Videos on this channel cover activities that archaeologists carry out in the lab or fieldwork, as well as tips for archaeology grad students and young professionals. Topics range from lab health and safety, care and handling of artifacts, and making measurements on stone tools, pottery, metal, bone and shell artifacts, to plant and animal remains, geoarchaeology, stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, artifact classification, artifact illustration, and landscape archaeology. Many of the videos complement my book, The Archaeologist's Laboratory (Springer, 2020) and were originally prepared for students in my course at University of Toronto. Since then, I've been adding material on other topics, including archaeological survey, pseudoarchaeology, thesis-writing and professional development for archaeology grad students, numismatics, and historical archaeology. I hope soon to start a series on historical walks in Toronto (likely in summer of 2024).
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The tepians. They were so sophisticated that they had no grasp of writing for tepes sake, as the sumerians did 5.000 years later.
One of the biggest lies is the Christopher Columbus story. If he even existed he certainly didnt "discover" anything that wasnt already inhabited.
Every "expert" never even mentions the possibility of Vikings sailing through Hudson & James Bays, whereby accessing interior lakes and rivers well into what is now Canada.
I read a book while in the Iowa,Wisconsin area that spoke of stones with holes used to tie up boats. It claimed to be Viking. Now there is no water anywhere nearby.???
Thank you for this summary of Globekli Tepe. I do want to throw my 4 cents in as to its possible function here. This is a very large wild animal trap for catching herds of animals. 100 people can move a monolith. 3 people, maybe 30 on each side of any of the entrances, could easily guide frightened plains animals into these structures. McDonald's for the our ancestors! The walls are more than sturdy enough for this. No widows. Central pens could serve as a stockade holding the herds for quite a while. Lots of animal bones around the site. The number of similar structures in the region could imply they were very effective. These structures may have been buried because they were too effective, by over harvesting the animals from area. Apologies to you for several of my fellow posters inappropriate vitriol.
There are actually hundreds of ancient animal traps in SW Asia, some of which appear to date as early as the Neolithic. They're usually called "kites" because of their appearance from the air. Yorke Rowan has videos on this topic.
Thanks obviously quite different than Globekli Tepe
Very well done sir
Thank you kindly!
Your mom
V kultuře a civilizacích, mluvíme vždy o určité organizovanosti skupin, které se potřebují pro vzájemnou komunikaci rozlišovat a mít vymezený prostor. Neolitická kultura se vymezovala kruhovým prostorem a identifikovala reliéfy zvířat a kabelkami. Historicky reliéfy zvířat přešly až do záznamu jména a příjmení v matrice, záznamu prostoru v katastru a obojího na dveřích obydlí. Abychom snadněji pochopili vývoj neolitické symboliky, musíme přejít k pozdějším, početně větším kulturám např. mezopotamské a sumerské. Reliéfy zvířat přešly až do lidských postav se zvířecí hlavou. Přibyli bohové (zakladatelé) rodu s náramkem, v jedné ruce mají šišku vždy nahoře a ve druhé kabelku vždy dole. Šiška pokorně mění i polohu ze svislé na vodorovnou. Obecně šiška symbolizuje vědomí a pokoru k nadřazenosti přírody nad člověkem. Z matematicko-geometrického hlediska jsou šupiny šišky uspořádány do logaritmické spirály. Piniovou šišku vysokou 4 m opatruje Vatikán dodnes, aniž by se vnímal její symbolický význam jako pozůstatek neolitu. Kabelky dokumentují stav rodu a mají vlastnosti zlatého řezu; plocha zlatého čtverce bývá rozšířena dalším zvířetem až do zlatého obdélníka. Rukověť má tvar polokružnice, která spojuje vlastnosti čísla pí se zlatým řezem. Kabelky poskládané za sebou určují po sobě jdoucí generační cykly. Reliéf bývá doplněn stromem života, který dostal v Egyptě vlastní symbol. Dnes vzniká otázka nakolik je symbolika záznamu vědomá a nakolik intuitivní. Vnucuje se i myšlenka na civilizační posun, kdy rozlišení rodového stavu zvířetem, až do stavu, kdy se zakladatel rodu stal bohem a nakonec člověkem, který vstal z mrtvých a vstoupil na nebesa, kde je dodnes.
