1. The three panthers (lion, tiger, leopard) are all equally related to cheetahs, as the last common ancestor cheetahs shared with panthers was further back in their evolutionary history than the last common ancestor of the panthers with respect to each other. 2. The nodal ancestry of all groups shown is preserved across both arrangements, so the phylogenies are functionally identical.

@Comments.section

6 ай бұрын

I don’t think so, it’s the same story as Janet. Cheetahs are closely related to lions, leopards and tigers and the bear is equally related to the big cats. In second tree we have two different ancestors: one for the bear and one for the big cats I think

@jimrodarmel8512

4 ай бұрын

@@Comments.section The way to read this chart is to compare how far back you have to go to find a common ancestor between any two existing species, or between an ancestor and another ancestor or species on the chart. The most recent common ancestor on this chart is the one connecting lions and leopards. They are the two most closely-related species shown on the chart. Next is the common ancestor between tigers and the lion/leopard ancestor. The tiger is equally related to both lions and leopards, but lions and leopards are more closely related to each other, since their common ancestor is more recent. Next further removed is the common ancestor connecting cheetahs to the lion/leopard/tiger ancestor. All four of these are related to each other via this ancestor, but any lion, leopard or tiger is more closely related to another than any is related to a cheetah. Likewise for the bear. It is equally related to all the cats, but the cats are all more closely related to each other than any is to a bear because they each have a more recent common ancestors than the common ancestor with bears. The second chart shows the same relationships between existing species and ancestors as the first. Both show a common ancestor for all the cats, and another ancestor connecting all the cats to a bear. Look closely at the charts shown side-by-side at 7:08.

I spent an hour trying to figure out phylogenic trees, this video answered all my questions in five minutes

I want Clint as my Biology teacher please. I like how he always has sparkle in his eyes when he explains things!

@cavisgood1247

2 жыл бұрын

Agreed

@ComandaKronikk

Жыл бұрын

If he's teaching you biology he is your biology teacher :)

@ConservativeAnthem

11 ай бұрын

@@ComandaKronikk Especially while dating!

@flaminhotakis

2 ай бұрын

what the freak is wrong with you @@ConservativeAnthem

I just discovered this, your “other” channel, about an hour ago. It has quickly become my favorite channel. I love learning about science and we need more young people to be interested in science. Especially in our current state of affairs where so many people believe conspiracies. Using the scientific method on these “ideas” would help them get a more accurate picture of reality.

@Marcosaur03

2 жыл бұрын

What’s the other channel?

@HoseMaster

2 жыл бұрын

@@Marcosaur03 client's reptiles

@sarahsunshine8455

2 ай бұрын

Well said ❣️🫶🏻☀️

Thank you for this! I have my first exam in evolutionary biology next week. Just found this channel, been subbed to reptiles for a while. You explain things clearly and concisely, definitely increased my fitness in regards to surviving the next semester! 😆

I'm home sick and stumbled here through your Reptile channel. You've been filling my mind with knowledge all day. Thank you. I love your channels. I would have loved to take classes with you. You're so enthusiastic. I love it.

Just watched this before a Biology exam, god bless you, this has helped clarify phylogeny so much!

1. Lions, leopards and tigers are equally related to cheetahs. 2. The two phylogenetic trees show the same things. I think...

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Nicely done! Please feel free to help other people that have questions. You've got it!

@janethfarias1553

3 жыл бұрын

Omg Thank you so much you just saved me from failing a bio edpuzzle

@michie8928

3 жыл бұрын

@@janethfarias1553 Dude that’s exactly why I’m here 💔 got half the edpuzzle questions wrong till here

@evelyn-rc6ii

3 жыл бұрын

@@michie8928 LMFAO ME RN

@Dodl1

2 жыл бұрын

Yes, I got it right too! Thanks for explaining so that I understood right

I found this channel yesterday and I'm soooooo thrilled about it. Cant wait to watch every video you make here 🥰

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

I'm so glad you found us!

