time carbon dating.

You have a great voice to sleep to so thank you a wake up knowing random stuff about time and space which apparently I say in my sleep so everyone gets an education lol

Looking forward for this channel reaching *2 million subscribers!*

You forgot Clair Cameron Patterson. You know, the man who **actually** discovered the age of the earth

This is the first PBS Space Time video that I can understand

Could you please explain the process that led to finding out how e=mc²? As much as I understand what this means, I don't get the thought process to that conclusion. Also thank you to the pbs team for all I learn from your channel, I may not be very educated in physics but still love it.

@garethhanby

4 жыл бұрын

minutephysics did an excellent video of Einstein's proof, I recommend watching it at a slow speed kzread.info/dash/bejne/motrprlyfqy1abA.html

@jfksdm

4 жыл бұрын

@@garethhanby going right now, thank you it's much appreciated!

This is the video Newton watched before writing the Siderius.

@sebastianelytron8450

4 жыл бұрын

Given what this channel says about time travel, not impossible...

@mikip3242

4 жыл бұрын

Mmm I don't get the part of the joke where you confuse Newton with Galileo

This channel and its hundreds of thousands of viewers make me cry humbled by the intelligence of some people and the vastness of space time and beyond, and gives me honest hope for humanity.

i'm glad we got to the bottom of the origins of that painting, it is captivating.👍

17:00 rotating black hole: I like spins and kerr-newman ideologies!

For not being a privileged spot in the universe, you've got to admit that Earth is a pretty amazing place to observe it from :)

@Nosirrbro

4 жыл бұрын

Well, we're not privileged observers. However, any observer will be privileged enough to be somewhere an observer could come into being, so in that sense we are in a privileged position, which explains why it is indeed a pretty amazing spot.

@jajupa78

4 жыл бұрын

I mean i plan to stay here my whole life,so..

@thenasadude6878

4 жыл бұрын

@@Nosirrbro convoluted argument is convoluted, but seems fair enough

I am surprised how many people even though they watch these awesome scientific videos, don't quite grasp the true scientific meaning of word "singularity". Not that i have full grasp either, my major was gas dynamics, so i rarely had to deal with singularities... But as far as i am concerned it is point in space where our current physics laws just break...

@Reignor99

4 жыл бұрын

I can barely visualize bacteria. Much less astronomical amounts of mass in a dot infinitely smaller than a germ.

@MrAlRats

4 жыл бұрын

It's the point in Spacetime where our current physics definitely breaks down but it might break down long before that. We don't know if General Relativity accurately describes astrophysical black-holes (never mind the entire Universe). Even the existence of an event horizon remains untested.

@TrimutiusToo

4 жыл бұрын

@@MrAlRats haha that is the problem. Black holes aren't the only singularity. Big bang is also a singularity, as well as fluid flow around the corner has a singularity in the corner. So yeah people think that singularity is something existing onky in black holes but it is far more complicated term than that

"-1/2 pt Watch your SIG. FIGS !" - brilliant!

Hi, first of all would like to appreciate your efforts for making such complex scientific researches, theories, principles and laws explained in a simple way for understanding. Secondly would like to ask, as we are aware of space, time & gravity. Since we assume/know that a dot/point with intense High/infinite energy blew up and spread in space as different forms of energy But what is Space itself? How is it formed? Where does this space came from? What is nature/ingredients of space?

"...turn from geology to physics." Geology is just physics with trees on it. -- Paraphrased from Terry Pratchett

I only have to look at my grandmother to know this fact

@patrickaycock3655

4 жыл бұрын

Smh

@davedogge2280

4 жыл бұрын

@Dahlen Olson in the last 50 years

@tisFrancesfault

4 жыл бұрын

@Dahlen Olson I laughed..

@scottdorfler2551

4 жыл бұрын

That's just wrong.

Excellent content.

Thanks for this wonderful explanation. Could you give a more detailed explanation of how the intersection of the Concordia diagram shows the true age of the rock, taking into account the leaching away of lead? I wonder if I could figure this out myself by thinking about it for long enough, but it doesn't seem completely obvious. On another note: how do you know that some other radioactive element that decays to lead wasn't present when the zircon crystallised?

@amritlohia8240

2 жыл бұрын

For concordia, this seems to be a fairly good set of notes: www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo656/656notes03/656%2003Lecture09.pdf. As for your other question, we know the composition of zircon and it doesn't include other radioactive elements that significantly decay to lead.