Thanks again to Unbounce for sponsoring today's video. Go to thld.co/unbounce_htme ​ and use the promo code home at checkout to get 20% off your first 3 months.

@HarrySparshott

3 жыл бұрын

does it taste good though?

@dunno6746

3 жыл бұрын

@@HarrySparshott I want to taste it to ✌

@joshuagoodwin9018

3 жыл бұрын

at the end of this series, you should make like a movie where you put together a bunch of clips using all the tools you made. i think this would be really cool

@lorasipal9996

3 жыл бұрын

9

@dillonvandergriff4124

3 жыл бұрын

Hi htme! Just some thoughts, I think your soap ended up so brittle because of salt contaminants in your lye, as olive oil soap is usually very soft.

Wasn't prepared for Lauren to break out a microscope and analyze the efficacy of their soap :D

@ambulocetusnatans

3 жыл бұрын

I expected them to invent the microscope first.

@simon-patrickjohnson

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks to your comment I am well prepared

@RazorSkinned86

3 жыл бұрын

@@ambulocetusnatans learning to precision grind glass lenses. what's interesting is that for laymen it seems daunting to try pushing past the early steam age but in truth it isn't and just starts requiring at most more collectivism. with the help of other creators like Nile Red, Applied Science, and Accidental Science there is no reason this channel couldn't push all the way to present day.

@SimuLord

3 жыл бұрын

@@RazorSkinned86 "with the help of other creators" Today, we're inventing globalism and modern world trade.

@AleksaNoeksa

3 жыл бұрын

@@simon-patrickjohnson spoiler alert, sorry!

"Random downed trees that were rotten" Instead, uses a much older dead tree that has been in the ground and is visibly falling apart in places.

@Sohzy

3 жыл бұрын

yeah i was thinking the same thing like it looks like its ready to just fall apart when you touch it

@bencressman6110

3 жыл бұрын

railroad ties are very well treated. Much better than rotting deadfall

@SF-li9kh

3 жыл бұрын

His Mongol bow wood was pathetic. This was much much better than that fibrous wood

@BlackDragonWitheHawk

3 жыл бұрын

@@bencressman6110 they are banned from re- usgae in switzerland simce the late 90ies because of cancer, health issues and enviromental damage, because of their tratment

@AVerySexuallyDeviantOrange

3 жыл бұрын

@@BlackDragonWitheHawk All treated wood has that, it’s a matter of the chemicals softening the wood and preferring to stick to living material so they are dangerous to handle barehanded Tldr wash ya hands and you’re all good

"Soap does a great job of getting rid of Greece." "Yes, but can it bombard Constantinople?" - the Ottoman Empire

@sovereign831

3 жыл бұрын

Comedy gold

@tahamohammad1741

3 жыл бұрын

*Constantin XI is typing*

I hope he uses this to make nitroglycerin and get control of the miracle cave

@ilyasdra4003

3 жыл бұрын

dr stone gang for life

@gmodiscool14

3 жыл бұрын

ys BOMBA

@spodefollower

3 жыл бұрын

That would make KZread take down his channel probably lol

@four-en-tee

3 жыл бұрын

I cant wait for us to reach WW1 and the development of mustard gas.

@snuckytoes8427

3 жыл бұрын

Unfortunately that’s probably a tad too dangerous, but if he’s ever under attack it is certainly an option.

She was stirring it to trace so gently - beat it like it owes you money! There is a reason they use blenders when making soap lol

@michaelvigil5321

3 жыл бұрын

She did it gently so she didn't spill lye everywhere.

@MaliohammadDesigns

3 жыл бұрын

@@michaelvigil5321 She could have use bigger pot.

@hellodolly7301

3 жыл бұрын

"Beat it like it owes you money" Lmao!

@funkysagancat3295

3 жыл бұрын

Remember me to not owe you money

Almost 2 years in, and we've finally advanced far enough into the future to be able to take a shower. This is absolutely poggers.

@DarkAngelEU

3 жыл бұрын

Poggers and wholesome. I love living in the postmodern era because of stuff like this.