This was amazing, and brought me back to middle school where I had the coolest science teacher with a huge ball python named Lucy! It was my favorite class, as science class has always been. Biology even more so. Thanks for the rad lesson! 😎

these videos are super helpful im starting a biology course at college because you inspire me

clint would make a good science teacher!! id kill for him to teach my class.

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you! No need to kill, just subscribe :)

Could you do a video soley on birds being reptiles? I've thought it is one of the most fascinating things to think about for a few years. Also, the warm bloodedness of birds but not crocs is super neat too. I appreciate you, thanks

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

That's a great idea!

These are absolutely the best videos I watch on KZread

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much! That is so good to hear.

Clint! Love this new channel. Nice job! The idea that what we are talking about is populations rather than individuals when tracing backward to common ancestors just blew my mind.

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you for mentioning that. I think that is probably a very common misconception. I'm glad we were able to blow your mind a little bit. That's how you know it has been a good day.

Woot you’re almost at 1k already! Well done CE!

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you! It's really exciting :)

I took general biology 1 and 2 at my local community college and we did not talk about any of this stuff AT ALL. The teacher actually said at the beginning of class "most of you probably aren't going to go on to be biology majors, so none of this matter anyway." So you can imagine it's thrown me for a loop now that I'm taking higher level biology courses at a 4 year college where we are expected to know this stuff LOL. Man, the credits were cheap but the education was just not good.

@jimrodarmel8512

4 ай бұрын

As you suggested, in hindsight the big red flag was your instructor essentially writing off most of the class in the first lecture and suggesting that the class HE WAS TEACHING didn't matter. Not the way to inspire interest in the subject. If I had a community college student telling me this was their first lecture, I would advise them to RUN to the admissions office and find a different offering of the class with a different instructor, or reschedule it to a different semester.

@probsnooneyouknowtbh3712

4 ай бұрын

@@jimrodarmel8512 Oh yeah 100%. Unfortunately they were always super understaffed so it was hard to get into the classes I needed in the first place so it was kind of a take whatever you can get your hands on kind of thing. I'd already taken a class with one of the other 2 biology teachers there (who was also terrible) and I forget if the other one's classes were already filled up or what but I couldn't get them for some reason. I still think there are a lot of community colleges that are wonderful and would recommend anyone to check theirs out, but this one had serious issues. Definitely should have read the reviews first 😅

@jimrodarmel8512

4 ай бұрын

@@probsnooneyouknowtbh3712 Sorry you had a bad experience with your lower-level bio classes. I remember from my own experience in community college that it was often a mad scramble to get one's required courses into one's schedule, depending on one's registration priority and the available subject hours. You're right, most of the time the instructors are pretty great, there are just a few bad apples that give us all "war stories" to reminisce about. I only remember one instructor so bad I had to withdraw from the class, a College Composition (required Gen Ed class) instructor that amused himself by not telling the students what he expected on the assignments and saying things like "don't write to please me, what I think doesn't matter." But what he thought of your writing did affect your grade. Fortunately I didn't actually need his class, I just took the WEPT (Written English Proficiency Test) and got very good marks.

@brixan...

3 ай бұрын

The first thing that comes to mind is how many fields are within each branch of science. He can't cover everything in Biology: phylogenetics, epigenetics, evolutionary psychology, sexual dimorphism, microbiology, taxonomy, etc... You always have to sacrifice some parts, but yeah, sounds like he might have done an especially bad job

Thanks for this. Saw it posted in the AP Bio teacher FB group and doing this rn with my AP Bio classes. Helpful!

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

If you use it on class, I would love your feedback about how well it worked for them.

@JasonDries

3 жыл бұрын

@@clintexplains5327 Seemed to help students (and instructor in this case...) understand better. For some weird reason, it won't embed into Google Slides.

thank you for this very educational share !

This was very entertaining and informal, I really loved it thanks.

This is really cool. Thanks Clint

I guess I’m learning science just for fun now 💁🏼‍♀️

Wonderful ! Thank you . Can I use this method for reading , evolution tree , species , genus , familia ,ordo , classis, divisio, regnum ? Thank you again.

