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@alephii

Жыл бұрын

a master piece as always! Big fan here! Do you have OnlyFans?

@llMarvelous

Жыл бұрын

The “under the rock” scene in the beginning definitely had to draw some more attention of men viewers to the screen 😅 Joking aside - nice episode, didn’t realize the_drama around “zero” in the past 😅

@robhappier

Жыл бұрын

Hi upandatom! LOVE your video. Zero is my hero!!! :) "We could never reach a star without his zero; my hero; zero, how wonderful you are."- Schoolhouse Rock kzread.info/dash/bejne/aJmcmq-lXdXbf5M.html

@kamatchinmay

Жыл бұрын

It has been widely accepted and recorded that it was Aryabhatta who first used zero. He was born around 476ce

@sampatkalyan3103

Жыл бұрын

Zero was an Indian invention. And no we didn't learn it from anyone including babylonians. Indians invented lots mathematical theories including Pythagoras theorem. And the Concept of binary number system is also from India. Indians learning the number 0 from babylonian it is like saying the communication between humans give humanity the internet

The number zero must have been invented immediately after the first maths exam

@vishalsinghbaghel

Жыл бұрын

🤣 probably due to nobita

@IndependentThinker

Жыл бұрын

Lol

@neutronenstern.

Жыл бұрын

no you just get int main{void}

@aniketalextirkey9500

Жыл бұрын

Relatable Life Incident 😂!

@CyclePI

Жыл бұрын

Well done sir :D :D :D

I know zero is very important in mathematics but didn't know that Pythagoras and Fibonacci were both involved along with the Indians in such rich history and drama. Thanks as always Jade!

@SilhSe

Жыл бұрын

Good stuff 👍

@prateekagarwal5541

Жыл бұрын

🙏🇮🇳 hopefully u r having wonderful day

@tylerd5924

Жыл бұрын

The major credit goes to a guy named Aryabhata

@commentfreely5443

Жыл бұрын

3 rubber bands x 0 = 0 rubber bands

@esecallum

Жыл бұрын

I thought indians were all savages living in trees

0:07: 🔢 The concept of zero didn't exist for 1,500 years and caused controversy when it was invented. 3:48: ! The Babylonians invented the symbol for zero as a placeholder to distinguish between numbers. 7:42: 🔢 The Greeks rejected zero in their mathematical system due to its association with non-existence and the denial of God. 10:08: 🧮 The concept of zero in mathematics originated in ancient India and played a crucial role in the development of modern algebra. 13:13: 🤔 The video explores the significance of zero in mathematics and how different cultures' beliefs influenced its invention or discovery. Recap by Tammy AI

@Matyanson

3 ай бұрын

Thanks for mentioning the use of AI. I had a feeling it was made by one but did not want to discredit the author if it weren't the case.

During one of my trips to Central America, I had learned that the Maya and the Aztecs were well aware of the number zero. Your research is great and I learned a lot. It will be good to complement this superb documentation with history from the peoples of the Americas. A big thank you.

@PYTHAGORAS101

Жыл бұрын

I wish people would stop calling zero a number. Zero is not a number in any way. Zero means no number and no number is not a number.

@user-ys3ev5sh3w

Жыл бұрын

You are right. For example. Preface. Positional natural a-ary d-digit number systems can represent some kind of polytopes. For example: binary d-digit number system is a d-vertex simplex.(vertices is a numbers whith digital root=1, edges is a numbers with digital root=2 and so on) 2^n-ary d-digit number system is a n*d-vertex simplex with 2^(n*d) faces (for simplexes externity is considered to be face). 3^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-cuban3. If 1-chain (2 vertices + 1 edge) shift 1 times we receive 2-cuban3 with 3^2=9 faces, i.e. square. 5^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-cuban5. If 2-chain shift 2 times we receive 2-cuban5 with 5^2=25 faces, i.e. 4 square joined together. (2*3=6)^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-mebius6. if 3-ring (1D triangle) shift (2-1)*3 times and "press" 1 chain into 1 vertex we recieve 2-mebius6 with 6^2=36 faces = (3-2)*3 square + 2*3 triangles + 2*3*3 edges + (3-1)*(3+1)+1 vertices , because in 1D-rings shapeless Zero (wich in simplex is a Externity) is "pressed" into 1 vertex and can't generate new shapes . 7^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-cuban7. If 3-chain shift 3 times we recieve 2-cuban7 with 7^2=49 faces, i.e. 9 square joined together. (2*5=10)^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-mebius10. if 5-ring (1D pentagon) shift (2-1)*5 times and "press" 1 chain into 1 vertex we recieve 2-mebius10 with 10^2=100 faces = (5-2)*5 square + 2*5 triangles + 2*5*5 edges + (5-1)*(5+1)+1 vertices . 11^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-cuban11. If 5-chain shift 5 times we recieve 2-cuban11 with 11^2=121 faces, i.e. 25 square joined together. (2*6=12)^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-mebius12.if 6-ring (1D hexagon) shift (2-1)*6 times and "press" 1 chain into 1 vertex we recieve 2-mebius12 with 12^2=144 faces = (6-2)*6 square + 2*6 triangles + 2*6*6 edges + (6-1)*(6+1)+1 vertices . 13^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-cuban13. If 6-chain shift 6 times we recieve 2-cuban13 with 13^2=169 faces, i.e. 36 square joined together. (2*7=14)^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-mebius14.if 7-ring (1D 7-gon) shift (2-1)*7 times and "press" 1 chain into 1 vertex we recieve 2-mebius14 with 14^2=196 faces = (7-2)*7 square + 2*7 triangles + 2*7*7 edges + (7-1)*(7+1)+1 vertices . (3*5=15)^n-ary d-digit number system is a d-mebius15.if 5-ring (1D pentagon) shift (3-1)*5 times and "press" 1 chain into 1 vertex we recieve 2-mebius15 with 15^2=225 faces = 100 faces of 2-mebius10 + 125 faces of 3-cuban5. And so on. So amount of faces of above type a - ary d-digit polytopes =a^d. Conclusion. For me as a programer, it's curious to know that difference in faces between consequent such polytopes is hexagonal numbers. So all natural numbers of all possible positional natural a-ary d-digit number systems exists with shape, realy: "No distinction between numbers and shape. Numbers could not exist without shape."

@velvetcorridor

Жыл бұрын

@@PYTHAGORAS101zero is a number with no value

@PYTHAGORAS101

Жыл бұрын

@@velvetcorridor You are half right; it has no value. It does not belong amongst the counting numbers. It is not a number because it does not share any of the properties that define what a number is.

@unitylearning8736

Жыл бұрын

@@PYTHAGORAS101 If you are restricting your definition of a number to the natural numbers, then 1/2, or pi are not numbers either. Of course zero is a number, it stands a concept and as long as it serves its purpose as an arithmetical value, then it will always be a number.

I can't believe they banned it for 15 years

@icemann1908

Жыл бұрын

Heh, nice.

@alanguile8945

Жыл бұрын

Thanks maths professor!

@CyclePI

Жыл бұрын

I see what you did here :D :D :D gg

@rmsgrey

Жыл бұрын

Surely you mean 15 years not 15 years?