@MatthewStauffer

3 жыл бұрын

‰

@Blaze-zm7zt

3 жыл бұрын

@@DarkAngelEU wut

@Blaze-zm7zt

3 жыл бұрын

@@DarkAngelEU wut

@frankjones5188

Жыл бұрын

Omg you'd die by then

“Isn’t lye used to dissolve bodies?” - Lauren To answer your question Lauren... yes it can be used to dissolve bodies in high concentrations and to dissolve a whole human body you need an average of 5 gallons of a concentrated lye/ water solution

@Bird_Dog00

3 жыл бұрын

Why do I have to think back to Ghost Recon Wildlands?

@janpostma5381

3 жыл бұрын

and a stainles steel pot to boil it in to speed up the proces. pro tip cut the body up in small pieces for even faster ressuts. pro pro tip dont use aluminiun with lye it brakes down to create an explosive gas

@JayPersing

3 жыл бұрын

@@janpostma5381 found the Modern Rouge watcher

@4philipp

2 жыл бұрын

And how do you discard 5 gallons of highly concentrated lye? Pouring down the drain doesn’t seem adequate

@janpostma5381

2 жыл бұрын

@@4philipp ad a metric fuckton of bakingsoda

It'd be interesting to see a re-evaluation of thr soaps after a month, as usually you have to let them cure for some time so that the remaining lye has had time to react.

@sylvanaire

8 ай бұрын

I was coming to make the same comment! I made soap once with modern ingredients: lye and beef tallow, that you buy in the store. I certainly didn’t make anything from scratch, lol. But I do remember having to wrap the soap mold in a blanket and let it cure for 4 to 6 weeks before it was safe to touch according to the directions that came with the kit that I used.

"coME GEt yOuR sOUp danIEl" activated my fight or flight response

@laurenapolis

3 жыл бұрын

But daniel I made it for you

@Mister_Lovely

3 жыл бұрын

@@laurenapolis very well... i will fight.

@Erzi89

3 жыл бұрын

@@Mister_Lovely Cannot deny that this happened to me either (I'm a Daniel too) :D

@markm0000

3 жыл бұрын

@@laurenapolis “I made this for you.”

@theblackbaron4119

3 жыл бұрын

Did you get lost in the soup isle again Daniel?

You can also make lye from woodash. Mix ash with water (preferably warm or hot water, but cold water and more time works as well), strain it to remove the ash, then you need to separate it from the lye. You can do part of the separation by letting it precipitate to the bottom, and the rest by boiling or simmering. After all the water is evaporated, you have lye without water. But for soap, you can use lye water in sufficiently-high concentrations. For cutting soap, a hot knife is preferred, but also more dangerous. Many cultures used the ash itself, as a powdered soap, for things which it didn't stain. Like washing yourself from head to toe, including teeth brushing, for example.

@Electracion

3 жыл бұрын

I was looking for this comment as this was the method of lye production I was more familiar with (and ergo the method I was expecting in the video). I also thought this was the older/more-traditional method comparatively.

@SapioiT

3 жыл бұрын

@@Electracion It's also simpler, if you don't have a mine nearby, since, in the past, every household had ash, and they would sometimes even use it directly as soap, but sometimes they would boil it (into potash), strain the ash part, and mix the rest with cooking oil which went bad, and lard which went bad, or simply stored it as-is for later use, or even diluted it and used is as-is.

@dbseamz

2 жыл бұрын

That's how Mother Wilder does it in "Farmer Boy" too

@schreckpmc

Жыл бұрын

That’s how granny did it in the Beverly hillbillies.

@MattsProductions

7 ай бұрын

@SapioiT that is not lye thats potassium carbonate also known as potash to get hydroxides or lyes you need to fire certain compounds into oxide and mix them with water like in the video up. Even though you could make some soap with it you couldnt quite make a bar😢

If I recall correctly, letting the soap cure for 1+ month would help neutralize all of the lye, making it safer to use. [Disclaimer: might be wrong on this.]

@dillonvandergriff4124

3 жыл бұрын

2-3 weeks will let the lye fully react assuming you have your ratio right. Most soap cures for 4-6 weeks though to release any free water and make the bar last longer.

