You should've compared 14nm transistors to something like the old school pentium 4 transistors I think it would be cool to see how far we've come since

@AJDOLDCHANNELARCHIVE

4 жыл бұрын

@Li Feng 45nm Intel CPU's... X58 platform 6 core/12 thread CPU's capable of 4.5ghz all core overclock... from nearly 9 year ago.

@glenwaldrop8166

4 жыл бұрын

You can't really say the tech wasn't impressive. Relative to tech 15 years newer, yeah, 13 micron and .9 micron aren't that impressive, but comparing them to the 486, they were mind blowing. The 486 was 1 µm, 1000 nm, to .6 µm, 600 nm. Comparing it to the 486, 90nm was impossibly tiny. Not sure how much farther we're going to go. Resistance increases with heat and the circuits are all getting smaller while carrying the same joules. Ignoring the fact that 7nm has little to do with the actual process, we're already hitting the point of diminishing returns.

@mackk123

4 жыл бұрын

I just got my Pentium computer to run again. Dual boot windows 95. Dos is so fucking fast

@tiger.98

4 жыл бұрын

@@glenwaldrop8166 in semiconductors resistance decreases with temperature, and that's one of the reasons high temperatures are bad.

@glenwaldrop8166

4 жыл бұрын

That may be the case with semiconductors but not everything in the chip is a semiconductor. There is an operating temperature range.

A desktop-sized device thats able to almost distinguish single atoms? What a time to be alive...

@Zegmaar_Bas

4 жыл бұрын

Don't forget the probably gigantic Power Supply that is in the room next to it

@matteoperron5436

4 жыл бұрын

how big is your desktop lmao

@matthew3p

4 жыл бұрын

it’s still pretty small for being able to almost distinguish single atoms

@terencedsouza2885

4 жыл бұрын

I'm just mesmerized by the engineers and scientists who make this..ps a structural engineer myself but electronic engineers are really next level.

@HermanWillems

4 жыл бұрын

@@matteoperron5436 Or how small is your desktop. Maybe the definition of a normal desksize worldwide is a bit different :O Everything is relative

It's incredible that things this tiny can be manufactured accurately, let alone as quickly and cheaply as they are.

@glenwaldrop8166

4 жыл бұрын

Thank God they're made out of dirt. Imagine if they were made out of gold or platinum or something. They still probably have trace amounts of both, but...

@usoppbarbosa981

4 жыл бұрын

@@glenwaldrop8166 All the metal they contain cost a lot, because they are extremely high purity. even a seemingly common metal like an Aluminium target for a PVD tool will cost stupid money. tens to over a hundred thousand $ depending on the metal for a target. a few hundred chambers per fab.. and we only talk of one process step..

@Spirit532

4 жыл бұрын

It takes weeks to months of 24/7 work to actually manufacture these. The prices are only low because they're made in HUGE volumes.

@morpheas768

4 жыл бұрын

Yes, but its work done by machines, mostly automatically. People are just there to monitor and make adjustments to the system.

@STONEDay

4 жыл бұрын

60 Years of development.

The quality and depth of content of this channel is beyond anything else I've ever seen . Thank you Roman ...

@MiniMotoAlliance

4 жыл бұрын

The depth is incredible. 4 nano meters.

@MrDuck-oi3qc

4 жыл бұрын

@@MiniMotoAlliance But where are all the plus-es? I don't see them.

@saskiavanhoutert3190

4 жыл бұрын

@@MrDuck-oi3qc Perhaps at the bottom, kind regards.

@kalimeraHellas

4 жыл бұрын

The earth is flat, research that, then you can think about "quality and depth".

@NicksStuff

4 жыл бұрын

Well...kzread.info/dash/bejne/iJieu7h_ZMScmbg.html

I shared this video to my dad who studied electronic in Cuba and he was blown back in the early 80’s transistors “Transistors were the size of a corn grain” He cried.

@zarko2222

4 жыл бұрын

For high currents and voltages, they still are.

I love how he is looking at a modern next-gen high end cpu through a windows xp era computer.