@DarkSkay

Жыл бұрын

The clergy approves this message saving ink

That bit with the baby at 1:34 caught me off-guard. It was very funny.

@brucemoyle7610

Жыл бұрын

I had a Ray William Johnson flashback when the baby was thrown!

In India, Zero is called Shunya. Indians were ofcourse familiar with it as it is mentioned even in Vedas, and it became one of the most important thing in Indian philosophies, from Vendanta to Mahayana Buddhism. Brahman is said to be ultimate reality who is full in itself, but it is also shunya at the same time. There is verse in Isha Upanishad "That is perfect, this is perfect, what is taken from perfect is perfect and what remains after taking it out is also perfect" It was Aryabhatta who invented symbol for 0 and other numbers, which were taken by Arabic traders and are Known as Arabic numerals instead in the west. (Aryabhatta was also the person who first said that earth rotates on its axis and he calculated accurate circumference of the earth, he have done some other cool stuffs also) Brahmagupta introduced concept of negative numbers. 0 is necessarily not nothing but where both opposite qualities combine. Like if there is elevation of ground, that will be positive and if there there is depression, it is negative, the place where the ground neutralises is the 0. That is how concept of negative numbers took place. Brahmagupta was also the first person who proved that 0 divided by 0 is infinity. He also have done some other cool stuff.

@knandakumarvply247

Жыл бұрын

good

@Zenithguy

Жыл бұрын

Lol

@__nog642

Жыл бұрын

0/0 isn't necessarily infinity though.

@gengis737

Жыл бұрын

Non null number divided by zero is infinity, but zero divided by zero is undefined

@saviobenitez4710

11 ай бұрын

​@@gengis737 Nothing is infinity. "The limit is infinity"

Brilliant stuff. I really must commend you on the effort you've put into this video and for condensing the history of zero to 16 mins! Keep up the amazing work!

Pingala (c. 3rd/2nd century BC[32]), a Sanskrit prosody scholar,[33] used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), a notation similar to Morse code.[34] Pingala used the Sanskrit word śūnya explicitly to refer to zero

@warpdrive9229

Жыл бұрын

He was the one who invented the discovered the Fibonacci sequence as well. Fibonacci himself has credited this to Indian mathematicians.

@shubhamkunkerkar5787

10 ай бұрын

​@@warpdrive9229yes but Greece knew about golden ratios and golden triangles without the need of the Fibonacci series. Chinese also invented it independently.

@gurindersingh8109

10 ай бұрын

there was no pingala its a mythology invented by Brahmin fraudsters

@SpellBinder2

8 ай бұрын

it's misbelief that Indians borrowed concept of zero from Babylonians. the concept of zero and decimal system based upon it, already present in the ancient Indian scriptures like RigVed, Yajurved, Atharv Ved, Vedang Jyotish, Shulvasutra and many others. There is a name for every power of 10 till 12th power. Decimal system is incomplete without zero. mathematician Laplace also stated that ' it is India that gave is the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by ten symbols (1 to 9 and 0). There are more quotations about Indian mathematics that can be found in a book written by American Mathematician Florian Cajori " history of mathematics (1909) "as well. Classics of Indian mathematics written by Henry Thomas Colebrook (1817) tells you more about it.

@Fkdl12

2 ай бұрын

Babylonians invented zero. Indians borrowed it.

Welcome to all the Indian commenters who will be here in 3, 2, 1…zero

@vishalsinghbaghel

Жыл бұрын

I'm here

@simesaid

Жыл бұрын

Commentators... Learn some English.

@Lavitra_Gupta

9 ай бұрын

I am here

@hrishikeshsnamputiri7429

9 ай бұрын

Hi

@Anonymous-md2qp

8 ай бұрын

@@simesaid”A commenter is someone who makes isolated comments. These days, the word most often refers to people who post comments on blogs and news websites. A commentator is someone who provides commentary.”

I liked this video very much mainly for its open approach. But I have explained in my book that zero was probably discovered around 200 BCE. I do not think it had to be invented; because it was all along there, but it just did not occur to any till that day. The earliest reference to zero is found in the book called "Chanda Sastra" 4.32. It is created by Sage Pingalacharya around 200 BCE. The reference in that goes like this in Sanskrit. “Gaayathre shadsankhyaamardhe apaneethe dvayanke avasishtasthrayastheshu roopamapaneeya dvayankaadha: soonyam sthaapyam” Meaning: In gayatri chandas, one pada has six letters. When this number is made half, it becomes three. Remove one from three and make it half to get one. Remove one from it, thus gets the 'Soonya' (zero). Clear evidence for the existence of definite rules for calculations using zero appears many years later in the year in 1029 CE, in 'Siddhantha Sekhara' authored by Sripati, though it might have been in existence earlier. It says “Vikaaramaayaanthi dhanarunakhaani na soonya samyoga viyogathasthu soonyaaddhi suddham swamrunam kshayam swam vadhaadinaa kham khaharam vibhakthaa”. Meaning: Nothing happens (to the number) when a positive or negative number is added with zero. When +ve and -ve numbers are subtracted from zero, the +ve number becomes negative and -ve number becomes +ve. When multiplied with zero, the values of both +ve and -ve numbers become zero, when divided by zero, it becomes infinity ('khahara'). The place value of numbers seems to have been known around 650-700 CE. “Yathaa ekarekhaa sathasthaane satham dasasthane dasaiam chaikasthaane yathaa cha ekathvepi sthree mathaa cha uchyathe duhithaa svasaa cha ithi” (Sankaracharya, in 'Vyasa Bhashaya' to 'Yoga Sutra' - 650 CE). Meaning: In the unit place the digit has the same value, in 10th place, 10 times the value and in 100th place 100 times the value, given. Also “Yathaachaikaapi rekha sthaananyathvena nivisamaanaika dasa satha sahasraadi sabda prathyaya bhedhamanubhavathi” ('Sankaracharya', 'Vedanta Sutra Bhashaya II.2.17 - CE 700) Meaning: One and the same numerical sign when occupying different places is conceived as measuring 1, 10, 100, 1000 etc. May refer the book "The Hidden Messages in Indian Scriptures" (Chapter 13) ASIN: B07XL58DPH.

This was a very good look at the history of Zero! Love your videos, please keep going!

Actually it would be interesting to hear you cover all the math of mesopotamia.

@eleventy7

Жыл бұрын

I once heard that the Egyptian pyramids were built with the aid of measuring instruments that were simple in design, like two sticks connected by a piece of rope or string. The circles and lines they would get from them would be like compasses, and the geometry of the interaction of those shapes would go towards the design of their architecture (would need to verify, this is something from way back in school). If there's info on it, it would be neat to know what type of geometry and math the Mesopotamians were using to do things like build their ziggurats.

@jonstfrancis

Жыл бұрын

That base 60 is pretty wild and kinda scary for those Babylonian school kids!

@swicked86

Жыл бұрын

​@@jonstfrancis I'm sure we've lost some IQ points along the way, can you imagine how you would feel explaining the metric system.

@jonstfrancis

Жыл бұрын

@@swicked86 I'm sure we have too

I love the effort you put into your videos by making all those props. Hope you keep doing it!

Very well done! Informative, well researched, well organized, and clearly presented. Bravo!

Such a wonderful video, it's cleared many of doubts regarding invention of zero. Keep doing more and by the way it's a great research.