@emerencespringer

3 жыл бұрын

Yes - typically, using modern ingredients, measurements and tools, then Yes the average curing time is 4 - 6 weeks, depending on the mixture of oils used, this curing allows for the quality of the soap to transform. Except that with 100% olive oil soap, originally called Castile, or Aleppo depending on the regional area how it's made, that curing process takes longer, typically 6 months to a year, or more, again depending on various factors. It can be used after the 6 weeks, but as with time, like wine and cheese, it gets better with age. The "oh it doesn't suds much" is because what most people are used to using, the store bought bars or liquid cleaning products that are now commonly used for washing dishes, clothes and your teeth, are technically detergents, (or include detergents) But are not actually "soap." - It's detergent in these products that suds up so much. - (Yes there's detergent in your toothpaste. Read the label and look up the ingredients.)... But because of the characteristics of olive oil in Soap, it is very LOW, if any sudsing, but still cleans. By actual definition true Castile Soap is only made with olive oil, and for Aleppo, laurel is added. Unfortunately many soap makers are taking liberties with the terms and adding other ingredients but still using the Castle name, because, in part, so many people are under the misunderstanding that sudsing is cleaning. Soap cleans, not suds. If your soap is actually soap, doesn't have detergents, but is sudsing, it's not 100 percent olive oil, or other things have been added to contribute to increased sudsing. Yay Soap…

@CrimsonPhantom88

3 жыл бұрын

@@emerencespringer This guy soaps

@emerencespringer

3 жыл бұрын

@@CrimsonPhantom88 ... I don't understand what you mean.

@el_Pumpking

3 жыл бұрын

@@emerencespringer bet this was a good episode for you 😂👍

I really love your videos and I learn quite a deal from them! This time I only have one think I would've liked to dee in more detail: After you bild the screw and everything for the oil press, you only ever showed the olives being crushed, never how the screw was being used :D But overall: Great work, keep it up, folks! :)

The most inportant advancement so far Soap

@travisguzman5603

3 жыл бұрын

In this day and age, yes.

@Guru_1092

3 жыл бұрын

Šøâp

@riograndedosulball248

3 жыл бұрын

Finally Soap

@ezramantini8078

2 жыл бұрын

It’s their dr.stone

HTME: Took 1 year to make soap Senku: took 2 weeks to make soap (due to need of labor)

Quick note here: lavender fragrances comes from the stem and upper roots of the plant. The flowers have it in them, but is very subtle in comparison.

A life preserving stone in place of a doctor... Dr. Stone!

@kylefoster9507

3 жыл бұрын

I just started watching that series because of this channel

@ommmar6324

3 жыл бұрын

Was hoping someone would mention this

Old wood used on railroadd are treated with some not so healthy chemicals to prevent rot (cerosote and chromated copper arsenate), ideally it shouldn't be in enclosed space for obvious saftey reasons, stay safe out there.

@BlackDragonWitheHawk

3 жыл бұрын

in switzerland they are completely banned for privvate reuse because of health and enviromental reasons!

@mcm8433

3 жыл бұрын

Not only in Switzerland, in many European countries it is illegal to sell such spent ties to individuals. Creosote is both toxic and carcinogenic, this is basically a hazardous waste. I wonder what are the regulations in US.

This series has been pretty great so far, I am just waiting for this to blow up even more in popularity!

Hey guys, love the series. Just wanted to note that there are far easier ways to make Lye then the one shown. One of the easiest I'm aware of it using Potash, which is just hard wood ash placed in a pot (Literally, Pot Ash) and steeped in rain water. The liquid lye will leach out and float to the top. It can then be decanted off and filtered into a separate container.

I would've wanted to really see how you applied pressure on the olives with the screw, because in the sound clip, it sounded a bit... broke and I honestly can't imagine someone just screwing it in by hand, considering that in the photo you showed there was a square part to it in which you could fit a stick to get some leverage.

@rontropics26

3 жыл бұрын

Right, it definitely didn't work. To make a corkscrew like that that would fit perfectly and spin smoothly would take a very skilled carver. They also didn't show them filtering or refining the olive oil in any way but magically it's pure when they use it to make the soap.

@SafetyLucas

3 жыл бұрын

@@rontropics26 And as someone who's made soap before, insufficient stirring definitely wasn't why it didn't work. The reaction starts immediately irl. It was that the lye they made wasn't pure enough. Notice how at 11:56 the new lye looks very granular. I think they used store bought lye and olive oil for the second run.

@NymNymO2

3 жыл бұрын

@@rontropics26 sadly htme isnt trying anymore. Since the reboot Series with a Team of people the quality of the Videos dropped instantly. Its all about pumping out Videos now and generating clicks (even the cat is a Tool for that) . The 'rules' are bent constantly. Personally i would prefer a Video All 3 months where everything is done true.