I LOOOOOOOVE 💖💖💖 Your method of teaching. your image is soooo likable.

I've been waiting for this video for so long!!

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Hopefully it was worth the wait.

@eliotdaoust3765

3 жыл бұрын

@@clintexplains5327 100x better then expected!!! You're the best Clint! ❤

Yea this is dope keep this going 🎯🔥

Great explanation!

How did I just discover this channel?!? This basically merges my evo bio major and reptile keeping. I've been subbed to Clint's main channel for like 2 years, but I guess I'm a fake fan lol

How did I not know you made this channel? This is quality stuff. I hope you don’t mind if I use it in my classes, because I will be doing that.

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Please do! That's why we're doing this :)

@Lauresaurus96

3 жыл бұрын

@@clintexplains5327 Thank you for making quality content. Also, definitely going to get some blue death feigning beetles for my classroom next year. They’ll be a nice touch next to the mourning geckos you also convinced me to get (no better way to teach asexual reproduction lol).

This is so interesting. I watch clints reptiles because I like learning about and looking at cool reptiles. Just an hour ago I looked up why chickens aren't part of dinosauria if they are supposedly dinosaurs, and discovered 'clades'. Went to KZread to learn what phylogenetics was and was thrilled to see my favorite reptile channel host had a video explaining exactly that. Subbing cuz this is so cool.

@mysticbeastdraws2067

Жыл бұрын

Also, my answer would be that lions tigers and leopards are equally the closest relatives to cheetahs no matter how you layout the chart.

@Dr.IanPlect

Жыл бұрын

@@mysticbeastdraws2067 "looked up why chickens aren't part of dinosauria if they are supposedly dinosaurs, and discovered 'clades'. Went to KZread to learn what phylogenetics was and was thrilled to see my favorite reptile channel host had a video explaining exactly that" - ok, but what did you conclude? "my answer would be that lions tigers and leopards are equally the closest relatives to cheetahs no matter how you layout the chart" - well, I can see the context you are stating this within (Clint's 'flipped' question), but your bare words make it a no!

I think that's a good way to look at it for the most part but you also have to factor in if the rates of mutation are the same. In certain circumstances a species might have greater genetic overlap with another species that it diverged from farther back in time than a more recent relative. A small starting population or extreme environmental changes are a couple examples of events that can speed up the rate of mutation and how much genetic overlap two species share with each other. In your example above the lion and leopard may have chronologically split from the tiger at the same time. But I bet if you compared the lions genome to the tiger. And then the leopards genome to the tiger. You would find that the tiger has greater genetic overlap to one of them (even if it's slight) than the other just by random chance mutations.

Finally a video that explains phylogenetics! I’m going to have to draw one of these with crocodilians and birds.

@clintexplains5327

2 жыл бұрын

We show that exact tree in our monophyly video.

What are some profund changes to classifications postulated by modern phylogenetics? Does everything fit seamlessly now the classifications a performed by ribosomal RNA or are the contentions amongst scientists with regards to groupings?

Well done!

Can you explain what is a subspecies? For example, What's the Difference between _Jaholocanthus yotari yotari_ and _Jaholocanthus yotari makri_ ?

Thanks SO much !

Great video, it really helped. Thanks!

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

I'm so glad! Thanks for the great feedback.

I hope you post to this channel again someday!

I have one question: If, say, leopards would have significantly shorter generations than lions, leopards could have a lot more generations between the common ancestor than lions, would that change how closely related they are to tigers (using the examples in this excellent explanation)?

thank you, i learned a lot :)

This is an awesome explanation! In math, we call this sort of thing a poset(partially ordered set). It's a collection of things with an ordering. In this case, it's the set of animals with the ordering: animal1 < animal2, if animal2 has animal1 as an ancestor. You can make a graphical depiction of a poset called a Hasse diagram and when you do that here, you end up with a phylogenetic tree! Never made this realization before, thanks for being awesome Clint!

@marshmellow5344

2 жыл бұрын

That's cool!