@dzonikg

4 жыл бұрын

Most professional machines use XP

@aManWhoWantsEverything

3 жыл бұрын

dzonikg nope not true

@markomclane475

3 жыл бұрын

@@aManWhoWantsEverything the entire us military uses windows xp, its true

@krishay3519

3 жыл бұрын

@@markomclane475 yea for some reason my school too uses xp lmao

@Iuwna

3 жыл бұрын

@@markomclane475 unsupported os hmmm i dont understand why they would use that

It amazes me that we are even able to view - let alone create and mass-produce - working things at such a tiny level.

This is an exceptional series thank you for the time you put in producing them & everyone who worked with you, it really is amazing how small Intel are producing CPU's. I wish educational videos like this where more popular on KZread, the top views are such junk lately I’d much rather learn something with you than watch somebody going through the same drive thru 1,000 times or filling swimming pools with orbeez. Keep doing your thing man its awesome

@randomsomeguy156

4 жыл бұрын

Not only Intel does this, amd, arm, risc v and anything that uses lots of transistors in a small package will have the same size plus or minus

@mahdis9316

4 жыл бұрын

@@randomsomeguy156 no amd and arm are both using tsmc transistor. Its only intel that is producing its own transistors

@mannyc19

4 жыл бұрын

Agree,its amazing,almost 'magic' "Any sufficiently advanced technology will seem like magic to the uninformed" Carl Sagan ?

@kittisrijantanakul2994

4 жыл бұрын

@@IJoeAceJRI Intel can produce there own silicon buffer.

@excitedbox5705

4 жыл бұрын

There are guys making their own transistors at home on youtube if you are interested check out Sam Zeloof´s channel. It is amazing what he has accomplished. I wish he would upload more.

I would love to see you do a series on the actual manufacturing of a cpu. great stuff here.

@squelchedotter

4 жыл бұрын

That will never happen Although, some universities do have low-volume fabs for educational purposes. But TSMC or Intel wouldn't let der8auer anywhere *close* to their fabs. Even without a camera.

@Madblaster6

4 жыл бұрын

Strange Parts did an episode on this

@RedPMD

4 жыл бұрын

@@squelchedotter Mediatek probably wouldn't mind, their chips suck lol.

@squelchedotter

4 жыл бұрын

@@RedPMD Mediatek uses TSMC

@ralanham76

4 жыл бұрын

Maybe for some really old tech. You could get a tour

Omg, I've been hanging for this video, Thank you very much for bringing us this great content.

I find it rather interesting that there is copper within the transistor structure itself. Last I checked, copper formed deep level traps that stops a transistor from working. I would hazer to guess that the perpetration of the lameller contaminate the contents, though the copper spike is tiny and likely negligible, considering how the molybdenum spike is nearly similar, despite being very far away, unless Intel has molybdenum in their processors, but I don't see much reason for that. (Though, could be a molybdenum nitride diffusion barrier.) The holes is likely a result from a deposition process, the air pockets have a lower dielectric constant then the solid material, so this could minimize cross talk, and they seem like they are placed in every logical location too, might though still be a manufacturing fluke, though this is 14nm+++ so could be intentional, and it would lower power consumption by a bit, due to less capacitance to charge/discharge, this would also improve switching times by a fraction as well, and that air isn't going to be electrically conductive, so we don't need to worry about that. (Though, it does technically lower thermal conductivity through the chip by a very tiny bit, but this is negligible.) Also nice to see a tungsten layer close to the transistors, since the first layer of interconnects that goes from the transistors and up to the larger layers of interconnects is typically made of tungsten, and not copper. The reason for this is that copper is poison as far as transistors are concerned. (Tungsten too technically.) But the rate of diffusion for tungsten is practically non existent compared to copper. Also tungsten has fairly low electrical resistance, and is easy to work with, making it the ideal metal for interconnects, other then aluminium. Aluminium is a semiconductor in silicone, its diffusion doesn't technically matter as a result of that (though, it does slightly effect the analog performance of the semiconductors, so precision analog chips do need a long baking period for this diffusion to "finish".), and it has lower electrical resistance then tungsten, it is also way cheaper to work with compared to copper. (it etches nicer then copper, doesn't need a CMP process step, and doesn't need diffusion barriers.) Aluminium has therefor got a foothold in the industry as the go to interconnect material, with exceptions to high power density devices like, Power mosfets, CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and such. But the difference in resistance is though only a couple of percent. And spreading out the power pins over as much of the chip area as possible can result in aluminium being satisfactory even for high power density applications, since the PCB/chip carrier typically has superior current carrying capacity. But spending pins so frivolously might not always be possible. (as in pins on the chip surface, not in the socket.) Also, I wouldn't be surprised if the 2nd and 3rd layer of interconnects are made of aluminium and not copper, just to improve yields, tungsten could be used instead for yield reasons, but it would negatively impact power efficiency, but I would need more information to know for sure. (Though the TEM image would state against it being aluminium already, due to aluminium to my knowledge being a bit lighter in color compared to tungsten and copper. (tungsten and copper is though almost identical to my limited knowledge, so it could still be tungsten for more then just the first layer of interconnects. (I after all study semiconductor/CPU design/manufacturing and electronics, not Transmission Electron Microscopy, so I have no clue if the second layer is copper or tungsten. But it is likely not aluminium.))) Now I only hope this text wall is informative...

