This video has strong vibes of an early-morning TV show for pre-school children.

@keithnicholas

Жыл бұрын

I was all ready to get my handy dandy notebook out, we found the clues, but it ended without solving the problem, maybe if they invested in an arm chair... kzread.info/dash/bejne/gXedqquKltPFlbw.html

@Jrny32

Жыл бұрын

Ain't that about right, it's condescending

Isn't it just as likely that the standard model is flawed and dark matter is an artifact of the flaw? Perhaps we just don't fully understand how gravity really works at cosmic scale.

@josephfolkemer

Жыл бұрын

Well, gravity isn’t part of the standard model, which is one reason why we know the standard model is “wrong.” It’s still, by far, the most accurate model humans have every created, but we know it’s wrong. However, what you are suggesting is modified Newtonian gravity, and we are pretty darn sure that that can’t explain a significant amount of dark matter. For one, we are sure that dark matter isn’t completely localized to baryonic matter.

@naasking

Жыл бұрын

@@josephfolkemer it's possible that modified Newtonian gravity + neutrinos could account for observations though. @projectartichoke, physicists infer the existence of dark matter from general relativity and not the standard model. But like the standard model, we also know general relativity is wrong, mainly because of its singularities. That doesn't necessarily mean that GR is also wrong at galactic scales, but it's possible.

@TheGuyCalledX

3 ай бұрын

​@@josephfolkemerWhy is particle dark matter the accepted consensus, and where most of the research and funding is going to, when there is no objective reason to believe it exists and there are numerous competing theories that, like particle dark matter, explain some observations but not others? So far, we have no idea what particle dark matter is. We have some constraints on what it is not, but it seems like a fool's errand to start crossing things off of an infinite list of what something is not, to find out what it is, if it even exists at all. The primary motivation behind dark matter is a discrepancy between the rotation curves at the edges of large galaxies. This is a phenomenon that we haven't been able to explain in a way that is consistent with our current models of the universe and observations of reality. In my opinion, when we are as clueless as we are about how gravity works and how the universe expands, it makes little sense to devote this much focused energy on one idea, especially one that is so hard to falsify like particle dark matter. You can disprove an infinite amount of possible dark matter particles in ever more expensive colliders, but there will always be an infinite amount more to test, and more that are theoretically impossible to test. We need new ideas and new data more than anything else right now, and there are so many untapped reserves to explore instead of trying to drill into the same drying well.

Thanks guys, your work is great it’s so good when real scientists talk about science and not some fake scientists KZreadrs

*By combining the observational data of the Planck satellite with other cosmological observations, the sum of the mass of the three neutrinos is inferred to be less than 0.12 eV.*

@maggysilo

Жыл бұрын

Majorana?🤔

@philiprose5895

Жыл бұрын

Probably zero. Zero neutrinos. Zero dark matter.

@mrcarps1511

Жыл бұрын

@@philiprose5895 we know that not all of them can be massless from neutrino oscillations

@Hansulf

Жыл бұрын

@@mrcarps1511 We dont know how that oscillation works, right? Maybe neutrino oscillation occurs outside of time?

I so craved something science at this moment and your video pops up! Great upload!

This is very good. Your best yet. x

awesome episode thanks guys!

The much simpler possibility is that either our observations or models are flawed.

yaaaaaaay, it's been so long!!!!

@KirstyDuffy you had another episode focusing on cosmic neutrino background (CNB) neutrinos. There you said that they decoupled around 1 second after the Big bang and that they are now both low energy and slow due to the redshift. Since they have mass they would be attracted towards the center of a galaxy to some degree, but their velocity would still probably beyond the escape velocity of a galaxy. A few related questions: 1. Are CNB effected by light pressure and could that slow them down even more? 2. Is there a "galiopause" and could there be massive numbers of CNB caught in a galactic orbit increasing the mass at the edges of galaxies? 3. Do we have a theory on how many CNB were created relative to the number of atoms that were created from the primordial soup? 4. Because of their velocity, very few neutrinos would have been caught by black holes, so even though they are about 1e-9 the mass of a proton there are a lot of them relative to normal matter. Could the clumping of the neutrinos at the edges of galaxies cause an increase in rotational velocity at the outer edges of galaxies? 5. I'm sure this has been thought of. Can you do another episode on CNB and go into more detail?

