When Volcanoes Erupt Metallic Lava; A Geologic Oddity

Approximately 2 million years ago, a volcano in a remote and arid part of the world erupted, leaving behind large amounts of metallic cooled lava. This occurred at Chile's El Laco volcano, and the reason this occurred is quite extraordinary. The lava was not primarily composed of silica like 99.9% of the planet's lavas, but rather iron oxide. These iron oxide rich lavas are today worth more than 80 billion U.S. dollars.
Thumbnail Photo Credit: U.S. Geological Survey (Data Owner), Peterson, D.W. (Photographer), "Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. 1972-1974 eruption of Kilauea Volcano. Skylight in lava tube feeding Kaena Point flow. 1972.", USGS Denver Library Photographic Collection, Public Domain, library.usgs.gov/photo/index..... This image was overlaid with text and then overlaid with GeologyHub made graphics (the image border & the GeologyHub logo).
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Sources/Citations:
[1] Keller, T., Tornos, F., Hanchar, J.M. et al. Genetic model of the El Laco magnetite-apatite deposits by extrusion of iron-rich melt. Nat Commun 13, 6114 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33.... CC BY 4.0.
[2] Ovalle, J.T., La Cruz, N.L., Reich, M. et al. Formation of massive iron deposits linked to explosive volcanic eruptions. Sci Rep 8, 14855 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33.... CC BY 4.0.
[3] Pietruszka, D.K., Hanchar, J.M., Tornos, F. et al. Magmatic immiscibility and the origin of magnetite-(apatite) iron deposits. Nat Commun 14, 8424 (2023). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43.... CC BY 4.0.
[4] U.S. Geological Survey
[5] USGS Denver Library Photographic Collection
0:00 Iron Lavas
1:20 El Laco Deposit
2:09 Other Iron Deposits
3:01 Ol Doinyo Lengai
3:24 Scientific Model

Пікірлер: 242

  • @Furry-xr4hp
    @Furry-xr4hp19 күн бұрын

    That's kinda metal

  • @comradecid

    @comradecid

    19 күн бұрын

    "Iron Lava" is my new band name.

  • @tomarmadiyer2698

    @tomarmadiyer2698

    19 күн бұрын

    As much metal as banjo metal

  • @rubidiumeater

    @rubidiumeater

    19 күн бұрын

    why does this make me unreasonably furious

  • @ModernProspector

    @ModernProspector

    18 күн бұрын

    That's heavy duty Doc.

  • @petracastro6021

    @petracastro6021

    18 күн бұрын

    Iron ore contains around 63-65% of iron. Is iron ore "a kind of metal, then"?

  • @AaronGeo
    @AaronGeo19 күн бұрын

    New lava just dropped

  • @TheRandom_Channel_idk

    @TheRandom_Channel_idk

    19 күн бұрын

    Actual molten rock

  • @ceschudeck

    @ceschudeck

    17 күн бұрын

    Not really, read about the Cretaceous iron belt in northern Chile

  • @thecamocampaindude5167

    @thecamocampaindude5167

    15 күн бұрын

    100th like

  • @robertnichols2283
    @robertnichols228319 күн бұрын

    That must make for one hell of a magnetic anomaly

  • @dianevanderflier5444

    @dianevanderflier5444

    19 күн бұрын

    I wonder how that anomaly shows up? Does it impact the weather?

  • @nortyfiner

    @nortyfiner

    18 күн бұрын

    @@dianevanderflier5444 Not the weather, but the Earth's magnetic field in that local area is probably pretty wonky. "OK, the sun is setting over there, so that's west, but why is my compass pointing at it?"

  • @whatfreedom7

    @whatfreedom7

    17 күн бұрын

    @@nortyfinerI would imagine it could drive a compass nuts.

  • @destructurateurmoleculaire6095

    @destructurateurmoleculaire6095

    13 күн бұрын

    Et bien au contraire je pense qu'il n'apparaît rien, l'extrême chaleur du métal l'empêchant de se structurer, le magnétisme doit grandement diminuer.