@WArockets

4 жыл бұрын

I didn't read your whole comment but I just wanted to say you said "hazer to guess" the term is "hazard a guess" sorry

@todayonthebench

4 жыл бұрын

@@WArockets Aw... You should have read it all and pointed out the other incorrect phrases and even at times lack luster grammar. I am disappointed....

@glenwaldrop8166

4 жыл бұрын

He's not a full on Grammar Nazi, he's just more like a Grammar Democratic Socialist or something, he's just not going to put that much effort into it. Someone else can do that. Good post. I don't have much of anything to add, once you get into the physical layers of the chip I'm an utter and complete newb. I've been studying on my own for years, got a decent understanding of how all of this works overall, but not the specifics quite yet. The scale of what they've done with CPUs is beyond virtually every other form of technology. Billions of transistors, when you compare that to a variable valve timing, variable compression, turbo V6, even with all of that the V6 is damn near lego. This is coming from a massive car guy (hobby anyway, job is IT). I could design and build engines all day long, but the scope of detail going into a single CPU dwarfs everything else on the market. It's insane.

@crakhaed

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks for such an in-depth breakdown of the manufacturing process and physical makeup of these chips. Reading your comment made me feel like I could get a semblance of a grasp on the complexity involved.

I really appreciate you sharing your passion with us, this series was well worth the time and effort, thank you.

Absolutely loved this series! Fantastic quality, and the most fascinating thing I've watched in a very long time. Thanks Roman!

Thank you Der Bauer! This is a great little series. The community wants more!

This was every bit as incredible as I thought it would be, thank you so much not only to Roman, but also to the team working with the TEM for taking the time to help produce this awesome series. I take my hat off to the thousands of engineers, scientists, and mathematicians (of all disciplines) who work to create something as complex as a CPU and do it at a scale that is both massive in numbers produced, and microscopic in size. It really drives home how hard it must be to get anything to work even once at this scale, nevermind every day for decades without issue, especially when you consider that you can almost count the number of atoms between the fingers of the transistor. Mind = blown.

@1pcfred

4 жыл бұрын

Not only is your hat off but your wallet is out too.

I really enjoyed this series, Roman. Thank you so much for sharing this information with us. Now I have a completely different vision and respect for modern CPUs. Thanks to everyone involved. Great content!

Now I don't feel as bad for spending $500 on a 3900x...

@Rainbow__cookie

4 жыл бұрын

Yeah it's alot of work to it

@aowi7280

4 жыл бұрын

And it costs several billion dollars to build a fab in the first place.

@thom1218

4 жыл бұрын

AMD thinks you still should

@morpheas768

4 жыл бұрын

Well, you overpaid for it, thats for sure. None of these CPUs cost anywhere near as their retail price to the manufacturer. Its just that you pay a lot for shipping, testing and quality assurance, packaging, etc etc. So....should you feel bad? No. But lets not pretend that this stuff is highly expensive to manufacture. The massive fab labs they build ensure that this stuff can be manufactured at a very low cost, and this is why they even throw out faulty dies and wafers.