This video has single-handedly wiped 20 points off humanity's aggregate IQ.

Because the building blocks of visible (baryonic) matter are quarks, I recommend as name for the invisible dark matter particles: quirks.

thx 4 the update

I love this.

Axion is the answer!

All of the neutrinos we can detect are relativistic, so they indeed cannot account into cold dark matter. But what about primordial neutrinos? Is it possible that those neutrinos have lost enough energy since the big bang so that their speed are several hundred km/s thus being able to orbit around galaxies ? We can then imagine that without interacting with the matter of the galaxie they would form a giant ball of orbiting neutrinos accounting for a part of the dark matter

A particle that can change type, correlated with distance to the source - Oh, I would say they have to be!

If you need a particle 1000x the mass of the neutrino, why not just guess there are 1000x more neutrinos? Given dark energy and other modern ideas, where exactly does this idea go wrong?

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

that is valid, and they mention that for some particles, but i think the deal is the temperature. whatever the particle, it has to be cool on average, and super light particles would often be hot depending on how they were made

@nenhard

Жыл бұрын

@@nmarbletoe8210 So, only way for a weakly interacting particles to clump together is if their mass per particle, number of particles per unit of volume and temperature are such that make them gravitationally bound, otherwise clumps of dark matter would evaporate and disperse? If dark matter is cold, how did it cool down, since particles must interact in order to lose some of their momentum?

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

@@nenhard I think you got it 100%! With no way to cool efficiently, it probably would have to be created cool...? Just saw a paper that said sterile neutrinos would be generated in the early universe in a cold - to -warm state. By contrast, neutrinos from radioactive decay are always super hot (relativistic speeds) so they don't work as DM.

Just make the name easy to say remember and understand: Darkino - if it is relatively small Darkion - if it is large Am I the only onw who suspects they are asking for possible names now because they have just found something, but are working to rule out mistakes, reduce the probability of being just a statistical fluctuation and preparing for the announcement?

@Video2Webb

Жыл бұрын

I really like your name suggestions. Hope they get into the world!

“One shift, two shift; red shift, blue shift!” ^.^

Could there be a super-symmetric, heavier neutrino from the early big bang, that we have no hope of having the energy now to create? F. Miller

We should just refer to it collectively as “The Sauce”.

@RetroGameSpacko

Жыл бұрын

"The Sauce?"

@mattwalter5184

Жыл бұрын

@@RetroGameSpacko Much like the Ether from 200 years ago.

One thing no one mentions is the lack of a large clump or structure comprised of dark matter. If DM interacts through gravity, there should be DM black holes and stars in great abundance.

Our dog's name was Oberon, and some folks thought that was a particle. (Not. King of the Fairies.)

SHe is one of those terrifying cat-like women who maintains constant eye contact and hardly ever blinks. I find it very scary.

Maybe if Asher finds it it could be called a kabothon, but that's not the way that giving stuff scientific names works ordinarily, I believe. Well, what about obscuron?

Thanks for mentioning the possibility of not knowing how gravity works. Since it somewhat contradicts the quantum theory, you can't rule out this possibility. Calling it "unconvincing" may sound comforting, but not scientific. As you know quantum theory is applied not only to small objects but also to star-like objects. And the existence of singularities in the General Relativity Theory (black holes) doesn't favor the model. If we find unification with quantum theory, objects like black holes might be resolved using some new quantum effects. I can imagine how a dense central part of a collapsing start has its particles entangled in some way/configuration for more compact packing. And neutron stars are a good example of this tendency to switch to quantum effects. The same could go for the entire universe since it's believed to originate from one single object and therefore can have its parts entangled.

I was just thinking about this

@mattwalter5184

Жыл бұрын

Same here.