I honestly don't understand how anyone can find math or science dull.... The more I learn the more it feels as if I am revealing the secrets of reality. And it leads to more questions ... that feel as if they too are addicting mysteries. It's a endless amazing cycle.

@diablo.the.cheater

Жыл бұрын

They find it dull because it was presented as dull when they where kiddos, i argue that math and science should be "prohibited" in schools, and the math and science books hidden in a "hidden library" that students "should not enter". All te books written like it was hidden lore of course. I am joking, but that may work surprisingly well now that i am thinking about it.

@kapoioBCS

Жыл бұрын

It is very different to watch entertaining sci and math videos on KZread, than actually practice real math problems in order to really understand and learn the field. KZread videos like this give the illusion of learning but it mostly a colorful surface learning without any real depth. :/

@barkfish6853

Жыл бұрын

@Jordbær I know ...I have my degree physics. You assume that I only mean here? I honestly just love surrounding myself with as much of it as possible. It's my life blood. I might be crazy, but I literally wake up and fall asleep with questions from the field. When it comes to science educators... I can rewatch some of my favorite concepts relentlessly. I have been watching Sagan for....well mh entire life.

@BBBrasil

Жыл бұрын

Imagine a drill, ask a child to cross the room in 10 steps. Go back and then ask to cross it with 16 steps. Present geometry and ask to build an arch the old way, with sand and hollow blocks. Play with see-saw with different lengths and weights. Make all this as competition, cooperation or "new inventions". That's the way from kindergarten to grade 4, present them with actual fun problems. The way we do it now is to kill curiosity, math and science. Throughout school, teach children theater, dance, sports and literature. Teach them citizenship, organization and politics. At 8 grade start teaching Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Math, History, Geography. You will notice they have already learned the basics for every class. This is not my idea, several parts of this strategy is in place in other countries.

@maynardtrendle820

Жыл бұрын

@@kapoioBCS Of course. But they also serve to introduce people who would never have encountered these ideas to different ways of thinking. You can go from this to MIT online courseware, or to the IAS, or to a million other in-depth lectures and classes. If you've never been interested in something like 'Where Zero comes from', and this video pops up, you might just search out more on the subject. You can find nearly anything you'd like to learn on your own these days, and pop-sci CAN help as a starter. Certainly it's no replacement for deep study, but should you choose to pursue something, the internet is like having multiple Libraries of Alexandria in your pocket.

Great video as always Jade! You are so very good at explaining things and keeping it interesting. You have a knack of keeping it flowing ... like finishing explaining a point and then saying something like "there's just one problem". Like the cliffhanger between chapters. And your explanations are so clear. You're a natural teacher! 😊

Thank you very much Jade. You are really fantastic teacher. I love your method of explaining that uses different animations and other stuff to deliver a concept.

You just magically showed up in my suggestions. This is the kind of thing I'm preoccupied with as my mind wonders during my many hours of freeway driving. Well, one of them. I think I'm going to get a lot of enjoyment from your content

The tally bone reminded me of how the tally stick was used to create a verifiable accounting system. You make your marks then split the stick lengthwise to make two sticks you can fit together to verify that the number of notches has not been altered by one party or the other

@NVanHiker

Жыл бұрын

Kind of like early version of blockchain verification of contract?

Your excitement and love for mathematics and science is intoxicating. I wish you had existed when I was a kid. Maybe I wouldn't have failed math in school so much. :)

Back in the C64 days, the simplest way of dividing in assembler was to repeatedly subtract the divisor until it was less than the numerator. The number of subtractions was the answer and the remaining numerator was the remainder. If the divisor was zero, you'd end up in a never-ending loop as the numerator never decreased. Not sure if this was actually "infinity" since infinity is where parallel lines meet and recurring results converge but zero would actually never converge like that. I think.

Fantastic presentation both in manner and order of revelation not to mention skill and research. Well done to you and your team. Thank you for this 'tube and thank you for what you do!

As usual it is a very interesting topic and so well presented in a very clear and entertaining way. Thanks for your excellent work.

This channel deserves so many more views. Great videos

Indian history on science is still under rated what we discovered in those fields are unbelievable for that era but no one want to show it

@abhaysingh2334

Жыл бұрын

@Bernhard Schwarz i am talking about the researches and documentation which were done in India and no civilization was properly know India back then

I admire the way you present mathematics. You make math interesting and fun

Hi Jade this was an excellent episode, wish all maths teachers had your talent

@MeesterG

Жыл бұрын

Hi Jason :) As a teacher, your comment bothers me a bit. I really loved this video and wish I was able to create a lesson even 10% as cool as her video. But we can't compete with this. As we have to do tens of lesson in 1 day, with the preparation time sometimes around 10 minutes. Dealing, next to preparing lessons, with emotional problems, parents, meetings, administration, accidents, e-mails, jammed printers, cleaning up the class, planning out a schedule, and more. I'm a Dutch teacher, and around 25% of teachers in the Netherlands are dealing with a burn out. It's incredible how much pressure has increased on teachers in the past decades. I am sure there are 1000s of super talented teachers out there, who wouldn't always compete with this. Btw, how much would you remember if you would get a test about this subject in 3 weeks? A video can explain a lot at once, but isn't always the most effective way of learning. I do believe teachers could use these gems in KZread, and I'm planning of sharing this one with my class. Thanks a million for that, Up and Atom!

@jasonmuller1199

Жыл бұрын

@@MeesterG hi obviously my comment was just meant as a compliment to Jade, not as an insult to teachers or lectures.

@MeesterG

Жыл бұрын

:)

Love the production value & theming on this one!

That was really clear, and it was enjoyable to watch too! Thanks. :)

Finding your channel feels like I've unlocked the conceptual vocabulary to better describe reality and my relationship with it (what some might call the meaning of life.) Thank you so much! Also you are the only KZreadr who successfully convinced me to get nebula, can't wait to see your documentary.

01:11 The number "two" immediately comes to mind.

Easily top 5 science and philosophy explainers on KZread! Excellent work!

Awesome work.. very informative. Thank u lots

Wow, I love your channel. I haven't been in a lecture hall for almost 30 years. An excellent refresher for knowledge I had forgotten due to lack of use. I studied as far as 2cnd year university calculus, but I only need algebra in my career in the trades lol.

@gameon6252

Жыл бұрын

Egyptian and Chinese mathematician- indian mathematician ke laude par

Great video, and fun to see you out in the field doing a little archaeology! Well done Indiana Jade.

@LR-te6zi

Жыл бұрын

or (lara)-jade croft

@eaterdrinker000

Жыл бұрын

I'm a "KZread-educated" boor, but I'd like to see a collaboration between Jade and Elise Freshwater-Blizzard. Elise is a British caver on KZread, so they'd have to overcome some distance.

@KrishnarajRaoUrbanNaxal

Жыл бұрын

Indiana Jade 😂😂 good one, but seriously, this was one of Jade's really interesting episodes

@myscreen2urs

Жыл бұрын

And if she shaves her head, she'd be GI Jade 🙃

I watch a lot of educational content on KZread. I've recently discovered your channel...and you are one of the best creators ever... explaining such complex theories so well. Keep up the great work 🫂. I'm gonna binge watch all your videos soon✅

Zero was never banned from Western thought. The Greeks opted for the use of 27 greek letters to represent numbers from 1 to 999 and they already used a small circle to indicate that a 3-digit column was empty. The Romans used the minus sign, normally used to represent negative numbers (debts essentially) without any figures to mean zero.