@Nikifuj908

2 жыл бұрын

To go even further, phylogeny is an example of a meet-semilattice. Any two organisms have a last common ancestor (also known as a meet). See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilattice I was wondering if we could go even further and say that phylogeny forms a tree structure, but that’s not the case because of hybridization (for example, the liger).

What a helpful video!

well and now every paper in the future will relate all of their observations to tigers. Good Job.

That's a very good teacher

If Cheetahs reproduced as quickly and numerously as flies, would that make them meaningfully a more distant modern day relative to tigers compared to lions because their population could be expected to have more mutations in that time period (assuming lions still reproduce at their normal lion rate in this hypothetical)? What if one population has more intense and distinctive environmental pressures? Are they still equally related?

Thank you sir 😇🙏🏻

This is a great video

WHAT COLLEGE COURSES DO I HAVE TO TAKE TO TAKE CLASSES ABOUT THIS. Currently working on a bio major and BEARLY survived with a 70% C

Thanks, I was so confused in my bio lab learning this 😵‍💫

Subscribed and found today ;)

this is brilliant. i have misinterpreted phylogenetic tree all my life.

Explained better than my bio 3 class in college.

Why did I NOT KNOW about this channel *hits subscribed* Do you have more channels I don't know about? In my opinion you might want to cross advertise your channels more :)

Thanks homie

I think you just saved my grade in my Vert. bio class.

Please make more videos related to taxonomy and such

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

We will for sure!

@amylancaster7239

3 жыл бұрын

@@clintexplains5327 thank you!!!! 🥰

I’m digging it

Is there a big book or collection of phylogenetic trees that I could buy and have as a reference for teaching my kids about all their favorite animals?

@clintexplains5327

2 жыл бұрын

That's a great idea!

If the tiger's last common ancestor was the same of that of the lion's and leopards then they are all equally related?

Holy crap he had another channel!

Watching this so I understand the lizard video on the other channel. I listened! 😅

Right. I am a very nerdy person. Time to take some notes.

7:12 can someone explain how the two diagrams represent the same hypothesis, Im still having trouble understanding

@Kaeracter

3 жыл бұрын

I watched the section about the humans 3-4 times to help wrap my brain around it. For the cats, in the first diagram, we know that tigers are equally related to leopards and lions, but that leopards and lions are more closely related to each other. This remains true in the second diagram, as lions intersect with leopards before anything else, then both the lion and leopard line intersect with the tiger line. Yikes it's hard to explain.

@thefictionxwelive

Жыл бұрын

@@KaeracterThis explanation helped a lot, thank you so much!

Are there any examples of three organisms all being equally related to each other? For example if you have a species of tortise and then a flood redirects a river in such a way that it divides the population into three groups.

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Such a thing is possible, but probably fairly uncommon. Sometimes we don't know which two are the closest, and so many phylogenies will include unresolved nodes called polytomies.

@Dopplegerber

3 жыл бұрын

@@clintexplains5327 Thanks!

Please explain Parthenogenesis

How to add the early primates whose data isn't available on ncbi.

Hi, I am still not really understanding the equal genetic relation versus who is more closely related. I am not sure how to think of it, I've tried putting myself in a phylogenetic tree with my family and it confused me even more. Could you help me out please! Thanks :)

@r4ts311

Жыл бұрын

To this day I have the same question :( And I'm majoring in biology! Somehow I just can't wrap my mind around this. I wish we got an explanation..

@Dr.IanPlect

Жыл бұрын

To both of you, let me know if you'd like to go through this.

@Dr.IanPlect

Жыл бұрын

@@r4ts311 To both of you, let me know if you'd like to go through this.

HELP! How to use distance scale in such graphs???

@Dr.Ian-Plect

7 ай бұрын

Pause at 5:10 Elaborate...

Just found this channel

But this says nothing about how much actual genetic difference there is between these organisms, only how many years are between them correct?

No branching can be a priori to the specific or it becomes paradoxical. Family trees begat phylogenic trees and this is the root (no pun intended) of the problem. But it is clearly referred to as a hypothesis.