Fantastic job, Kirsty, Lauren, Ryan, and crew!

Fun fact: the logo you use for Even Bananas contain an odd number of bananas

@fermilab

Жыл бұрын

Another fun fact: We covered this very detail in a previous episode! Enjoy. kzread.info/dash/bejne/imeTudtmf7zdgrw.html

@SylvainGaudreau

Жыл бұрын

@@fermilab Oh well, I watch *almost* all your videos it seems :(

Does the following quantum model agree with the Spinor Theory of Roger Penrose? Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good." Ernest Rutherford When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone. 1/137 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface A Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting occurs. 720 degrees per twist cycle. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?

"Talk using big motions with your hands, and emote like your on a stage, overact and speak like you're talking to a baby." - the director, probably.

A good name for a dark matter particle would be the "Bananino."

Few ideas for names: DaMPs: Dark matter particles HUMPs: hidden universal matter particles DIMPles: Dark invisible matter particles BatPats: bat particles NoRMs: non radiating matter

Dark matter can't be neutrinos because they travel too fast - at nearly the speed of light they exceed the escape velocity of any galaxy and so wouldn't be there to form large dense clouds encircling galaxies.

@admaneb

Жыл бұрын

That's only the ones you can detect! If there are neutrinos just chilling out in space they would not be detected and be unable to clump together, because they don't interact with the electromagnetic field! You only know about relativistic neutrinos cos they carry enough energy to be detected

@Bobby-fj8mk

Жыл бұрын

@@admaneb - but there is no evidence for slow neutrinos. They are trying but coming up with zero.

@admaneb

Жыл бұрын

@@Bobby-fj8mk that's why they're dark tho! Can't detect them directly the evidence is the existence of dark matter. What other particle that is known to exist could it be?

@Bobby-fj8mk

Жыл бұрын

@@admaneb - there could be one possibility - micro black holes. If Steven Hawking was wrong and tiny micro black holes don't get super hot and evaporate then there could be untold numbers of them - some as small as 1,000 hydrogen atoms in mass. They would have too little gravitational power for us to notice them and could be flying around us all the time and make up the matter in dark matter halos around galaxies.

Yay, Kristy!!

Dark matter is a mesh that's been around exactly forever, and universes like ours latch around it

Do slow neutrinos exist? Can we not detect them? Might they capture or clump at low energies?

@doctorhabilthcjesus4610

Жыл бұрын

At our current understanding of nature and technology we have no chance ever for detecting slow neutrinos. Could slow neutrinos exist? If they exist, then they need to have an ultra low temperature near 0 K. The microwave background is at 2.7 K, but if the universe got "transparent" much earlier for neutrinos, then the primordial neutrinos should also be much more redshifted than the microwave background. So there should be neutrinos existent that have a velocity rather than a temperature. I guess, even a neutrino with a temperature of 2.7 K travels near the speed of light, but maybe primordial neutrinos could have temperatures of essentially 0 K. At this temperature even neutrinos get incredibly slow. I don't know why cosmologists can't imagine that a significant mass of badly redshiftet neutrinos from the big bang exists.

I'd name the new dark matter particles 'Saurons'.

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

that kinda has a ring to it

@sethoflagos2880

Жыл бұрын

@@nmarbletoe8210 ... to rule them all and in the darkness BIND THEM! I like it!

How about 3, or 4 body problems that interact with axions ( keeping some under their wings ?) ?

If the universe isnt expanding as a single unit, but instead, discreet areas expanding into each other, the place they collide at speed approaching SOL, time dilation and space contraction would result in countless tiny areas of permanent space or "particles". Boom. Fundamental forces unified, the anomalies requiring dark matter, explained.

Why can't Dark Matter be slow moving neutrinos?

Just because a hypothesis seem to provide a simpler solution to a problem, doesn't mean it's necessarily the correct one....

when you have to account for neutrino interaction as "noise" you know you're in too deep

rather than modifying gravity which hasn't been a successful enough model, what if there's yet another force that is only apparent at galactic scales? are neutrinos compelled to travel eternally at near light speed? doesn't the gravity of the galaxy eventually slow them down after millions of years?