@rontropics26

3 жыл бұрын

@@NymNymO2 Thanks, that's interesting to know. I've been a long time subscriber but just haven't watched anything of his in a year or two.

@akhasshativeritsol1950

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah, the current method is "if we [kinda] make it once, we can just buy tons of it from the store," and just skipping over a lot of the actual effort that goes into getting really pure ingredients and high quality tools. He didn't even bother trying to use the file he made from scratch, just opted for a store-bought one. Really feels like they're straying from the spirit of the venture...

If you make soap with coconut oil instead of olive oil, then you get to put the lye in the coconut and mix 'em both up.

@maddockemerson4603

3 жыл бұрын

So lemme get this straight: you put the lye in the coconut, and mix ‘em both together? You put the lye in the coconut and the soap is better?

I'm curious as to why they didn't go the wood ash route for lye. It might not be super effective at producing hard bars (beeswax can help with that) but its easy to make. Also, 100% olive oil soap can take months to cure properly, unless you use a hot process. I'd love to see an update on these soaps later.

This channel really makes you sit back and appreciate the manual labor modern technology spares us.

This is the best soap video I’ve seen. And surprisingly I’ve seen a few. It helped me understand how the greasy stuff is turned into something that cleans grease. You also started with raw materials at the beginning which I’ve never seen before in a soap video. Love your content

I've finally caught up on the videos in this series. I only recently found your channel, and have been binge watching lately. You've got some great content here mate, and you should be proud of it. Great stuff! I can't wait to see more. Thank you for the entertainment and education.

I use my kitchen grease to make soap all the time in my crockpot. The reason the soap still had "blotches" of high PH is because soap usually takes several weeks to cure entirely. That is using my highly refined NaOH too so, it probably would take even longer with handmade lye.

I think the soap had splotches because soap needs to cure for weeks, not just a weekend. It can still be caustic if it’s not completely cured

@theblackbaron4119

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah it's pretty dangerous. I had severe lye burns on my foot due to local home made soap I bought from some sheep farmers. I had some thin resedue on my foot and because of it being re hydrated by sweat and my feet touching I burned two parts badly.

@that.neurodivergent

3 жыл бұрын

@@theblackbaron4119 That's whack, I'm sorry to hear that!!

Love this series. Can't wait to see the machinery episodes.

@theblackbaron4119

3 жыл бұрын

Those episodes are probably to become more and more expensive as he moves on into the modern age. :/

@dracadius8481

3 жыл бұрын

@@theblackbaron4119 Yeah.

Andy's neighbors in Minneapolis be like: Margey, look what that boy is doin' now!

@laurenapolis

3 жыл бұрын

I always think about that lol

This is one of the most underrated KZread channels! I am always impressed with the effort put into each video

@laurenapolis

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you very much!!

For making soap, I've always added an excess of oil to make sure that the lye is all reacted and it's a lot better on your skin. And because theres soap it doesnt really matter if theres a little extra oil bc of the soap so it wont feel greasy at all. I think it's called overfatting

@4philipp

2 жыл бұрын

That’s what my family did with me and then call me over fatty

Aren't railroad ties considered toxic by the EPA because of the creosote and other chemicals used to prevent rotting. I guess as long as it doesn't come into contact with the food directly it should be "ok". Look forward to the next video.

@TheMichigami

3 жыл бұрын

they're very toxic and not safe to handle, in my area people who try to use them for landscaping get in trouble because they're dangerous to handle so not allowed in residential areas. they can make you sick if you handle them barehanded, especially older ones from when they were a bit lazier with safety regulations.

@antimatter1075

3 жыл бұрын

@@TheMichigami I hope they don't keep it around to long or at least replace it with something a bit safer

@lachlanngordon1577

3 жыл бұрын

Older rail sleepers weren’t contaminated with creosote and so are able to be used

@antimatter1075

3 жыл бұрын

@@lachlanngordon1577 from the cross section I saw I'm pretty sure that was a railroad tie soaked in creosote and even if it wasn't it would still preserved with chromated copper arsenate which is almost worse.

@TheMichigami

3 жыл бұрын

@@lachlanngordon1577 they've been using creosote on them almost as long as laying rail has existed, my gramma was warned as a kid never to play around with discarded track wood because it could make you sick, and even during the depression people living in coke ovens desperate for heating fuel would scrounge fallen coal off the tracks and burn furniture before touching rail wood, they knew it was poisonous to handle and burn.