'Never let a learning opportunity pass you by' ... I wasn't looking for, or expecting this one, but I'm glad I tripped over it. Thank you

Thanks for getting me interested in the history of mathematics and numbers. Never gave it much thought before.

The Maya also used a positional system with a symbol for zero. Upon European contact, this was one of (many) the reasons Diego de Landa, a Catholic bishop, had almost all Maya books burned.

@royendershade8044

Жыл бұрын

Lol nope. 0 was irrelevant there. Diego de Landa was soon removed from his place after his superior was informed of what he did, and not even allowed to return to America until his superior died.

@author7027

Жыл бұрын

shame for Christians !

@OriginalDonutposse

Жыл бұрын

@@author7027 that’s one of many

@1locust1

Жыл бұрын

A true act of vandalism.

@christopherellis2663

Жыл бұрын

Rubbish 🗑 you invent this because you have Calvinist roots or are a professional atheist How would a sixteenth century Spanish soldier know how to read them in the first place? He would have been disgusted with the human sacrifice and accompanying cannibalism. Chilli 🌶 con Chihuahu anyone?

Well done, I thought I knew this but you have enlightened me, thank you. It’s not often I can say that, thanks again.

great video as always, thanks Jade!

4:14 The Babylonian placeholder was not used at the end of a number. Thus numbers like 2 and 120 (2×60), 3 and 180 (3×60), 4 and 240 (4×60) looked the same, because the larger numbers lacked a final sexagesimal placeholder. Only context could differentiate them.

Zero wasn't always around but it was certainly always a round.

@vybs9235

Жыл бұрын

Lmao that's clever

@nachoijp

Жыл бұрын

Smartass time! Didn't you watch the video? the symbol the Babylonians used wasn't round! :P

@koketso_dithipe

Жыл бұрын

@@nachoijp I did but I couldn't resist the play on words, even if it resulted in a fallacy.

Great job on this subject!

Excellent video, Jade! I'd never really thought about it but the idea of number zero could be deeply bound to the very conception of universe and existence ancient cultures had: the idea of nothingness and the abstraction of things vs the concrete. Interesting 😎👍

Great work, but I wanted to push back on a few things: 1. We don't really know how prehistoric people "felt" about zero. You're probably on the right track when you say the issue really didn't come up. At least not for practical purposes. 2. The concept of the number line is modern. No one thought of multiplication as stretching rubber bands in ancient times, that I know of. The number line serves well to teach 0 and negative numbers today, and if that was ever how anyone thought about numbers, people would have been happy with 0 and negative numbers long ago. 3. Ancient mathematicians had geometry and had counting numbers. The Pythagoreans tried to merge the two by having lengths as multiples of other lengths, but the fact that the length of a side of a square and its diagonal cannot be both measured as whole numbers of the same length (what we would today call the irrationality of the square root of 2) forced the Greeks to separate geometry and counting numbers. The organization of Euclid's elements makes more sense once you realize this. 4. Thus, the notion of 0 has two different meanings: the geometric and the arithmetic. Geometrically, 0 is a line with no length, which even modern people would say is not a line at all (or some mathematicians would say is a degenerate case). Arithmetically, it's a matter of definition. What do you consider a counting number? Actually, the ancient Greeks didn't even consider 1 a number, since the term "number" implied you had a multiplicity of something. They called it a unit (or at least that's what my English translation of Euclid calls it). 5. For calculations: this is something most histories of 0 omit. Long before Fibonacci, people in Europe used the abacus. They were not doing calculations with pencil and paper, with rows of Roman numerals. The abacus represents numbers positionally, like we do today. The abacus was used throughout Eurasia and already existed over a millenium before Fibonacci. The predecessor to the abacus, available to the ancient Greeks and even earlier, was the counting board with pebbles, which is like an abacus without the rods to hold the beads. Same concept. The Chinese used counting rods instead of pebbles, and there is a numeral system based on it that is not the standard Chinese numeral system most people know today (see Suzhou numerals). Thus, having a 0 in a positional system is something that was used for quite some time. By the way, our word for "calculate" (and "calculus") comes from the Latin word "calculi", which means pebble. 6. The Mayans also had a positional numeral system in base 20, and had a symbol for 0 in this system. Though it might have predated the Maya. This predates the appearance of zero in our known Hindu sources. 7. The Greeks didn't think of Zeno's paradoxes in terms of 0, but rather infinity. They made a distinction between absolute infinity (which they knew led to paradoxes and suspected was incoherent as an idea) and potential infinity, meaning the result of an unending process of finite things. Archimedes's arguments about the area of the circle or volume of the sphere use notions of potential infinity. He basically came up with the notion of integration, but avoiding the problems with infinity. 8. In fact, the development of calculus depended on being willing to stretch notions of logic to some extent. What is dx? This is the sort of thing that would show to the Greeks that the whole thing was absurd, but Newton and Leibniz were willing to go with it because it seemed to explain the results of Fermat, Descartes, and others. But George Berkeley pointed out that it made no logical sense. Only the work of Bolzano, Weierstrass, Cauchy, and others helped make this rigorous, and that was in response to other paradoxes that had come up in the 19th century. 9. Negative numbers show up occasionally as possibilities in these numeration systems, but they are not used in algebra, especially in the days when algebra was only being applied to geometric things. See points #3 and #4 above. Indeed, Cardano's Ars Magna, he separates the cubic into a large number of cases like a cube equalling a multiple of x plus another number, versus a cube plus a multiple of x equalling a number, etc. because he couldn't just move all the terms to one side of the equation, whether they are positive or negative. This is the 1540s! I would argue that 0 (the number, not the numeral), and negative numbers, start making a difference in math only when you have algebra, because it helps merge all these different cases into one thing. Come to think of it, complex numbers play a similar role. 10. Do you have a source on the Church considering 0 to be of the devil? I don't know of one, and the Church is famous for writing all of its rules down and debating them. Nor am I aware of any Church teaching regarding 0 and the existence of God. Also, Aquinas was over a century after Fibonacci's work, but when he lays out the arguments for and against the existence of God, the number 0 does not merit even a mention. There is a Church doctrine about God creating the universe from "nothing" (ex nihilo) but since God and by some accounts the angels already existed, this is not a claim that "there was nothing" at the time, but rather that God was not shaping one thing into another, like when we "make" a chair out of wood and nails, but was just willing the universe into existence. Anyway, great work on bringing this stuff to KZread. Seems like you've reached quite an enthusiastic audience.

@scotte4765

Жыл бұрын

Offering corrections is a vital part of mathematics, science, and critical thinking in general, so credit to you for taking the time to lay out all these details. That said, if you're going to go into this level of detail and want it to be accepted as more authoritative than the video, you really need to back them up with sources and citations. Otherwise, you're just offering unsupported counter-assertions against the assertions made in the video, leaving readers with no particular reason to think your assertions are more correct. Perhaps it is you and not Jade who is misquoting or misremembering historical details. Or perhaps you are right on some or all of them.