@burtosis

Жыл бұрын

Just modifying gravity has been ruled out. Starting with the bullet cluster there are now dozens of examples of small sparse galaxies stripped of dark matter. Only MOND with something else like dark matter exists now.

Forget Dark Matter how did Asher figure out how to teleport when he came on?

I've often wondered if black holes at centers of galaxies have quantum states that make some galaxies rotate more like disks.

@bozo5632

Жыл бұрын

The cores of galaxies rotate at normal, Newtonian speeds. It's the outer regions of the discs that rotate too fast.

@Earwaxfire909

Жыл бұрын

@@bozo5632 I'm aware of the galactic rotation curves. It's not easy to explain the details in one sentence. For example s and p orbitals and so on are found around an atom. And Ising spin curves have been suggested in solids and similar for quantized liquids.

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

black holes are cold (aside from accretion of course). BEC form at cold temperatures maybe there's a black hole condensate

Great video!

WIMP particle name = DuMP - Dark Matter Particle, the u makes for a better name (Sorry I had to go there.) 😅 My preferred speed analogy is my gf's niece speed running Minecraft vs. our Minecraft style. We like to set up nice style homes and bases. Live the game out. Do WIMPs and Axions need to interact with the Weak force or are they a gravity-only particle?

I didn’t know “Sesame Street” produced presentations for Fermi Lab. Is this video being brought to us by the letter “L” and the number “3” ? Or did I take too much of my Lithium today?😁 Either way, I love this channel!!!

@nHans

Жыл бұрын

Hey, don't knock _Sesame Street._ It's a very successful and popular format. It evokes wishful nostalgia in adults. One wishes the adult world were more like that, so that one didn't have to take Valium and Prozac to get through the day, and Ambien and Benadryl to get through the night.

@lauriekeats8538

Жыл бұрын

The sesame street style of these videos really detracts from them. Very hard to watch. Probably no less superficial than most fermilab videos though.

Stable right-hand (relatively massive) neutrinos are my favorite candidate for dark matter.

The thing is we can only DETECT relativistic neutrinos. There is no reason neutrinos can't be just hovering around. But we wouldn't detect them.

Thanks both of you informative and entertaining as ever.

I have a weird question! We have a could beside our galaxy and this means that we only can se half the universe. So if our universe get smaller and the middle of the universe are behind that cloud. We are going to get the illusion of the universe are expanding. So are it possible for it to getting smaller all the time?

You see that?! Asher just appears then disappears! Fermilab's got a teleporter! Gear!!!

Nice.

I am, of course, highly amused by the name of that last axion experiment. May the axioneedle be found sooner, rather than later!

In cosmology I hear comparisons of mass, which I assume are based on assumptions. Are there any assumptions in the dark matter calculations and if so what are they?

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

They assume General Relativity is true.

@user49917

Жыл бұрын

The entire concept is pure speculation built upon a proven false model, the standard model of physics. A head of gold but feet of clay. We have much to learn.

@SubTroppo

Жыл бұрын

@@user49917 It was more of a rhetorical question. I certainly did not a reply from a cosmologist for the obvious reasons.

I will call my new particles... Bob.

Is there a reason all neutrinos are fast? Sure, they don't interact much, but surely they're not ALL still at near light speed.

I think that since we're talking about dark matter Blackie would be a proper name for such a particle.

Can neutrinos be slower than "almost the speed of light" and if slow neutrinos exist, could they be dark matter?

@doctorhabilthcjesus4610

Жыл бұрын

If you assume, that all neutrinos have a significant "temperature": no, there could no slow neutrinos exist. But if you assume that neutrinos have been created just after the big bang, then background neutrinos should be present from far behind the microwave background, so badly "red" shiftet that they have a temperature near 0 K and are pretty slow. There are not so many things that could heat up neutrinos again after being "red" shifted.

@burtosis

Жыл бұрын

@@doctorhabilthcjesus4610 compact objects like neutron stars and black holes would at least temporarily. Obviously we need to put a neutrino detector next to a massive singularity to find out. Simple.