Great Work! Glad to see a you placed a straw for the liquid to flow into the vessel.

Hang on, how were you actually using the screw? We didn’t see any sort of wheel or crank at the top for you to apply torque to the screw. Nor did we see it actually thread all the way down to apply pressure to the stack of crush olives.

@moistoyster3776

3 жыл бұрын

The tap and die are still a ways off; carving the inverse of a hand carved thread would be very difficult with even modern tools. And that screw was far from straight. I'm guessing they took some artistic liberties with that part.

@gavinli1368

3 жыл бұрын

I assumed as much. I’d seen woodworkers make wooden nuts and bolts as a challenge, and it seemed difficult enough as is. When Andy first mentioned that he planned on making a screw, I was immediately a bit skeptical.

@Rudy97

3 жыл бұрын

They did not press that oil either so it's all good

@4philipp

2 жыл бұрын

With such a wide thread the reverse won’t have to be exact. I would think a simple angled edge would provide all the power needed. I kind of like that they make these things from scratch and don’t hire professionals. It represents the struggle you and I would have to go thru if we had to provide for ourselves

I swear this guy ideas are so cool to have something like this on his channel that's awesome

I really like that you with modern tools check that what you made works

Love it when you reuse things like the furtball...

Wow i have always wanted to how soap is made!

Oooo. First Screw, getting close to making complex machinery! Screw presses where used by blacksmiths too, just a thought

Lauren is so adorably self-conscious, it's very fun to watch, haha! This is a compliment.

@theblackbaron4119

3 жыл бұрын

Creepy

Can't wait for them to build a hadron collider out of sticks and stones

@chad7554

3 жыл бұрын

Wooden and stone hedge....

As a chemistry student: The shown molecule of the soap is missing a double bonded oxygen atom next to the terminal negative charged oxygen atom. Simple soaps are fatty acids salts.

small suggestion with the new press, you may want to make a press basket for the center so you can press a larger volume at once. also, you could extend the catch spout out from the block so a container can be placed under the spout so you don't need the reed to guide the liquid.

This is something obvious but I challange you to make bucket. You already are using iron tools but for bucket it would be challange, as iron is still fairly difficult to process. Therefore wooden bucket would be great starting point Qualities: - Can be cleaned, or quickly replaced - Waterproof (duhh) - Light (water will be heavy enough)

Im glad I discovered this channel, very interesting niche high quality content

you do what i only deamed of. you are an inspiration. i want to try making this soap. i have coconut oil on hand to use.

Absolutely love this show! ❤

That is amazing looking olive oil from your setup.

Very cool! Love this series

Love the work! It is inspiring me in my worldbuilding. Thanks!

@hotaru8309

3 жыл бұрын

Like for stories or games or making things in real life in a recreation area?

@LesslyPoint

3 жыл бұрын

@@hotaru8309 wrighting and games. Amongst other things i am a DM in a time travel campaign. (The players like going WAY back)

Awesome I have always wanted to try something like making soap they old fashioned way 🧼🧼🧼

I've been making cold process soap for 5yrs now and this was an enjoyable video to watch. I like how you processed the basic materials. Have you tried making lye from wood ash yet?

This is a great channel keep them coming. thank you

*In stone world, being sick is an game over* *-dr. Stone*

This is by far the most natural soap I’ve ever seen.

I can’t get enough of watching this

I didn't expect the football to return

Since this was posted 4 minuites ago, no one has seen the end of the video yet.

@markm0000

3 жыл бұрын

I think the patreons get to see it earlier. Not sure though.

@rattlesnakz9716

3 жыл бұрын

You forgot about the time difference haha

I can't wait for the episode when he surpasses modern civilization and builds a robot or a flying car or something

Love your work!

Fun fact - you can get lyme (a mixture of calcium and potasium chlorids) by simply burning hard wood and putting ashes into water. Once mixed and then left to sit, hydroxides stay dissolved in the water while all the debree falls down to the botom. Another fun fact, if you mix ashes with just enough water to create clay consistency, you can shape it like clay, then when left to dry and mature, calcium hydroxide binds with CO2 from the air, creating primitive concrete. For smaller amounds of materials, there is no need to mine anything. Ash from the cooking fire would do.