@jelle1234567891011

4 жыл бұрын

@@morpheas768 The price of these things is not at all based on the manufacturing costs alone, including the cost to research, market, retails etc is of course included in the price as it is with everything. In your logic you overpay for every single item you buy since the price to manufacture anything will be much lower than what you pay for it. You can only base `overpaid` on the margin of pure profit they make on each item which is after all the above mentioned costs, including manufacturing and it is a margin you will never know exactly unless you're the director of finance at Intel.

One of the most interesting series of videos about CPUs I've watched in a long long time. It's like watching videos about the vastness of the universe for the first time, because the complexity of a single chip in such a small space is a testament to humanity's ingenuity. And the fact we have the ability to view things at such a small scale makes it even more epic!

8:50 So... that's what your x-rays from your dentist look like, eh? Interesting... * takes slow steps away*... *grabs a head of garlic and a wooden stake *

Next level content Thank you Roman!

Amazing work. Thank you for the great insights and the chance to see more of the microprocessors. Btw, so refreshing to see a tech channel to promote international students, just loving it. Greetings from Mexiko.

It's insane to nearly see the Atoms or the Atom Pillar Structure.

@Rainbow__cookie

4 жыл бұрын

Why are the transistors soo small ??? Bcuz they are *Gone reduced to atoms* Literally Reduced to atoms lol

@Ritefita

4 жыл бұрын

why nearly? electrons do feel every atom. we see atoms in silicon stucture.

@Ritefita

4 жыл бұрын

@@Rainbow__cookie 7nm tech means 53 silicon atoms across.

@luckyupyours

2 жыл бұрын

Those white dots are the atoms. Silicon has an atomic radius of 14 picometers so you can just barely make them out using a TEM. You can also physically measure the interstitial vacancies between atoms instead of using a indirect method like solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR).

Explained clearly with great footage. Well done & thank you.

The tri-gate transistor looks like a dental xray. :D Amazing work and video!

@WouterVerbruggen

4 жыл бұрын

That's because the core of the imaging technique is the same. Both more or less image how much particles (electrons or photons) passes through the sample :)

@_BangDroid_

4 жыл бұрын

Not bicuspids but _tricuspids_

@ralanham76

4 жыл бұрын

YES IT DOES

Amazing series !!! Thank you for showing this in such an amazing detail an scale!

Really loved the series, Roman. Keep it coming!

Oh man, thanks for all of this. It is nice to see this kind of video with such detail! Brutal!

This series will be watched and referenced for years to come. Mark my words.

Think of how dependent we are on their function , and simultaneously how few humans can construct them.

@WhoForgot2Flush

4 жыл бұрын

There a quite a lot of electrical engineers lol

@AjaxNotFrancis

4 жыл бұрын

mike quite a lot doesn't even come close to the number of humans NOT in the computer engineering field.

@morpheas768

4 жыл бұрын

Technically, we dont construct them, we oversee their construction by machines. Machines construct them, and we monitor and make adjustments to these machines. We dont have the capability to construct them manually, its beyond us.

@WhoForgot2Flush

4 жыл бұрын

@@morpheas768 Well... yeah they're not made by hand lol. Electrical Engineers design them.

@WhoForgot2Flush

4 жыл бұрын

@@AjaxNotFrancis Same could be said about literally any field lol. Electrical engineers are actually not in a high demand because there are more than enough already in the field.

First of all. Congratulations, this series was incredible. Second, I already have so many new questions after seeing this. For example: how does that 4-prong transistor actually work; what would be a size comparison between a "7nm" transistor and this, or on the other side an older, bigger transistor. I have to say I found your channel because of extreme overclocking but this is now my favorite type of content here. Amazing work!

As others have said, this is an amazing series! Your in depth coverage is awesome. But the fact you do everything in TWO languages, so more people can enjoy it...

Technology has always been a passion much like engineering and I have enjoyed this 3 party. I have actually done something similar at my office since we have an SEM. I just picked up some silicon wafers from eBay and we ran 1 through it a year ago. It now makes for an excellent presentation piece during bring your children to work day.

Absolutely fantastic work der8auer!

Excellent videos Roman, thanks heaps for this journey into the 9900k.

Thank you! That is the best video about processors l’ve ever seen!

Thanks for the video, we take it for granted how far we've come!

That is so interesting. So glad you explained it. Thank you.