@doctorhabilthcjesus4610

Жыл бұрын

@@burtosis Yes, this idea is brilliant. Use a neutron star or a black hole to blueshift all those redshifted primordial neutrinos back to speed and then detect them. It will get a long journey, but it will be worth it.

@SpotterVideo

8 ай бұрын

Conservation of Spatial Curvature (both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. ------------------------ String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. The model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles. .

When you say the neutrinos move to fast for the clumping properties of dark matter. Is it the same as saying neutrino gas has too high of a temperature?

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

yup

I think tenebrino from latin tenebris=dark might suit this particle well

What if DM is not just a single particle but a 'particle zoo' mirroring the standard model on higher dimensions/planes??

How about looking for some getitons?

In the 1970s Carl Sagan made an observation stating that a four-dimensional dentist could work on a tooth in the mouth of a three-dimensional man without the three-dimensional man opening his mouth. I realize this was only an observation, but upon hearing it I queried if the four-dimensional person can’t be seen by a three-dimensional person. Assuming there are multiple levels of dimensions. Is it possible that dark matter / dark energy are dimensional variations? I think the idea might cause some to scratch their heads and wonder.

@garyc1384

Жыл бұрын

'I realize this was only an observation' - ah, seen it hi'self, did he?

Does gravity also effect itself (gravitons)? Maybe they slow down as they go further away from the centre of the galaxy and that allowes them to intreract mor frequently, thus increasing gravity?

@phunkydroid

Жыл бұрын

Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light in GR, and we confirmed this several ways, including simultaneously detecting gravitational waves and visible light from distant events.

@KSignalEingang

Жыл бұрын

I think the answer to that is probably no. Empirically, the LIGO results show this is unlikely - the gravitational waves from massive events arrive simultaneously if not slightly before the radio waves, and LIGO is now used as part of the supernova early warning system, to give astronomers a heads-up on where they might want to point their telescopes if they want to see something interesting. While I think it's generally assumed gravitons exist, the success of General Relativity, which models gravity as deformations of spacetime, has suggested to some that we should treat spacetime itself as the gravitational field - so it's unclear what gravitons "slowing down" would even mean, when they're fundamental to the thing that's defining all our clocks and measuring sticks in the first place.

I like to imagine that dark matter is gravity bleeding over from mass in a parallel universe.

@Lucius_Chiaraviglio

Жыл бұрын

If it was, you would need it to be a parallel universe that didn't let stuff clump and self-interact too much, or else you would get discrete objects made of dark matter that would be capable of orbiting normal matter objects.

Does dark matter follow regular matter around or is it equally dense around open space?

@bozo5632

Жыл бұрын

If anything, it's the rare normal matter that follows the majority dark matter around. Dark matter is not diffuse in the universe, it's clumped.

@benstallone6784

Жыл бұрын

@@bozo5632 okay thanks for clarifying that

I'll take a double scoop of the mint chocolate chip ice cream, with extra neutrino sprinkles, please ! :-D

The best name for a dark matter particle is "Steve"

@mattwalter5184

Жыл бұрын

Too late. The all natural sugar substitute claimed it.

More research on what gravity is, and how it works would probably be more profitable than searching for something that may not exist.

@keithnicholas

Жыл бұрын

there already is a lot going on there, but most of the researchers there don't think it's going to have an impact on what dark matter is.

@keithnicholas

Жыл бұрын

@Jay Tee quantum gravity

@keithnicholas

Жыл бұрын

@Jay Tee gravity exists, this is about a quantum description of gravity.

@mattwalter5184

Жыл бұрын

@Jay Tee I think the real question is what could we not have known if we’d known what we not know now about gravity being a profitable commodity. Agree?

@keithnicholas

Жыл бұрын

@Jay Tee and I told you quantum gravity is gravity but described quantumly. That is one of the key and essential things for us to understand.