Who took many thousands of tons of copper from mines in N.US an S.Canada way back in BC times ???
This isn't strictly relevant to the topic of this video, but there is a lot of evidence for indigenous exploitation of copper in the Lake Superior region from about 4500 years ago onward. You can find a brief introduction to it on Wikipedia and elsewhere by searching on "Old Copper Complex".
Maybe the Vikings used the copper deposits also.
Not far from where I live, near the town of Turley, OK there is a stone where the runes were largely worn away. What remains reads 'Here, on this island" .. leading us to ponder, when the particular hill it had been found on had been an _island_ I don't know the language it was written in, the stone is on private property, and no one is permitted to go tramping about Turley Hill looking after it these days. I first encountered the runes in the pages of Bullfinch's Norse Mythology, became acquainted with them, and made a habit of scratching them everywhere when I was a preteen .. by the time I was a teenager, I was writing in runic script, in High German .. so if you see any of that, you can know where it came from. I doubt the explorers would have such good grammar 😉
Mississippi across ocean from north africa. 4000 miles away. Fun fact: this is much later but my grandma's family was from germany. She lived near denver, Colorado for a little bit. The French normans could speak Latin, old Norse,, old Norman French. Maybe the runes were left later by Spanish, Italian, or French scholar.
The era when these Runes were discovered are also hot in the middle of the Residential Schools as an institution and the motive of undermining indigenous claims on the continent.
You're quite right.
I think that the Northern native game of Lacrosse actually came from Scandinavian influences
I've never heard of that. You have sources for it? Strikes me as just another case of trying to deprive indigenous people of their rightful heritage. The first European to mention the game was the French Jesuit missionary, Jean de Brébeuf, who observed it in what is now Quebec or Ontario
Have you checked out Dighton Rock, on the Taunton River Massachusetts? Those symbols look familiar
Dighton Rock almost certainly is an indigenous petroglyph. The symbols on it are not any form of writing, even though some colonial observers tried to argue that it was runes or Phoenician or even Chinese. It doesn't match with any of those.
What is the best calibration curve for India?
As India is in the northern hemisphere, as long as you're dating terrestrial material, you can use the IntCal20 curve for the northern hemisphere
We still hunt today!!! It's the transition point.... obviously the FIRST civilization is going to resemble Hunter-Gatherer society.
Indeed. But in the first few thousand years after the start of the Neolithic, hunting still contributed a large proportion of people's diet. Later, it became both recreational and supplementary to agricultural foods.
buddy i'm sitting on the megaliths and looking at castles where i was told there'a just teepees and wigwams, somebody had geo polymers and rune work here
I'm not sure what your point is. However, 1000 years ago, indigenous people in the Mississippi Valley were building huge, pyramid-like mounds but had no need for geo-polymers
Intuition tells me what they were trying to convey was that the gods dumped water/the deluge...its depicting the deluge flood
Gobekli Tepe was built by the watchers & is contemporary with the garden of Eden in the Rachaiya basin near Damascus & in the shadow of Mt Hermon in the Lebanon.
😮 as I recall the meter unit of measurement is based on the size of the earth. Specifically the distance between the north and south poles. This measurement has always been here just waiting to be discovered. I wonder what else is waiting to be discovered? What other clues and tests has Father left to thrill and intrigue us?
You're right that it was originally defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator, but 1) 18th-century French weren't very accurate (so it's now defined differently) and 2) there's no reason to expect extraterrestrials (or even ancient Near Easterners) to have used a decimal system. The implication would be that the "ancient aliens" were not as accurate as ancient alien enthusiasts constantly claim, and this ignores that ancient Mesopotamians used the sexagesimal system, not the decimal system.