Absolutely magnificent job der8

Fantastic video! Makes our SEM analysis device look archaic! Thanks again.

Absolutely... Incredible.... Just wow.... Thanks Roman :) This really does blow my mind.

To actually fully understand how SMALL these things are... brain TDP limit reached So nice content I really like these series. The work you put into this (and other involved/the whole team) it is just GREAT!!! Thank you for this video!

This is just fascinating👌👏 With a lot of respect and greetings, Dennis 🇳🇱

One of the most fascinating series I've ever seen.

Such a great video....keep up the effort..

I had the honor of working for SIEMENS here in the USA in the medical systems division for about 24 years. I met many German technicians from the factory in Erlangen and I enjoyed working with all of them during my career. I enjoyed their broken English accent and the attention to detail and their knowledge and the determination they had to get our problems solved. It is a please to have this very intelligent young man show and describe the technology of the test object and the terrific function of the scanning microscope. Thank you very much for this amazing and impressive video and I have subscribed to reflect my pleasure.

That was awesome your channel is so cool thanks for all the great content, my friends and I frequently enjoy it :)

Amazing. Thanks for this. My mind is just blown.

Amazing work done 👍🏼

Absolutely amazing content! No one makes it quite like Roman, proper geek stuff I love

10/10! These were amazing to watch. Thank youuuu!

Regarding the holes between copper wires - if I remember correctly, this is one of the technologies that were introduced with Intel 14nm (or it's + version). The holes are supposed to serve as isolation and improve signal quality (better signal quality = higher frequencies). I know there was an article on WikiChip, were they stated that Intel 10nm isn't using this technology as opposed to 14nm (or 14nm+) Intel. They speculated that Intel could reintroduce it with 10nm+.

@wilburt6131

4 жыл бұрын

They was going to use cobalt at 10 nm but scrapped it along with COAG. Word on the street is Intel's had to gut 10nm so much it's now like 12nm

@EnricoConca

4 жыл бұрын

They are probably air gaps to reduce the parasitic capacitance between adjacent metal lines. Silicon dioxide has a dielectric constant almost 4 times higher than vacuum, so having voids/air gaps really reduces capacitance a lot.

@ABaumstumpf

4 жыл бұрын

@@wilburt6131 They gutted it so much that it is still comparable to TSCm 7nm+. (Which is quit a lot considering how over-ambitious Intel initially was with the 10nm)

@wilburt6131

4 жыл бұрын

@@ABaumstumpf have a read on semiaccurate. It's really good for rumours. That's where I read of the gutted 10nm

@ABaumstumpf

4 жыл бұрын

@@wilburt6131 The ironic thing is how fitting the name is for that side. They often have very indepth articles that also contain a lot of speculations (with not ever mentioning that those are not facts) that later are shown to be false.

thank you for sharing, this is so amazing!

How could you possibly dislike this video. This is the peak of human invention. This is the coolest thing ive seen maybe ever. DerBauer, thank you.

This is absolutely mind-blowing !!! I'd have loved to work on that, if I'd been given the possibility. Respect !

This is why you're one of the best! No one brings this kind of content. :)

Amazing. thank you so much for curing my curiosity!!!!!!

Wir sind stolz auf dich Roman, weiter so👍💚

WOW!11 Thank you so much!!! I am a Chemical Engineering Student in Seattle and have just been put through the ringer on intermolecular forces and watching this is so satisfying to see the molecules in that manner. It all so incredible what we humans can do.

WOW! Amazing and we take it for granted! Great Video Series

@1pcfred

4 жыл бұрын

What's this we stuff?

This is way cool!!! Thank you for sharing this!

Best youtube series of all time

One of your best videos. More! More! More!

Fascinating stuff...thumbs up man.

Extremely amazing! We are waiting for Zen2 slicing to the atoms!

Congratulations ! Amazing !

what are the round bits at the top of the fins? i recall a few years ago some photographs of mis-shapen fin ends, maybe the round areas at the tips of the fins are to solve that problem? thanks for doing this! interesting differences between this and the "perfect finfet" publicity photos intel and others use in marketing.

Thank you for this. Really. I'm speechless.