  • @enzonavarro8550

    @enzonavarro8550

    8 күн бұрын

    Ever heard of the south atlantic anomaly? It's that

  • @Vesuviusisking
    @Vesuviusisking19 күн бұрын

    You’re one of the most underrated channels

  • @calci2679

    @calci2679

    19 күн бұрын

    Seconded

  • @Enonymouse_

    @Enonymouse_

    19 күн бұрын

    Wish they would pick someone else to voice this, I like their content, but this monotone ' tallking through your nose' manner of speech is near impossible to tolerate. 😢

  • @Jameson1776

    @Jameson1776

    19 күн бұрын

    @@Enonymouse_who’s they? He produces this channel himself. Also there is subtitles.

  • @newq

    @newq

    19 күн бұрын

    Geology in general is underrated by most people who are interested in science.

  • @stephenwhelan2515

    @stephenwhelan2515

    16 күн бұрын

    @@Enonymouse_each to their own I suppose- i rather like his voice, its individual and if your listening on earbuds it immediately identifies the channel. Plus it is not AI!

  • @scifrygaming
    @scifrygaming19 күн бұрын

    Iron mountain in southwest Utah is a magnitite intrusion being mined for Iron ore.

  • @BOEING--mh6xm

    @BOEING--mh6xm

    16 күн бұрын

    Oh wow I’ve never known that and it’s actually kinda near to me and I’m in Utah as well wow thank you

  • @KijuanLindsey

    @KijuanLindsey

    16 күн бұрын

    Oh is it now

  • @AankerStoneshield
    @AankerStoneshield19 күн бұрын

    Would be cool if you wanted to talk about the unique geology of the Kiruna mine, especially since a recent survey established that there are significant REE deposits in an adjacent ore body

  • @GeologyHub

    @GeologyHub

    19 күн бұрын

    I can always do this in a future video :)

  • @garfieldlover6416

    @garfieldlover6416

    19 күн бұрын

    ​@@GeologyHubcan you do a video on the lava beds

  • @yochva
    @yochva19 күн бұрын

    "This may surprise even volcanologists, since silica is the basis for 1,349 of Earth's 1,350 volcanoes." Made me snort my drink in surprised laughter. I love your dry turn of phrase.

  • @arrionelton
    @arrionelton19 күн бұрын

    A new achievement has been discovered: you have studied iron volcanoes.

  • @Discotekh_Dynasty
    @Discotekh_Dynasty19 күн бұрын

    A volcano that did this consistently with Molten Iron or other commonly used metal would be so useful

  • @Randomwyomingguy

    @Randomwyomingguy

    19 күн бұрын

    There's one in Antarctica that erupts about $6000 in gold every day.

  • @billcarruth8122

    @billcarruth8122

    19 күн бұрын

    Considering how much gas would be needed to push hundreds of millions of tons of iron through caldera cracks and up to the surface, I imagine everything nearby was killed off.

  • @Discotekh_Dynasty

    @Discotekh_Dynasty

    18 күн бұрын

    @@Randomwyomingguy brb taking my coat and shovel

  • @Einwetok

    @Einwetok

    17 күн бұрын

    Cost vs. risk. There's guys in South America that mine elemental sulfur inside active calderas. Life's pretty short for them. Like the guys that get in barrels of mercury and stomp gold accumulations.

  • @johnnyc2764
    @johnnyc276419 күн бұрын

    Love this type of video. Please do more!

  • @baystated
    @baystated19 күн бұрын

    Wow I bet those lava flows will mess with your compass needles.

  • @user-nd7rg5er5g
    @user-nd7rg5er5g16 күн бұрын

    I'm not usually into geology, but I gotta admit that this fascinated me to learn about! Thanks for making this video about such a rarity!