@kapilsethia9284

Жыл бұрын

@@scotte4765 sometimes I wonder how much of our historical details (widely accepted ones) would be just assertions if we could see in the past.

@scotte4765

Жыл бұрын

@@kapilsethia9284 Quite a few, I'm sure. It's human nature to latch onto and repeat versions of stories which are more dramatic, heroic, or shocking than the reality actually was.

@KalonOrdona2

Жыл бұрын

@@scotte4765 who has time in a comment? It's still valuable to lay out objections in searchable terms. Skepticism is good, but the video doesn't cite anything either.

@scotte4765

Жыл бұрын

​@@KalonOrdona2 The commenter who typed out an entire page of ten numbered objections probably does. You're right that the video doesn't give any citations, and that's a valid criticism of it, but my point is that if you're going to go to some effort to criticize it and want your criticisms to be _more_ convincing, you need to do a _better_ job, not just an equally poor one.

Thanks for this great timetravel. Now I and all the other viewers know much more about the hard time zero had to get accepted.

You putting up so much work on your videos! I'm always amazed :D :D

Loved this one. Great job. One thing, though, while you were seeking the ultimate dramatic example @ 13:08, 1's and 0's are representation of "On" and "Off" or "Yes" and "No" for electricity to travel down one pathway or another in a transistor. This is a physical property of the transistor. If Zero didn't exist this property would still exist and electricity would still travel, when signaled, down one pathway or another, it would just be represented in some other symbolic language than a 1 or Zero. If you drop a rock, even with out Zero, when it hit the ground it would reach Zero velocity. Alan Turing's Machine was completely mechanical in nature, though it ran on electricity, it had no circuit boards using 1's and 0's. My long way around to the point is a computer could still exist without Zero. Other than that LOVE your stuff, keep it up.

You can argue from an analytic (as in real analysis, or the extension of rigorous calculus) perspective that zeno's paradox resolves to 2m without using 0. For any epsilon that is positive, enough terms can be added to get more than that distance from 2. Simply note that for 2-epsilon, you can continuously divide the distance between 1 and 2 by 2 until you pass the point. The whole point of analysis is seeing what happens when stuff gets small (very generally). You can still do that if you have no 0. Also, the fact that Binary uses 0 and 1 is more of just a notational thing. It's the concept of there being nothing (as in, a transistor is off), but it doesn't mean it has to be 0. You can just as easily use a and b or 1 and triangle.

It's funny how you explained calculus in a sentence when my calc teacher in uni couldn't do it at all. She was the worst teacher I had and you explained limits in a single breath. Good job =D

@knoahbody69

Жыл бұрын

Yeah, being able to do math doesn't mean that you can explain it in English. Most math is taught as a religion...there are questions you don't ask.

@OdinMagnus

Жыл бұрын

@knoahbody69 yeah, she did yeah it like a religion. "Because that's what the book says" was her answer to "how did you get that answer? "

@knoahbody69

Жыл бұрын

@@OdinMagnus In our country the teachers are supposed to teach math as a language, but most of the grade school teachers went into grade school because they didn't understand math as a language.

@EM-qr4kz

Жыл бұрын

@@knoahbody69 WOOOW.

@gonestacmac

Жыл бұрын

I was an English major. Isn't calculus just percentages? Go easy mathies, I'm 59 with a TBI.

Zero has value. In the early days of eBay, someone tried posting "nothing" for sale. It sold for $1.14.

I love this! Clear, comprehensible explanations with historical background. I especially enjoy all your videos on the various paradoxes. One quibble though; since the ancient Greeks were polytheistic, so to contemplate zero was to question the existence of gods.

11:00 Weren't negative numbers taboo in Europe for many mathematicians - even in the 13th and 14th Centuries, and possibly well beyond. From memory it was a real issue when they were looking for a general solution to cubic equations. This is well covered in the Welch Labs series on Complex Numbers, Veritasium has covered it, and Mathologer too. But the whole story might be worth re-telling here :-)

@rmsgrey

Жыл бұрын

The problem with solving cubics is not the use of negative numbers but the fact that, if you look closely, somewhere in the middle of the solution you take square roots of a negative number. If you pretend that it makes sense to do that, imagining that there's some sort of number that squares to become a negative number, it all cancels out in the end, and you get a real number out as a solution, but you do have that pair of imaginary numbers in the middle...

@guest_informant

Жыл бұрын

@@rmsgrey That is one problem with cubics and negative numbers, IIRC there are others.

@altrag

Жыл бұрын

No, they weren't taboo by the time they were looking at cubic equations. The idea of negatives (particularly account balances) had been around a while by then (though negatives did have their own fraught history earlier on due to that "what does a negative area mean" connection with geometry that earlier mathematicians still insisted on, inherited from the Greeks). It was the square root of negative numbers (ie: imaginary numbers) that were the problem child during the time of solving cubics.

@guest_informant

Жыл бұрын

​@@altrag From a Quanta article, for instance: "In the 16th century, algebraic equations were still expressed rhetorically - in words, not symbols - and all coefficients had to be nonnegative, since mathematicians did not recognize negative numbers as legitimate." My understanding was that the depressed cubics "had" to be expressed with positive values only. Within some solutions complex numbers appear (I think this was mentioned in the Veritasium video) but there were other objections to negative numbers _per se_ Regardless, negative numbers were a source of controversy for centuries eg web.stanford.edu/class/me161/documents/HistoryOfNegativeNumbers.pdf

@rmsgrey

Жыл бұрын

@@guest_informant Considering you can flip the sign of any term simply by moving it to the other side of an equation, requiring all the co-efficients of a polynomial to be non-negative has no more of a limiting effect on mathematics than requiring them all to be on the left hand side. I haven't looked into it lately, but it wouldn't surprise me if you couldn't still find people arguing, in all seriousness, that negative numbers are not proper numbers, but merely mathematical fictions.

4:21 "This column was intentionally left blank"

I really enjoyed this video, thank you very much 😀

One of the things I enjoy about math is how well everything works together. Like, in current year, I study all kinds of math, from calculus, to statistics, to set theory and proof writing. And I think a lot about how nice it is that everyone else already figured this stuff out. Listening to you talk about the invention of zero and how people literally had to change mathematics seems crazy to me. I imagine it was similar for fractions, irrational numbers and complex numbers. For all of mathematical history, there was a rule that said, "Nah, you can't have a number between 1 and 2," and then one day, someone said, "But what about 1 and a half?" and boom, fractions. "Can't take the square root of a negative value," boom, i comes around. It would be absolutely wild to be around for a significant change in math. What if I wake up one day and someone figures out how to divide by zero? It probably won't happen, but who knows?

@jrstf

Жыл бұрын

We have significant changes in math all the time as children grow into adults. We teach young children about fractions. Only later do they realize a fraction is simply a division which hasn't been calculated. While describing a problem to a child I wrote a number with a decimal point, a line under it, and another number below the line. He accused me of mixing decimals and fractions. I had no idea what he was talking about. Seems he thought a line was used to write fractions and a division sign was used to write division. He hadn't quite reached the point where they would teach him they are both the same thing. Life is far more difficult when you don't grasp the concept needed to solve a particular problem.