To be fair was the dating on the Kensington Runestone in use in one place in the 14th century, Gotland. But that said, there are a lot other strikes against the stone so unless archaeologists actually find some viking artifacts in the area, we still have to see it as a hoax. As for the other stone, I don't think it is a hoax but neither is it a real viking artifact. Runes were still in use in Sweden by farmers until WW1 so I think some Swede made it just because he could, not to fool people but more as "tagging" the stone. Yeah, the Hälsinge runes was different so he clearly had some education or a reference book but I still think it was made just for fun. It isn't correct, the most modern Scandinavian runestones with the old Futhark who also had modern runes are the Rökstone from the late 9th century, but it was made by a master who didn't mix them in the same sentence or made any mistakes. He was clearly showing off, it have several secret coded messages and has far more text then even the Kensington stone. It also have the name of the person who made it, to show off that he knew both runescripts. But for a pre Columbian visit to US after the Native migrations way back, the vikings are indeed the only plausible people. For one thing we know they got to Canada and had the means to get to US as well. The Greenland vikings were also "quarantined" on Greenland so they didn't bring those 12 diseases that wiped out 90-95% of the native population during the 16th century. So I don't think we can say it is impossible they actually reached modern US but we don't have the actual evidence for that and until that actually are found, we should still think that is unlikely even if we certainly should keep looking. The only evidence we actually have is the Maine penny which is real but since part of a viking scale and a few lead weights for trade was found in Canada, it is way more likely that one was traded for furs by a viking trader in Canada and later was traded further by natives then actually dropped in situ by a viking. It is still evidence though unlike the rune stone, it is extremely unlikely that a modern Norwegian immigrant brought a 100 year old to coin just to drop it there or that it is a hoax. But it is more evidence for some trade between natives and vikings then vikings actually visiting America. There is only one other proven pre Columbian contact, between Polynesia and South America. There is actually genetic evidence for that as well as the sweet potato but there seemed to have been a single or maybe 2-3 times event. Just like the vikings, the Polynesians were isolated on islands before which stopped the spread of Euro Asian diseases. That is why the Romans and Phoenicians couldn't have visited. If they did, a lot less people would have died in the 16th century due to diseases which allowed the Spanish conquest. That would have changed world history a lot, not just the history books. I am still hoping for new archaeological viking finds in North America. We know they were in Canada so there must be more out there, just waiting to be found. US is far more unlikely, but the evidence there needs to speak for itself. Right now, besides the Main penny, there is not a single good evidence though so I am leaning towards them not visiting until new evidence prove otherwise.
Yeah, if you want to find Vikings in the new world, look no farther than Americans themselves. We are the true vikings. Still kicking A and taking names in 2021 Anno Domini.
Ibree. Mic-Mac. The Norse/etc. weren't the only ones utilizing Futhark. 🫡
Really enjoyed your video. As a working man with an interest in the past I've always been curious about these rune stones and whether they're authentic or not. I've watched the history channel and various youtube videos which seem to lean towards they're being real. Your channel presents straight forward scientific facts that I wasn't aware of and prove that these stones are fake.
Thanks! I'm glad you found it convincing, despite all the publicity on the other side.
Most megalithic structures were built by stone age hunter-gatherers that worked 9-5 and did a bit of unprecedented architectural engineering in the evenings to pass the time.
It's a common misconception that hunter-gatherers had to work long hours to get enough to eat. Even in the Kalahari desert, anthropologists in the 1960s found that the San hunter-gatherers only worked a few hours per day, and had more leisure time than we have. In any case, in this video I argued that Göbekli's builders were NOT hunter-gatherers. They were Neolithic villagers.
Speculation. Nothing more.
I believe that, when I offered my own theory near the end of the video, I said I was speculating. At least I admit it and try to base the speculations on evidence whenever possible. You won't find me saying "could it be...?" as Hancock and his ilk do in place of actual evidence.
Everything we think we know about the history of this amazing planet is all conjecture. All of it. And it was not made by a supreme being in 6 days. FFS
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamandalu
Laura Ingalls Wilder‘s family moved into the dugout by the Plum Creek traded to them by a Nordic settler.
Woke
Do you think Luke 18:25 is woke?
The "experts" talking here are very well-studied in a solely theoretical way and therefore classify their own guessing as the only really relevant. The Futhark was for making markings of a clans ownership in use until 1780 in rural Sweden. People in those days learned runes as kids often before they came into school. That disappeared after some generations because it was not considered modern. All this is not common knowledge on USA universities, and what "experts" from those guess(conclude) is mostly just "made official" ..........!
I don't doubt that many Scandinavians in the 19th century knew some runes, and wouldn't be surprised if they sometimes used them as ownership symbols, something like ranch brands. But those would entail just one or two runes, not whole sentences, let alone long narratives like the Kensington one. Even in Sweden, you don't find runestones like that. These ones look a lot more like someone's idea of a hoax.