So does this mean in theroy would could have a leopard x lion hybrid or tiger x leopard hybrid?

@r4ts311

Жыл бұрын

No

1) leopards, lions and tigers 2) yes, leopards and lions remain more closely related to each other then tigers or Jaguars. and Jaguars share the same common ancestor in both as well.

1. Closest to cheetahs: Lions, leopards and tigers. 2. Do the two phylogenies show the same hypothesis: Yes

So for the questions, is the answer for the first one that the 1st node would be the closest ancestor so bears to cheetahs. And the second one would be no change.

I really wish to be one of your students....

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Hopefully this channel will make that possible :)

1. Theoretically, the closest relative of the cheetah in the diagram would be either the species depicted by the node from which tigers, lions, and leopards all descended, or the species depicted by the node from which cheetahs descended directly; therefore the cheetah is equally related to tigers, lions, and leopards, and is more closely related to those other cats than to the bear, as its relationship with the other cats can be thought of as an aunt/uncle to niece/nephew type relationship, whereas its relationship with the Grizzly bear can be thought of as a great niece/nephew to great aunt/uncle type relationship 2. If one where to move the Grizzly bears to the top of the first phylogeny, then Invert the two branches which lead to tigers, and both lions and leopards, one would end up with the layout of the second phylogeny. The first move (moving the Grizzly bears) does not alter the theory, as both depictions show that the Grizzly bears share a common ancestor with all cats depicted in the phylogeny, and the relationships between the cats remain unaltered. Likewise, the second move (moving the tigers) does not alter the theory, as both diagrams show that tigers share a common ancestor with both lions and leopards, and the relationship between lions and leopards is left unchanged

@Dr.Ian-Plect

9 ай бұрын

1. Your thinking is correct, but your miswording renders it wrong, for part of it, that is. See if you can spot it.

Phylogenetics can be complicated to explain. Where do you stand on the 'there is no such thing as a fish' phylogenetic thought piece?

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Our next video will cover this a bit. From a phylogenetic perspective it is okay to have a group called "fish", but if it includes sharks and trout, then it includes you as well :)

is phlogenetics only based on the coding regions or in other words the genes .?

@Dr.IanPlect

11 ай бұрын

No, as with Linnaean taxonomy, morphology is used, as is amino acid protein sequences.

Lions and Tigers and Bears, oh my!

What I find to be the craziest phylogeny is that horses are more closely related to dogs and cats than they are to goats or cows. Once you look at a full phylogenetic tree, it is INSANE the crazy relationships there are.

@iapetusmccool

Жыл бұрын

That's not true. Even-toed ungulates (e.g. horses) and odd-toed ungulates (e.g. goats and cows) are both clades within the grand order Ungulata. Cats and dogs are in Carnivora, which is completely separate.

@Dr.IanPlect

Жыл бұрын

Neil, that's simply wrong. Let me know if you'd like to discuss it.

@neilchace1858

Жыл бұрын

@@Dr.IanPlect Huh. The "One Tree of Life" Phylogenetic Tree I was looking at must be incorrect.

@Dr.IanPlect

Жыл бұрын

@@neilchace1858 Or, you misunderstood it...

@neilchace1858

Жыл бұрын

@@Dr.IanPlect I know how to read a phylogenetic tree. YT won't let me link the phylogenetic tree, but it can be found at "One Zoom Tree of Life". If there's an issue, it's that the tree was outdated or incorrect, not an issue in my interpretation.

I can say with 100% accuracy, I'm confused. But I'm having fun!

The closest living relative to cheetahs is Tiger. Pls can you give me feedback if I’m wrong or not

@Dr.Ian-Plect

9 ай бұрын

Not just the tiger, study 6:06 where the node is circled in green...