@KartikayKaul

10 ай бұрын

Computational theory is in the similar position right now math was in 15th to 16th century.

Brilliant! Such an engaging and lucid explanation of zero's place in mathematics.

This one is incredibly well done!

Good info. Thank you.

Rather brilliant presentation of a concept!

Zero was discovered by Aryabhatta an Indian mathematician. From India the mathematics spread out. Indian Vishwavidhlaya( Univerties) exits more than 200BC where they all studied about the mathematics, Astrology and others.

@iiiotinfotech891

Жыл бұрын

Right, Agreed

@simpleview9711

Жыл бұрын

I thought it was Brahmagupta (from India too)

@MyBinaryLife

Жыл бұрын

the mesopotamians and the mayans had both discovered zero about 500 years before india did. "The first recorded zero appeared in Mesopotamia around 3 B.C. The Mayans invented it independently circa 4 A.D. It was later devised in India in the mid-fifth century, spread to Cambodia near the end of the seventh century, and into China and the Islamic countries at the end of the eighth."

@kishorkashyap9140

Жыл бұрын

@@MyBinaryLife Do you know about indian culture? India has world's oldest civilization, When the rest of the regilion were not even born, Gurukul used to run in India. Hope you got the point.

@ivoivanov7407

Жыл бұрын

An inferiority complex see here I

This channel brings one of the best props games on KZread, while expertly using homemade/prepped physical items for illustrations educating points pedagogically, also for thelr babythrowing shock value.

@zen1647

Жыл бұрын

Yeah, I laughed out loud when she casually threw the baby away. Great video Jade.

Interesting video! I learnt something today! Thankyou!

"Computers store data as 1's and 0's." But those are really just representations of two distinct values - we could use T and F if we wanted to. I certainly think the "maturity" that incorporating zero has brought to our mathematical abilities has helped us, and it's very possible that without it we wouldn't yet have developed computers. But the non-existence of zero doesn't "preclude their existence."

It’s always easy and fun to learn from you, thanks for sharing your knowledge 🙏🏼

It's interesting that somehow I have ever think about Zeno's paradox when my teacher taught us about HCF on early year of Elementary School. It was a wild ride until I realized it is not a paradox at all, just misguided process of thinking

Love the crawling lecture, very uplifting

As zero was independently created/discovered by the maya with no relation to the other systems, I think it is a necessary abstraction. Much like how the empty set confuses a lot in set mathematics, you have to have a place that can be either empty or identifying to perform mathematics past most basic addition. That being only that which a positive result can occur. If you run out, that is all you need to know most of the time.

@DarkSkay

Жыл бұрын

From today's perspective, looking at the elegance of the integer line: ... -3, -2, -1, ?, 1, 2, 3... The foundations, the potential for discovering negative numbers and 0 must be very old. Perhaps they were and had to be proposed several times, until the first societies were ready to adopt them. The integer line also introduces a symmetry between counting up and counting down, the latter no longer stopping at "nothing", at 0. However, integers are still a huge abstraction, distant from everyday experience.

@mikefabbi5127

Жыл бұрын

I like you guys. Emotioji"s/emotions and mathmatics are congruent,

Always a pleasure to learn something. One can even look at the Romans and there numerical system, which I still can do. Thanks Jade.

We now know (thanks to a rediscovered text, in the form of a palimpsest) that Archimedes came very close to developing calculus. Did he venture into the use of zero as well?

When you posed the Zeno's paradox problem, I paused it to try & work it out. I immediately realised that they would get closer together at an infinitely shrinking rate. I decided it would be infinitely close to 2, so my answer was 1.9 recurring. This, I think, solves the problem mathematically but is actually physically impossible as you can't measure a recurring distance accurately - you can always add another digit to improve accuracy. This ties in with a debate I had last week in the comments of another video where I argued that 0.9 recurring is not a real number as it can't be accurately measured - if you tried, you'd be measuring smaller & smaller distances forever as you added 9's. This principle applies to all recurring numbers & I don't think any of them are real numbers. They can't be called imaginary numbers, as they're not on the imaginary number line (with numbers that contain i. [Sorry, can't make it do the i in italics.]) They're on the real number line but still aren't real numbers, in my opinion, they're akin to pi. They should be called something like theoretical, hypothetical or conceptual numbers.

@BR-hi6yt

Жыл бұрын

Yes, I agree with you. And Pi could not be an exact number because you could not get an exact number of squares into a circle to form it's "area" by counting squares - remember squares form the unit of area. The old "squaring the circle" problem. A circle cannot have an exact area. And what you say about 1.9 recurring is spot-on - you've seen the glaring philosophical error in mathematics versus reality. Parmenides and Xeno knew this very well, Plato fudged round it setting us all on a terrible philosophical MISTAKE lasting until today and more. See my comment earlier, if you're interested.

@marvhollingworth663

Жыл бұрын

@@BR-hi6yt Had a look for your comment but couldn't find it.

@steamsteam-xm6om

3 ай бұрын

Real numbers are defined as limits of sets. 1.999 recurring is exactly equal to 2. In fact that's how 2 is defined in real numbers. 2 is the max limit of the set {1,1.9,1.99,1.999 ...} . It can be limit of any other set so not that set specifically..As far as real numbers are concerned. 1.9999 recurring is just a different way to write 2. Though you are correct in a sense that all recurring numbers of type 1.999999... are akin to pi. The normal numbers you think about are rational numbers. "They should be called something like theoretical, hypothetical or conceptual numbers." They are already called something different they are called real numbers. It's the rational numbers which are close to what we usually think of as numbers.

I enjoyed the video, but I think you misunderstood a few things about Zeno's paradoxes. First, I could be wrong about this, but, from what I've read on the topic, it seemed that Zeno really did believe Achilles could never reach the tortoise. He saw the only logical resolution to the paradox to be that all motion is impossible. Rather, our minds experience a series of completely motionless states, like individual frames in a video, and piece them together. Or perhaps there is no past and nothing can ever change; our memories lie to us. Most people, both then and now, would reject those ideas out of hand, but they are indeed logical consequences of his two assumptions: that a process with infinitely many steps is impossible to complete, and that space can be infinitely subdivided. Calculating the place where Achilles will catch up to the tortoise doesn't really resolve the paradox because it silently assumes, rather than proving, that one of Zeno's assumptions was wrong. Second, while zero is certainly relevant to the calculation, it isn't necessary. The ancient Greeks had rational numbers. Even if they couldn't say, "The distance between Achilles and the tortoise approaches zero," they could easily say, "The distance between Achilles and the tortoise decreases without bound." In fact, they pretty much did have calculus, but with a different name and based on geometry rather than algebra. It was called the method of exhaustion, and Archimedes used it to calculate many things that seem impossible with just Euclidean geometry. The method uses a pair of proofs that two infinite sequences converge to the same value. The method of exhaustion can also calculate where Achilles will overtake the tortoise, without explicitly appealing to zero. Zeno's paradoxes are still a great introduction to the concepts of calculus, but it's wrong to say Greek mathematics of the time couldn't handle the calculations. Rather, Greek philosophy (including natural philosophy, the precursor to modern science) wasn't always as mathematically consistent as it tried to be.