A Swede here, we are spoiled rotten with rune stones here in Mälardalen. Interesting to hear about rune stones found in America and good that the counterfeits are being exposed. AVM 2024
go'auld!😁 fallen angel's cloning facility....
A strong tie between the knights templars and vikings has been documented. Their persecution in the 1300's led to them fleeing to north america. Their presence in Roslyn scotland is documented, along with a trip to north america in the late 1300's. Recent archeological finds from oak island show norse presence in the 600's to 800's on oak island along with knights templars in the 1200's. The egyptian navy was deep water and manned by Libyan sailors. The presence of cocaine in the tissues of egyptian mummies indicate a south american connection. The sea level was lower back then. The grand banks used to be above water.
Roman coins wash ashore near beverly Massachusetts. The dates are within 25 years of each other around 25 bc. Also the roman artifacts found near tucson. On isle royal in michigan native copper is still sitting on timbers dated as old as 1200 bc. The mining tools came from nova scotia. Seems like proof of european contact to me.
Do you have any sources for any of these? I know Roman coins and pottery show up in coastal areas periodically, probably most of them originating in ships' ballast, and, hard as might seem to believe, Roman coins even circulated in colonial times because merchants were so short of small change, but I've never heard of any Roman artifacts being found in Arizona. As for the native copper, indigenous people were exploiting it well before 2000 years ago, and had no need of European technology to do so. There are rich sources of native copper around Lake Superior, and all you have to do is hammer it and anneal it periodically to form it into sheets, tools, or arrowheads.
OK, I've now found a reference to those "Roman" artifacts from Arizona. I know nothing about them, so certainly can't weigh in on their authenticity, but the following site says that they're all forgeries: www.library.pima.gov/content/romans-allegedly-in-tucson/ I know that doesn't mean much without supporting evidence, but it would be useful to look into it. Spectacular claims require particularly compelling evidence.
And now, this one says that there wasn't even any pottery or other mundane artifacts at the site that could have lent it some authenticity, just the more spectacular lead artifacts: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_artifacts There are sources there.
Templars...often....encrypted.....w.....runes......
Sorry but sounds effects are just too jarring.
Archaeology is a pseudoscience. It is the sweeping broom to tidy up the Doctrine of Discovery that has closed our eyes on the true past. We have to assume that every explorer that ever scratched a rock had a good education. And if not, the pseudoscientist from his lofty perch will disallow it out of hand. This one ignored the ring in stone boundary markers of Minnesota that were common in Scandinavia. He also ignores the verbose grave stones of Europe. Trust some men, but never trust a magician or an American archaeologist.
Those handbag carvings are found in Mesoamerica even in China. These all prove the dating system that we came up with 150 years ago and the paradigm of how man expanded across the continent is falls.
I would challenge you to point out any from Mesoamerica or China that are exactly the same and, in any case, the idea of having an artifact that is roughly rectangular or cylindrical with an arched handle is hardly rocket science. Any culture could easily come up with that on its own (I have several buckets in my garage that could easily fit the bill). Either way, they say nothing about dating systems.
@@thearchaeologistslaborator6591 and I challenge your authority as a “expert“ you have quite a cottage industry and telling people what happened thousands of years ago even if the evidence does not support it, don’t believe you’re lying eyes only believe us, experts, right .that’s what you were saying no thanks
I am precisely trying to assess these claims with evidence. And when I do offer what is only my opinion (as in the buildings hypothesis), I say so, and admit that there are other possibilities. And you still haven't answered my question: what are the same carvings you claim exist in Mesoamerica and China and what do they have to do with dating systems?
I am happy to have finally found a virtual “needle in a haystack” explanation about Minnesota Runestones. Your proof that they’re hoaxes is so simple and so solid it infuriates me that I’ve never heard them presented as such on popular, shitty-assed, so-called “documentary” channels like… “Ancient Aliens”🤮😠. Such shows mention some of your points in terms speculative balance, but don’t dare go deeper. Too many Americans might be reminded of their stupidity and weak education initiatives and might have to raise taxes on the rich to pay for it. It would seem I digress. Anyhooze, we are fortunate to have found access to your knowledge. Thank you.