I had a chance to work with intel's semiconductor technology so its quite interesting to see what it looks like after being manufactured, super cool video

Very well done sir

around 03:50 woww great shot, those background artifices are stunning sometimes.

Absolutely beautiful. I am in awe.

Awesome little series you made! Very nice nanoscopic view into what everyone is talking about on a macroscopic level :) Also shows nicely how high tech this stuff is. Just looking at the irregularities of the fins of that transistor and the near-atomic scale shows how impressive it is that we (as mankind) can do this and still regularly improve it. To explain simply how a TEM works, it basically images by whether or not (and how much) electrons pass through a specimen. That's why you need such a small lamella because otherwise, none would pass (practically). Because the wavelength of electrons is so much smaller than that of a (visible or near-visible) photon, it allows for atom scale imaging. Also, the lenses are electromagnetic (i.e. magnets), which is something a lot of people don't realise is possible. Must say that's a nice modern TEM they got there. Our TEM at the University of Twente is something about 30 or 40 years old already XD Hooray for science!

@Spirit532

4 жыл бұрын

The good part about TEMs is that they don't age much! Shoving 200keV electrons through a specimen worked exactly the same way 30 years ago! Focusing, too, most likely.

Thank you Roman for doing this series. Fascinating! Did you use the 3D glasses that were laying on the monitor stand behind you in the final scene? ;)

How does the positioning of the electrode in a scanning tunneling microscope work? I mean you have to place it almost in the scale of atoms, right? Wie funktioniert eigentlich die Elektrodenposition beim Rastertunnelmikroskop? Die Nadel muss doch fast auf ein Atom genau platziert werden oder?

Thanks for your sharing

Excellent video, love it.

Sick video, subbed.

awesome mini series

super..thanks for sharing

What miracles humanity can create with the right motivations. Thank you for these amazing videos.

Thank you der8auer

Amazing, thank you!

Thanks Roman , amazing series , i mean AMAZING FOR REAL !!! Maybe a continuation to these series would be to take a look at TSMCs 7nm an compare it to Intel 14nm trigate . Best regards mate keep up this great content .

So educational Great, please more content like this. Danke sehr.

Thanks for that. This is really amazing and something we would never see outside a college class or the fabs itself. Too bad we don't have an in depth like this in the manufacturing of a CPU only the slices of a alreadly made cpu.

Quality Content

Those "holes" are intentional in the design, and are referred to as "airgaps" in the industry. Since a void is more insulative/has a lower k-value than than traditional insulator, using this "airgap" will provide improved capacitance between the lines, which is especially important when they are so close together.

If you counted each transistor in a 9900K at a rate of 1 transistor per second it would take you 669.07661085743 YEARS!!!!! To count them all.

@Ahmadsyar

4 жыл бұрын

Josh Booth how about in titan v ceo edition

@joshbooth9772

4 жыл бұрын

@@Ahmadsyar It's the same. 21.1 Billion Transistors are on the Titan V CEO Edition

@glenwaldrop8166

4 жыл бұрын

Dammit. You made me lose count. 1 2 3 4 5 ...

@CaveyMoth

4 жыл бұрын

It feels like I'm watching Vsauce.

@YCbCr

4 жыл бұрын

@@CaveyMoth Or is it? :)

This was fascinating witchcraft. Thanks for posting !!

It looks amazing, please make a Ryzen 7nm next to see the difference on how it's constructed and a size comparison side-by-side with the 9900K would be so damn cool.

Amazing video!

amazing video ! thanks for sharing

Excellent brother 👍👍

That is using computer with the electron picture is running XP or a newer OS with the Classic theme for the lower resource usage. Maybe the software is using the WIndows Classic theme.

Could anyone clarify what the correction at 9:19 is referring to? Is it about the dot pattern as a whole not being a single atom, or are the individual small dots not actual atoms? Maybe reformulating the statement more explicitly, or simply changing "it's…" to something like "the pattern is…" would be clearer to layfolk, such as myself.

Sir please answer my question (what is the maximum number of transistors on a single chip to date till now

There's something really funky going on with these dental records.

This is fantastic

Really cool look into the small world

Your TEM results showed it's a 44nm transistor - which scale is the 14nm corresponding too? Maybe the TEM sample was not cut correctly by FIB?