@user-ys3ev5sh3w

Жыл бұрын

Geometry, for example, get rid of such paradox by assumption that "internity of simplex is closed by faces but externity is open". And when you increment dimension of simplex infinitely times you "opens" internity of simplex or other figure, what is forbidden. Take triangle.if increment dimension then: 1. Internity of triangle became ordinary face. 2. Chunk of externity became new internity of tethraedron. If to do "1+2" by incrementing dimension infinitely then internity wil be constantly connected to externity and became "opened" untill you stop to do this ( then "infinitally" disappears).

The way she threw the baby without any emotion got me 😂

13:22 "So next time you're in this situation [$0.00 in the bank], just think 'Maybe zero isn't so bad after all'." -- Ah, the classic category/instance confusion, lol.

Hi. Love these stories and your paradox series. You did one last year about why the night sky isn't bright even though there are hundreds of trillions of galaxies with hundreds of trillions of stars in them. This got me thinking. The most distant galaxies are moving away from us faster than nearer ones. Doesn't that mean they were travelling faster in the distant past? How do we know that they are still travelling as fast (for example gravitational pull from other galaxies could be slowing them down). We can't know their "current" speed unless they are actually closer than they were when the light left them. How do we know the universe is expanding when our data about the most distant galaxies is so out of date?

Interesting video very well told. You may wish to look into Chinese mathematics and maybe Egyptian mathematics to see if a concept similar to zero was in use there. Also, the Babylonia concept of a position holder is a pretty close concept to zero for an ancient. It was not the same, but it was getting there

A very interesting presentation on nothing. Well done. I now realize how important nothing is and how we could be able to get along without having nothing. In the end, on your computer, you had nothing in your savings, but you seemed somewhat pleased about it, that's the only part I didn't understand. Well, good work, keep it up and we'll see you next time.

Computers don't really run on "zeroes and ones", they just run on two states, a bit that can take two values, you can call it "a" and "b" or "on" and "off" or reflective/non-reflective (CDs, DVDs) or magnetic north/south pole (hard disk drives) and computers would still work the same.

The absence of a symbol for zero amongst what archaeologists have found is only an indication that archaeologists have not yet done their job properly and have not found it. There is ancient evidence of a word for zero, but it was not written 'zero'. It is what is currently translated into English as 'no', none, nil, etc

There is a theory also that they started circling the whole number, so they would circle the 3600, circle Nothing, circle the 1. Imagine the circle with nothing between the 3600 and 1 is a 0.

@KORTOKtheSTRONG

Жыл бұрын

wicked!

@lindaedvardsson4218

Жыл бұрын

😳… wait.. wt actually f did I just read?!..🤔.. But Thanks❣️.. You really got Me thinking here.. cant let this go away today.. and thats a good thing👏🏼😌. Thank You for planting this seed😊👌🏼.. very interesting..

@vsm1456

Жыл бұрын

you mean babylonians? is there any evidence this theory is based on?

@altrag

Жыл бұрын

That's unlikely for the Babylonians. Their writing relied almost entirely on straight lines because they were easier to work on the clay tablets. I wouldn't be surprised if other cultures with more flexible writing tools would have chosen a method like that - essentially columnating the digits like Jade did but with a bit more work involved (circles instead of straight lines).

@YoutubeModeratorsSuckMyBalls

Жыл бұрын

Actually it is possible to imagine number line in this way. It is called residue classes of division by some number n, in this case 3600, i.e. we denote as 1 all of numbers which has residue 1 when they are divided to 3600, and so on till 3600. Then it is possible to write following expression 3600+3= 3. Then all of them located in circle, with starting with 0 which correspinds to 3600, and ending with 3600 which corresponds to 0. And 0 in this case won't make sense, cuz we can omit it and write 3600 instead

By chance did you read Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea by Charles Seife? Such an interesting history and is an easy read. This is where I learned of the struggles of adapting zero into acceptance

@Craigelz

Жыл бұрын

It's easy to mathematically prove the existence of ZERO... i'll show my workings. What are the chances i'd ever be lucky enough to get a date with Jade.... ZERO times ZERO to the power of ZERO, squared.

@charlesbrightman4237

Жыл бұрын

'IF' my latest TOE idea is really true, (and I fully acknowledge the 'if' at this time, my gravity test has to be done which will help prove or disprove the TOE idea), that the pulsating, swirling 'gem' photon is the energy unit of this universe that makes up everything in existence in this universe, and what is called 'gravity' is a part of what is currently recognized as the 'em' photon, the 'gravity' modality acting 90 degrees from the 'em' modalities, which act 90 degrees to each other, then the oscillation of these 3 interacting modalities of the energy unit would be as follows: Gravity: Maximum in one direction, Neutral, Maximum in the other direction; Electrical: Maximum in one direction, Neutral, Maximum in the other direction; Magnetic: Maximum in one direction, Neutral, Maximum in the other direction. Then: 1 singular energy unit, with 3 different modalities, with 6 maximum most reactive positions, with 9 total basic reactive positions (neutrals included). Hence 1, 3, 6, 9 being very prominent numbers in this universe and why mathematics even works in this universe. (And possibly '0', zero, as possibly neutrals are against other neutrals, even if only briefly, for no flow of energy, hence the number system that we currently have. This would also be the maximum potential energy point or as some might call it, the 'zero point energy point'.). And also how possibly mathematical constants exist in this universe as well. * Note also: Nobody as of yet has been able to show me how numbers and mathematical constants can exist and do what they do in this universe from the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SMPP). While the SMPP has it's place, I believe we need to move beyond the SMPP to get closer to real reality.

@xyz.ijk.

Жыл бұрын

@@charlesbrightman4237 This is very interesting, particularly the 90 degree concept, which I wrote about in around 2015-16. I hope you pursue your ideas. (On a lighter note, please don't confuse it's and its ... for the crowd you are addressing, those are examples of what diminishes credibility. No, spelling/grammar are not prerequisites to genius, but carefulness is.)

@charlesbrightman4237

Жыл бұрын

@@xyz.ijk. Thank you. See also 2 more posts to you after this post. a. TOE idea; b. Gravity test for TOE idea. As far as grammar goes, I am trying to save at least 1 single species from this Earth to exist beyond this Earth, solar system and most probably collapsing spiral shaped galaxy. I'll let people like yourself correct any minor grammar mistakes I might make. (Job security for you and others, you are welcome). And as far as language itself goes, see also c. Language, after this post.