Many thanks for your kind remarks. I really appreciate it.
@@thearchaeologistslaborator6591 You bet! You rightfully earned them.🙏😌
The Vikings knew how to mine and forge Iron into weapons. It's funny that if they were here, none of the Indians living around them picked up the skill or possessed any iron knives or jewelry
Although picking up that particular skill wouldn't have been all that easy, there is abundant evidence that, as soon as French, English and Dutch fur traders arrived on the scene, European copper, brass, silver, and glass artifacts began to show up at indigenous villages even hundreds of miles away from where the European outposts were. That didn't seem to happen as much in the case of the Norse settlements in Greenland and Newfoundland, but some Scandinavian artifacts did end up in some communities in the eastern Arctic but, so far at least, not farther inland.
This Archaeologist's Laboratory video is inaccurate clickbait. He doesn't even know which letters are what form of Futhrk and claims one is backward on the Heavener Runestone. Can bet he has never been there. He is simply clueless hustling clickbait money.
I love when something makes sense!
Thanks!
I am a retired Archaeogist and think it is obvious that white “Christian “ settlers to make a white European presence in North America to claim discovery and right to land over the native Americans.
That's an excellent point. This was all in the wake of "The Moundbuilder Hypothesis" that involved attributing North American monuments to just about anybody but the indigenous people who actually built them. I plan to do another video on that Moundbuilder episode and its lasting impacts.
The Kensington Runestone: Besides all the other problems, I question the idea that a party returned to camp to find half their expedition dead, and decide the remain in the camp for a month while they carve a long winded runestone.
Excellent point! "Half our party just got massacred. Let's hang around and carve inscriptions."
1362 date carved in it. One year after the battle of Visby 1361. Some of the inscription is said to not be Futhark but the same letters found on Gotland Island. In Visby if I recall correctly. Stone was found not far from headwater leading to south to Mississippi and north to Lake Itasca which drains into Hudson Bay.
That’s assuming thoughts that may not be in past minds
Uhm this has to be fake because I don’t like it…. Huh? Except for some iron tools a Viking kit would be woolen, skin and wood, only preserved after centuries in special conditions. A small group, twenty or thirty men are unlikely to to have left much and what they left would be hard to preserve and then even unlikely to be found.
You bring up a good point that an exploring party might be traveling light and might not leave a lot behind. But then you have to ask why they managed to leave so many inscriptions on stone, which would have required hammers and iron chisels, and some of the latter were bound to wear out and get discarded. They would also have had steel weapons, whetstones to sharpen them, and probably equipment for cooking their meals. Generally, inscriptions are among the rarest type of artifact archaeologists find, and here they're the ONLY type of artifact. If true, it would be a major anomaly.
@@thearchaeologistslaborator6591 when you have experienced woodsman/seaman on an an exploration I doubt one would see much lost tools. I trekked from grand junction co to ft Bridger Wyoming over a six week period, and I don think I lost any part of my cache of supplies. Have we found an artifact from Lewis and Clark, or Pike? Jed Smith and Joseph Walker led several expedition across the Great Basin and the Mojave but I don’t think we found any artifacts from them, or Coronado two centuries earlier Even if a small party had people who didn’t take care of their stuff what are the chances of finding something they lost, and making this lucky find attributing it to Vikings If amateur Joe the guy looking for arrowheads finds a Viking arrowhead in iron, what will he think. Viking or eighteenth century trade point. Even pros could be fooled by the similarities To have made the stone would have required chisel ( one) and any group would have had several hammers….. and the need to not lose them Remember, although we have some very nice whet stones, they infact grow wild. And a chisel wouldn’t wear out in normal use over the active life of the user, provided he took care of it.
You have a point about Lewis & Clark, etc., but then we also have less information about exactly where they camped, despite the pretty good documentation of their journeys. The difference is that the rune stones, if they're real, would show exactly where the Vikings were, and you might expect something, if only a hearth and some discarded animal bones, to be there.