Her: "Ew you smell like vinegar!" Me: "No, actually its Olives"

@baconsarny-geddon8298

3 жыл бұрын

They pussied out; Really, the commonest early soap was made from animal fat, so he should smell like the dripping tray from a sunday roast... but I guess they didn't have the guts to show THAT process, from scratch...

@DH-xw6jp

3 жыл бұрын

@@baconsarny-geddon8298 tallow and lard (boil refined beef or pig fat) doesnt actually smell like cooked meat. Doesnt taste like it either.

@cahallo5964

3 жыл бұрын

tallow smells like a really tasty soup with a bit of butter on the side, and lard does indeed smell really strong and it's an acquired taste of sorts

Highlight of my day is watching Andy and Lauren! You guys rock! I’ve done a few of your projects from the Roman concrete to the bronze sword. Love watching your advice and processes!

Would love to see you try and do some meat preservation. You're really nailing the reset. Great work.

Caveman chemistry, now that would be a channel I'd watch

That spoon grinding on the bowl made my nails curl.

OMG you threaded the whole thing when you only needed a foot if inserted from under. You sure like working hard!

man i love this idk why

Pro Tip: Warmer temperatures speed up the chemical reaction a lot. When we did this in our Chemistry class, we mixed the lye and oil over a burner. In my opinion Nitrate fertilizers and soap were the most important inventions for country development. With Nitrate fertilizers fewer people were able to feed a higher ammount of people, making it possible to assign more workforce to other sectors, and the soap made sure they didnt die so quickly from disease.

I get so excited when I see you made a new video!

this is a really good series

I've always heard of making lye from hardwood ashes, is there any reason you used the limestone method instead? Just curious as to the difference in results

Did the screw press actually work? Or did the screw snap? Also, was a blender used with the soap?

"in a primitive world with out doctors soap is a lifesaver, you can call it Dr. Stone"

What about sea water desalination history ? Or history of turning desert in to oasis ? I would like to see it.

Aww the cat with the neckerchief Bill :)

really love your vids! keep it up!

How did you get the saponification values for your oils?

4:26 you could've extracted some phenolphtalein from red cabbage. That might make a nice video actually

Maybe you can design a mixer/churn like what you'd use for making butter from cream, but use it to saponify? AND you'd get butter tech as well.😉👍

I'd love to see the habitation (housing of the times) built threw the progress of the eras they had built e.i. a long cabin durning the pioneering times

2:35 your illustration shows "fatty alcohols", not "fatty acids" and the resulting molecules depicted as soap are actually alkoxides (which are only stable in the absence of water and react violently with moisture to form the corresponding alcohol and alkalihydroxide while generating heat). The difference is that in order for these to be fatty acid salts, the carbon binding to the Oxygen actually needs to bind to another oxygen atom using a double bond. Also, try making your lye from wood/plant ash! the main causic ingredient in it is "potassium hydroxide" and it leads to a much higher quality soap without the need of using limestone at all.

Really interesting stuff

I would love to see you tackle dried and salted meat. Is ancient dried meat just like beef jerky or is it sucky?

Always look forward to your vids lol nice

Most underrated channel

finally a normal thumbnail

Nice! You unlocked tenon and mortise!

would love to see a primitive oil extraction of the lavendar

Forbidden SOUP has become forbidden CUSTARD

Now invent the shower and then let Andy test all the soaps with it.

@GodLeftAllOfUs

3 жыл бұрын

I'd rather have Lauren do it, but whatever boils your cockles

@wolffang489

3 жыл бұрын

Building a mini aqueduct would actually be a legit next step in their timeline.

@dhawthorne1634

3 жыл бұрын

@@wolffang489 Plumbing pipes were invented about 1200 years before soap so it would actually be a bit of a regression.

LOVE IT

WOHO! NEW VIDEO!

Now that you're doing more Mediaeval and early modern technology, I hope you'll be making more screws soon. I'm really hoping for a printing press soon. Anyway, a recent Townsends video has them making a screw for a pasta extruder, and their technique for making the screw is ingenious.

Nice job!!

Not sure if you've done it before, but you can use either red wine or the juice from boiled red cabbage as rough pH indicators. I wouldn't trust my life to them, but if you haven't done it already, it might be worth a shot.

This Was Your Best.. Combination video.. need more sources depending on individual location. But Great Video

How did you turn that screw? Just with your hands?

Olives, olive oil, and olive wood can have a similar effect to catnip. Probably why bill likes it so much