@charlesbrightman4237

Жыл бұрын

@@xyz.ijk. (copy and paste from my files) Revised TOE: 3/25/2017a. My Current TOE: THE SETUP: 1. Modern science currently recognizes four forces of nature: The strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, gravity, and electromagnetism. 2. In school we are taught that with magnetism, opposite polarities attract and like polarities repel. But inside the arc of a large horseshoe magnet it's the other way around, like polarities attract and opposite polarities repel. (I have proved this to myself with magnets and anybody with a large horseshoe magnet and two smaller bar magnets can easily prove this to yourself too. It occurs at the outer end of the inner arc of the horseshoe magnet.). 3. Charged particles have an associated magnetic field with them. 4. Protons and electrons are charged particles and have their associated magnetic fields with them. 5. Photons also have both an electric and a magnetic component to them. FOUR FORCES OF NATURE DOWN INTO TWO: 6. When an electron is in close proximity to the nucleus, it would basically generate a 360 degree spherical magnetic field. 7. Like charged protons would stick together inside of this magnetic field, while simultaneously repelling opposite charged electrons inside this magnetic field, while simultaneously attracting the opposite charged electrons across the inner portion of the electron's moving magnetic field. 8. There are probably no such thing as "gluons" in actual reality. 9. The strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force are probably derivatives of the electro-magnetic field interactions between electrons and protons. 10. The nucleus is probably an electro-magnetic field boundary. 11. Quarks also supposedly have a charge to them and then would also most likely have electro-magnetic fields associated with them, possibly a different arrangement for each of the six different type of quarks. 12. The interactions between the quarks EM forces are how and why protons and neutrons formulate as well as how and why protons and neutrons stay inside of the nucleus and do not just pass through as neutrinos do. THE GEM FORCE INTERACTIONS AND QUANTA: 13. Personally, I currently believe that the directional force in photons is "gravity". It's the force that makes the sine wave of EM energy go from a wide (maximum extension) to a point (minimum extension) of a moving photon and acts 90 degrees to the EM forces which act 90 degrees to each other. When the EM gets to maximum extension, "gravity" flips and EM goes to minimum, then "gravity" flips and goes back to maximum, etc, etc. A stationary photon would pulse from it's maximum extension to a point possibly even too small to detect, then back to maximum, etc, etc. 14. I also believe that a pulsating, swirling singularity (which is basically a pulsating, swirling 'gem' photon) is the energy unit in this universe. 15. When these pulsating, swirling energy units interact with other energy units, they tangle together and can interlock at times. Various shapes (strings, spheres, whatever) might be formed, which then create sub-atomic material, atoms, molecules, and everything in existence in this universe. 16. When the energy units unite and interlock together they would tend to stabilize and vibrate. 17. I believe there is probably a Photonic Theory Of The Atomic Structure. 18. Everything is basically "light" (photons) in a universe entirely filled with "light" (photons). THE MAGNETIC FORCE SPECIFICALLY: 19. When the electron with it's associated magnetic field goes around the proton with it's associated magnetic field, internal and external energy oscillations are set up. 20. When more than one atom is involved, and these energy frequencies align, they add together, specifically the magnetic field frequency. 21. I currently believe that this is where a line of flux originates from, aligned magnetic field frequencies. NOTES: 22. The Earth can be looked at as being a massive singular interacting photon with it's magnetic field, electrical surface field, and gravity, all three photonic forces all being 90 degrees from each other. 23. The flat spiral galaxy can be looked at as being a massive singular interacting photon with it's magnetic fields on each side of the plane of matter, the electrical field along the plane of matter, and gravity being directed towards the galactic center's black hole where the gravitational forces would meet, all three photonic forces all being 90 degrees from each other. 24. As below in the singularity, as above in the galaxy and probably universe as well. 25. I believe there are only two forces of nature, Gravity and EM, (GEM). Due to the stability of the GEM with the energy unit, this is also why the forces of nature haven't evolved by now. Of which with the current theory of understanding, how come the forces of nature haven't evolved by now since the original conditions acting upon the singularity aren't acting upon them like they originally were, billions of years have supposedly elapsed, in a universe that continues to expand and cool, with energy that could not be created nor destroyed would be getting less and less dense? My theory would seem to make more sense if in fact it is really true. I really wonder if it is in fact really true. 26. And the universe would be expanding due to these pulsating and interacting energy units and would also allow galaxies to collide, of which, how could galaxies ever collide if they are all speeding away from each other like is currently taught? DISCLAIMER: 27. As I as well as all of humanity truly do not know what we do not know, the above certainly could be wrong. It would have to be proved or disproved to know for more certainty.

Maths question: Imagine a point (p) moving around a circle radius (r) at angular speed (a), phase unknown at this time. This (p) is the centre of another circle with another point (p') moving around it. And so on, for (n) circles. Can the final point on the nth circle be made to trace out any arbitrary figure? If so, how? (It's a bit like a Fourier transform in 2D) I'm thinking of a mechanism using gears for writing my somewhat scribbly signature.

Thanks Jade! Blessings, Jim

0:23 that facial expression 😂 exactly me looking at my balance too 👍

Great video, you skipped Al-Khawarizmi, which is the Persian Mathematician who used the zero concept from the Indians and build on top of it to solve second degree equations, he named this "Al-Gaber", which is changed to "Algebra", the word Algorithm is also derived from his name since he put forward how to solve equations using steps.

@scottabc72

Жыл бұрын

Will make a good stand alone video

1:11 This is a very important video. Subscribed.

Thank you, very interesting! Zero not only digit, when you see by axis to the left - there will be "- inf", to the right "+ inf", forward "+0" and backward "-0" this is point of view to the logical "inf" axes. In 3d axis model this like vortex surface where upper lim of vortex is xy plane z=0 with R=+inf in any direction in xy plane), and also vortex centre by z axis where z="-inf" will be 0. There is like ancient zero abyss inf layer, as if you were stirring tea in a bottomless cup and 0 was at the end of the bottomless funnel. I know one concept in the universe close to the concept of 0 - a black hole

For many people, zero is banned even today as a number. When I was at primary school, I was told a division algorithm in which when the remainder is zero I should write "//" instead of "0". In typewriters, computer keyboards, and old telephone dials, 0 is near 9, far from 1, like if when counting you would get to 0 just after 9, not before 1.

This girl has an OUTSTANDING teaching talent! To be unable to understand her, one needs not only be dumb ; one must be dead! Learning with her is not only instructive, not only easy : it is enjoyable!

@BR-hi6yt

Жыл бұрын

Yes, she is so articulate.

Also instead of being Ad free, I think Nebula should discuss what type of Ads creators are OK with and also ask viewers if they are OK to watch ADs, and thank them for additional support which comes with AD revenue.

This makes it sound like the geometric sum is finite because the geometric sequence converges to zero. But that isn't true. While infinite sums can only have a finite value when the sequence of numbers added converges to zero, that alone is not enough. The famous harmonic series is a sum of smaller and smaller numbers, eventually approaching zero, but the sum itself is infinite.

I dont know if you can say calculus solved zenos paradoxes. Its _a_ way of thinking about the paradox that gets results, which is very useful, but it doesnt tell you whats _actually_ going on with regard to the physical reality. From what I gather, mathematicians appear quite content with calculus. Physicists have argued that things like relativity resolved much of the paradox in its melding of space and time, and relative velocities. Though some of the questions raised by the paradoxes seem somewhat unresolved to this day.

@redimage4255

Жыл бұрын

check out eric p dollard. hes got some lectures on youtube

This is a video for the man of culture, Jade you are outstanding in this video, congratz!

The Hindu-Arabic numbers were introduced by Gerbert of Aurillac in the late 10th century, and he later became the pope (Sylvester II). However, it took some time to gain significance, and probably was really popularized by the Italian merchants of city-states like Pisa, Genoa, and Venice. For most ordinary people the Roman numerals were sufficient. Fibonacci is a brilliant mathematician and he already knew of the number zero before his travels. So the Church didn't ban the number zero, but churhc people was aware that the lack of common knowledge of zero could lead to fraud.

George Oseife- “Zero a Dangerous Idea”. This book got me into science