  • @jensenchavez265
    @jensenchavez26516 күн бұрын

    What an awesome video.

  • @user-pi4wj7bm4z
    @user-pi4wj7bm4z19 күн бұрын

    Thanks for the geological lesson which covers volcanos.I am learning much.Keep up the informative, well presented video.Greg 😊.

  • @tomkzinti2760
    @tomkzinti276019 күн бұрын

    I would Like on more of your videos if you had a longer outro to give me a chance to grab my TV remote and give it to ya. With the short cutoff, I get no chance. Thanks for all the hard work narrating and the interesting topics/material and the accurate, professional facts of the matters at hand. Good job, man.

  • @imqqmi
    @imqqmi19 күн бұрын

    Absolutely fascinating bits of vulcanology!

  • @stevewhalen6973
    @stevewhalen697318 күн бұрын

    Nice and fascinating presentation .

  • @xwiick
    @xwiick19 күн бұрын

    Thanks for all of your hard work man!

  • @ausnorman8050
    @ausnorman805019 күн бұрын

    That was amazing. Thank you for explaining and showing a completely new (to me) geological phenomenon!

  • @bofpwet9500
    @bofpwet95006 күн бұрын

    Always super interesting, thx for all this content!

  • @nfrandom3701
    @nfrandom370119 күн бұрын

    Ol Doinyo Lengai and this volcano are truly strange.

  • @brucesmith9144
    @brucesmith914419 күн бұрын

    Thanks for ironing out those details. Was the Swiss Army Knife used to give scale in the photo?

  • @donaldduck830

    @donaldduck830

    19 күн бұрын

    It was stuck to the magnetic rock,

  • @emanuellandeholm5657
    @emanuellandeholm565715 күн бұрын

    I'm from Sweden and Kiruna apatite ore was literally my first thought. I guess I thought the Kiruna apatite was formed by hydrothermal fluid action and now you're suggesting it came out of the magma like that, that it formed by density separation, underground, at the bottom of a magma chamber? Cool!

  • @stephenstone5700
    @stephenstone570016 күн бұрын

    Very interesting report!

  • @anatexis_the_first
    @anatexis_the_first12 күн бұрын

    As a geologist, I found this video very interesting. I didn't know that this can happen! Thanks for the video.

  • @markalton2809
    @markalton280918 күн бұрын

    How very interesting.

  • @augustolobo2280
    @augustolobo228019 күн бұрын

    This was really cool

  • @paulw3182
    @paulw318219 күн бұрын

    Cool Video - Ty

  • @epiendless1128
    @epiendless112819 күн бұрын

    Learning all the time. 🤘

  • @billmiller4972
    @billmiller497219 күн бұрын

    Everytime something new! Awesome!

  • @TheeSlickShady
    @TheeSlickShady15 күн бұрын

    Liked and subbed❤

  • @mskiptr
    @mskiptr16 күн бұрын

    I'm not usually into geology but this was really interesting! Btw, CC BY 4.0 doesn't require using the same license. That's what the -SA variant is for after all.

  • @kennycarter5682
    @kennycarter568219 күн бұрын

    i wonder what it be like to have a iron lava erupt today and have it on film? what color would it glow? how would it flow, would it be explosive?, etc

  • @donaldduck830

    @donaldduck830

    19 күн бұрын

    It would glow the same color as any other lava, but its temperature might be slightly different at the same color. The explosivity depends on the amount of water or gases enclosed within the magma, not on they type of magma, afaik.

  • @rogerdudra178
    @rogerdudra17819 күн бұрын

    Greetings from the BIG SKY. Sounds like a volcano is making good for it's bad.

  • @garrettmillsap
    @garrettmillsap19 күн бұрын

    Wow I'm in shock! So cool!

  • @stevewhalen6973
    @stevewhalen697318 күн бұрын

    Thanks!