@@thearchaeologistslaborator6591 they would only make a hearth if they were staying How many bones from Indian sites are there from nomadic tribes. A village is one thing Bones thrown from a campfire are probably not going to be preserved. Unless burried in mud or crud in a cave bones don’t keep well. The stone was a marker for a claim, but the band leaving it was small and on the move
@@thearchaeologistslaborator6591 Think about Drake and the Golden Hind. He made several stops along California coast, left a copper plate claiming California, new Albion he called it. But we have never found the plate or an sixteenth century European artifact from California Think of a band who could have left the Kensington rune stone Small, moving fast, camping only over night, fishing and killing some deer. A month and first rain storm their camp fire is gone, deer and fish waste left on the ground is cleaned up quickly
The Tunes, on the 90 foot stone, on Oak Island !
Runes
As I understand it, those aren't runes; they're a sort of code (letter substitution) and the words are apparently in English.
Sir, just a couple of weeks ago, on the Oak Island show, they identified several characters/symbols from the 90 ft stone as Viking Runes. But there are many others , most , which are still unidentified.
I've looked at those, and you can clearly see that they're not runes, that they match up with our alphabet as a letter-substitution code, and that they're in English.
During 19 century various (Christian) cults appeared. Mixed with Old Testament, spiritism, and native folk lore. Many of those cults had a secret membership, with made up alphabets to pass messages.
You're quite right, and one of the alleged ancient American inscriptions that I plan to discuss in another video is demonstrably copied from a Masonic book.
What do you know about Erik the Red's (alleged) visitation of America? You probably don't believe that ever happened either, right?!
There is abundant evidence that Erik Thorvaldsson founded an early (the first?) settlement in Greenland, and that his son, Leif Eriksson, led an expedition to the northeastern part of North America. Archaeologists have found the site, L'Anse Aux Meadows, in northern Newfoundland that the Norse founded shortly after that. The difference here is that there's both near-contemporary historical documentation and strong archaeological evidence for the Norse activity in both Greenland and Newfoundland, including actual houses and ironworking facilities, and also a little artifactual evience in the Canadian Arctic. There's nothing (so far at least) comparable in the Mississippi Basin.
@@thearchaeologistslaborator6591 The evidence of the colony at L'Anse Aux Meadows is in no doubt whatsoever and is now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
@@thearchaeologistslaborator6591 I advise that you at least investigate what some Swedes (and Norwegians) have historically believed about the validity of visitation of North America proper by Erik the Red. Do you have any Swedish contacts who you can utilize to begin your "exploration"? (no need for a reply to my query)
@@GilObregon-hj6zh I’m very well connected to the environment of heritage exploring in the Nordic Countries, (I'm from Denmark but have close family ties to Norway, the Faroe Islands, and Sweden), and this is the first time I’ve ever heard anyone express the idea that Eiríkr "hinn Rauði" Þórvaldsson traveled to America. His sons and his daughter definitely did! Can you tell me where you came across this idea? Are there any valid written sources I can explore?
@@gorillaguerillaDK I will have to get back to you. But for now, I will just note that it may be some Danes -- may not be some Swedes (as I stated) -- who believe that "Erik" reached America before his son did. Also, I do not personally know of any written materials regarding the subject.
I can't recall the name of the program just now, but According to The Historical geologist from the History channel who did a season's worth of research on this, the Vikings DID INDEED explore the central parts of the USA and Canada. They left stones engraved with runes at the outlets of river drainage basins, claiming the lands drained by the streams. He discovered evidence that LATER, the FRENCH discovered these in the early fir trade times and, surreptitiously, initiated a campaign to find and DESTROY all of these they could so as not to "complicate" their own land claims in North America. Obviously, they missed a few of them.
I think you're talking about the geologist, Scott Wolter. As I recall, he focuses on the age and origin of the rocks these inscriptions are on, and sometimes tries to assess how "fresh" (or not) the engravings are, but has nothing to offer on the linguistic aspects of the inscriptions and, of course, has no other artifacts to support these interpretations.
A historical geologist research very very old layers of rocks , you need a ARCHAEOGIST, we study early humans . Please use CRITICAL THINKING: what could be wrong with your favorite emotional feels about a subject.
@@georgenelson8917 He DID have a point with the odd way certain letters (Runes) were consistent in the examples he studied--- However, I was only offering his theory as an another example to consider as a POSSIBILITY. Of course it is not proof, just something else to consider.
@@thearchaeologistslaborator6591 He is the definition of fringe.
America unearthed series, is what you are referring to.