I nominate "Unicornoton 🦄" (yes, emoji is part of it) as a dark matter particle name 😃🌈🦄

Idk, we really should ask neutrinos how they identify before we label them as not dark matter. I mean I'm not dark matter, so who am I to say what dark matter is.

How do we know there aren't slow neutrinos?

The particle should be named a "derp"

I'm a third year physics student and I'm doing a summer project on this topic, this was a nice summary good job!

When you say 'we know it has mass' do you really mean 'we know it has gravity'. Are the two 100% necessarily linked, can you have changes in the gravity field due to other things whose origin is ... dark

@LordAmerican

Жыл бұрын

The way gravity is currently understood, space-time is warped by energy. Whenever energy is confined, we call it mass. As an example, 98% of your mass comes not from the particles that make up your body, but rather the energy binding them all together. So yes, the effect dark matter has on space-time necessitates mass.

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

There are two sorts of energy, confined and free moving. If dark matter were free energy, it couldn't clump up and so it wouldn't explain the cosmic structures and galactic rotation speeds. If it is confined energy, that's what we usually call matter...

Dark matter particle name candidates... Vader, Anakin

Darkickles would be the perfect name for dark matter particles.

Name for dark matter particle..."Mr. Clean".

I love this series!

I think we should call dark matter particles Bob

The "bigly" particle.

Lux Zeplin sounds like a parody band of Lead Zeppelin.

I hereby *_veto_* all such name suggestions where the suggested name is already an existing word-either in the dictionary or as a name. 😎 Please, please don't cause more confusion by overloading existing words with additional meanings 😵. Don't infringe on copyrights and trademarks either. 🚫 See what happens when words mean one thing in everyday English, and something different in science: _Mass. Energy. Weight. Power. Work. Heat._ Instead, use your _real_ creativity and _coin_ completely new names. It is only thanks to rare visionaries like Rudolf Clausius - who coined the term *_"entropy"_* to replace the eminently bland _"equivalence value"_ - that scientific terminology isn't a big mass of confusion already. Needless to say, it should be a single word, not a phrase. Reasonable length. No weird capitalization. It's okay to borrow parts from dead languages like Latin. Again, remember _entropy._ Kudos to the rare geniuses who managed that in the comments below-you know who you are! 👏👍🙌🥂

I really like the idea of using root words for 'darkness' or 'shadow' in the name of particle(s) of dark matter. Perhaps "umbron" or "scoton".

@etkaiser

Жыл бұрын

“Umbron” was the exact thought I had as well.

@Nilguiri

Жыл бұрын

Or just "scrote, uh huh huh huh.

Good name for dark mater particle? Etherion

@mattwalter5184

Жыл бұрын

Perfect.

Fact is that spacetime has density and tension. We can see the density in the bending of light in the presence of a massive object, and we can measure the tension using the Cassimere effect. Show me the substance of spacetime and I will show you dark matter.

When characterizing a photon, one would label it with its energy - or perhaps wavelength. Are you saying that, similarly, the velocity of particles such as neutrinos give to it a property - lets call it "clumpability" - whereby fast-moving particles can be differentiated from slow-moving ones, despite the fact that we cannot interact with either, on a human time-scale?

@burtosis

Жыл бұрын

The reason for the slow motion as a requirement is if it wasn’t, the neutrinos would be going faster than escape velocity of the galaxy and fly off. Only slower moving particles would get caught by gravity (which is weak and the only way they are known to interact) and clump.

why is no one considering the theory that anti-matter is the same as dark matter?

@DiceDecides

Жыл бұрын

@Jay Tee i have for a while, which makes dark matter anti-gravitational but it's mostly around our galaxy cause there's dark matter inside the galaxy as well

@DiceDecides

Жыл бұрын

@Jay Tee lol thanks for considering

@DiceDecides

Жыл бұрын

@Jay Tee how considerate of you to let me consider it considered.