@Sun-God2

8 ай бұрын

You are a bit wrong, Tigers and Cheetah are not from the same Genus

@Dr.Ian-Plect

8 ай бұрын

@@Sun-God2 Yes, 'closest living relative' isn't on the phylogeny shown, but in the context of the video; lions, leopards and tigers are equally related to the cheetah. That's the part I wanted kwes to understand, but as he didn't respond and you chimed in, there it is. Of course, none of those are the closest living taxa to cheetahs, that's the puma and jaguarundi. Note that 'not from the same genus' is irrelevant here, no other living taxon is in the cheetah's genus anyway!

So, cheetahs are equally related to other cats with a common ancestor. I don’t think the new position changes that cats are more closely related to each other than to a bear.

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

I think you've got it!

I know this is a year old, but why is phylogenetics a hypothesis? If I recall correctly, a hypothesis is an educated guess, so why isn't phylogenetics a well-established theory since we can literally observe it and make an accurate model of it?

I lose the thread when we go from population to individuals. That is because, in my mind, there is additional genetic material from mating in the case of individuals and there is not additional genetic material in the populations, the genes mutate, form extra copies and so on but still derived from the same source. Now I can get moved around on this pretty easily but I think there are differences. I don't want to get hung up on the analogy as I think I get the point unless they are in fact the same argument then I am missing something.

@Dr.Ian-Plect

17 күн бұрын

What is that in regard to, can you elaborate your whole point?

Are Cladograms different from a Phylogenetic tree?

@spatrk6634

2 жыл бұрын

A cladogram is a diagram which shows the relationship between different organisms based on their different similarities. A phylogenetic tree is a diagram which shows the phylogenetic history of organisms with respect to the geological time scale. Cladogram is not an evolutionary tree. Therefore, it doesn’t show evolutionary relationships. It shows that, say, humans are more closely related to chimpanzees than to gorillas, but not the time or genetic distance between the species. A phylogram, on the other hand, has branch distance proportional to evolutionary distance, whether based on genetics or characteristics.

1. The lion, tiger and leopard are equally the closest relatives to the cheetah 2. Yes.

1. Tigers, Leopards, Lions 2. Same phylogeny How would one depict a phylogeny with some or all of the common ancestors prior to the node, or at the node if a sub-population split off, filled in, if they're known?

@Dr.IanPlect

Жыл бұрын

Reword your question...

A)Cheetahs are more related to lions leopards and tigers but the bear is equally related to all the big cats shown above. B) the second tree I’m Not sure …

It shows a diffrent phynogenetics because it says the chetah, the leopard and the lion are both euqual related to one another.

@Dr.Ian-Plect

2 ай бұрын

no

The closest living relatives to the cheetah on the phylogeny are the lions, tigers, and leopards. Redrawing it in the way you did changed nothing.

Are bears mustelids

@spatrk6634

2 жыл бұрын

no, bears are ursidae but both ursidae and mustelidae are Arctoidea

I think I'm understanding 1. So since lions, leopards, and tigers all branch off from the cheetah node, that means they share a common ancestor and are equally related to each other? 2. I think they do, since leopards and lions share a common ancestor together before with tigers, that would mean they're more related to each other than tigers and cheetahs, but since lions, leopards, and tigers all branch off from the cheetah node, the cheetah is equally related to them? So yes?

@Dr.IanPlect

Жыл бұрын

Let me know if you'd like to discuss this.

Can you explain the banana morph on here please

@clintexplains5327

3 жыл бұрын

Possibly. We do have a video explaining it on Clint's Reptiles, but a format like this might really help.

@itsbang7120

3 жыл бұрын

Yes would love it one here a more in-depth

I think both Phylogenies show the same hypothesis.

Yes, both phylogeny trees are equivalent.

Thank you... 1.Lion, leopard, Tiger all are closely related to cheeta. 2.Yes, both phylogenetic tree are same

@Dr.IanPlect

Жыл бұрын

Actually, within all felines, cheetahs are quite distant from those!

I think he made a mistake; Wanda could be fewer generations down from the shared ancestor, meaning she is more closely related to Spencer. Idk.

@Dr.Ian-Plect

3 ай бұрын

No. The tree doesn't show that.

All the big cat are closely related to the bear the same