@DiceDecides

Жыл бұрын

@@nemlehetkurvopica2454 you're right, it is the same mass but reflecting light and emitting (like the sun does) are 2 completely different things and no star is close enough to dark matter for it to reflect... thats the problem

@DiceDecides

Жыл бұрын

@@nemlehetkurvopica2454 you're saying antimatter reflects light - okay I agree that doesn't change anything because dark matter has no light near it to reflect

How could neutrinos not be bumping into each other all the time? (I know they are the smallest known particle with mass & the overused cliché of a neutrino being small enough to travel through a light year of lead untouched)

@XEinstein

Жыл бұрын

Bumping into each other is always an electromagnetic interaction. That means that only particles that have electrical charge are able to, well... bump. Particles that do not have electrical charge simply don't bump. Photons don't bump, neither do neutrinos.

@drdca8263

Жыл бұрын

I think they only interact via the weak force, and the weak force is mediated by [uh, I want to say the 3 W bosons but I don’t remember], and I think the interaction there only involves cases where only one of the 3 particles meeting at the vertex is a neutrino? Like, with the electron, you can have a photon and an electron cone in, and an electron come out, and so with two electrons you can have one of them emit a virtual photon and remain an electron, and the other absorb the virtual photon and remain an electron. But with neutrinos, there’s no similar thing? Also: be warned that I could be very mixed up about how the weak force works. I’m not even certain that the vertices have just 3 particles meeting.

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

their "cross section" for interaction is very small, like 10^-20m or something. the range of the weak force. so the odds are very small for them to collide.

Vicious circles of fundamental particles !

If dark matter exerts gravity, then why doesn't it collapse to form celestial objects, like a planet, but invisible?

@eckligt

Жыл бұрын

Because not only does dark matter not interact with normal matter (except through gravity), it is thought that it also does not interact with _itself_ (again, except through gravity). Normal matter interacts with itself through the electromagnetic force. That allows particles of normal matter to bounce off each other, exchanging momentum and kinetic energy so that a volume with particles with different speeds and direction will gradually spread out the speeds and directions of all the particles to something close to an average, so that over time you build an accretion disk which later becomes planets etc. With dark matter, and probably with neutrinos as well, the particles would of course be attracted to each other under gravity (much like normal matter), but there is essentially nothing to slow them down once they get close, so they would just whiz past each other.

@dwaynezilla

Жыл бұрын

Who's to say that some existing black hole isn't full of dark matter? Or started through a coalescing of dark matter? Hmm, but then if it doesn't interact with itself or matter (i.e. no repulsion) then they'd form black holes pretty easily, which we should see. Or small black holes popping out of existence that we would probably see but don't.

@EmbracingNature

Жыл бұрын

My ideea is that dark matter resides in a different dimension than the four dimensions that we perceive (three spatial and one temporal) and that is why it does not interact with the electromagnetic force. String theory predicted more dimensions that four and some of those are really small and circular. Too bad there is no experiment to confirm or infirm any of it. We'll just have to ponder of the time when humanity will discover that the universe has more dimensions which can be manipulated by gravity.

@nmarbletoe8210

Жыл бұрын

@@eckligt yup. DM seems to be not-sticky

I suggest Rogues for it

Could neutrinos be slowed down?

"Elicit Particle Wave" or "Elicitum." ;O)-

Try this thought: What if neutrinos were vibrating in time as well as space. Richard Feynman suggested that subatomic particles would. So, imagine that neutrinos might vibrate in time, just a picosecond fore and aft of the present. They would still be here, just not at this "moment." Would their gravitational presence still be felt?

@garyc1384

Жыл бұрын

Imagine if you went back in time and said something sensible......

When we thought neutrinos were massless they could not be a solution to darkmatter, but now we know they do but not how much. But neutrions are 'HOT' aka they move fast and will not clump together into a galactic halo. But under MOND their is no need for galactic clumping matter and explains galaxies far better then darkmatter halos can, the galaxy dynamics don't need any additional cold dark matter in or near the galaxy, matter between galaxies is a different story though. As for galactic collisions, they are referencing the Bullet cluster, which is influenced by matter between the galaxies, the diffuse gas between the galaxies can contitutue the 'dark matter' nessary to explain observations but this is not exotic darkmatter.