  • @thespecman7
    @thespecman718 күн бұрын

    Woah, thats heavy

  • @zoetice433
    @zoetice43319 күн бұрын

    Super cool deposits

  • @timberry4709
    @timberry470919 күн бұрын

    In 1965 there was a movie called "Crack in the World" in which scientists drill through the Earth's crust (using a nuclear weapon to breach an extremely hard final layer) to reach the mantle to bring up "mineral rich" magma. Totally silly movie.

  • @mari3489

    @mari3489

    19 күн бұрын

    They are drilling,race to be first.

  • @dianevanderflier5444

    @dianevanderflier5444

    19 күн бұрын

    ​@@mari3489 🤦 nothing can go wrong 🤦🤦🤦

  • @irenafarm

    @irenafarm

    18 күн бұрын

    That’s pretty funny. We’ve learned so much more about the asthenosphere since then. In reality, drilling a hole to the mantle is not only impossible, it would accomplish nothing. The mantle isn’t like…soda under pressure. It wouldn’t emerge from the hole unless it was a convectively active spot. And the material is so dense we wouldn’t have any way to lift it to the surface. The earth is very weird. 😂

  • @mari3489

    @mari3489

    18 күн бұрын

    @@irenafarm China Russia, France & USA are digging in the Pacific and Indian oceans to reach the core, they have been at it for over 40 year now.

  • @user-gz8st9fe8p

    @user-gz8st9fe8p

    16 күн бұрын

    America had a Moho drilling project that failed because President Johnson step in to assign it to a Texas company not qualified for the project.

  • @philliplamoureux9489
    @philliplamoureux948919 күн бұрын

    Very cool!

  • @MinasK.97
    @MinasK.9717 күн бұрын

    The Geldingadalir 2021 eruption produced 2 types of lava basaltic black then the eruption output was normal, and metallic grey then it was doing the pauses with the big fountains and that lava it was forming pools if you remember. It was different lava from deeper source I believe You can see it on the cooled lava field, it is one black and one grey lava

  • 19 күн бұрын

    that's rocks as hard as metal!

  • @righteothenable
    @righteothenable19 күн бұрын

    Wow, I had never heard of iron lava. That is so cool.

  • @apismellifera1000
    @apismellifera100019 күн бұрын

    Very interesting

  • @ozzymandius666
    @ozzymandius66619 күн бұрын

    Fascinating.

  • @mrvwbug4423

    @mrvwbug4423

    19 күн бұрын

    If El Laco is no longer active then surface iron ore deposits like that would be among the safest to mine, surface mining like that is much safer than underground mining.

  • @TheSpaceEnthusiast-vl6wx
    @TheSpaceEnthusiast-vl6wx19 күн бұрын

    Thanks as always! This volcano is quite fascinating. As alluded to in the video, I wonder if there are similar ones, just eroded or buried.

  • @dianevanderflier5444

    @dianevanderflier5444

    19 күн бұрын

    I was just thinking about that and the Bermuda Triangle

  • @allenbatts7971
    @allenbatts797119 күн бұрын

    So cool

  • @irenafarm
    @irenafarm18 күн бұрын

    The OG heavy metal.🎸

  • @paulbasaur
    @paulbasaur19 күн бұрын

    fascinating

  • @lemmeloveyou5410
    @lemmeloveyou541019 күн бұрын

    Missouri has KIOA as well! Near Bourbon and Pea Ridge. The largest conventional dynamite blast in Missouri was dome it the underground Iron mine at Pea Ridge. They closed in the early 2000's but are trying to get the tailings from it now since the apatite contains REEs. There are more in the area that haven't been mined and are currently being assessed for their potential at MST.

  • @swainscheps
    @swainscheps19 күн бұрын

    “Completely Highly Metallic” GH’s way with words is the best thing about this channel… That and the fact that he has the perfect touch for diving into technical facts and having a 6th sense for when he’s about to go too deep into the weeds. PS iirc carbonitite is perfect for preserving rebel warriors…provided they survive the freezing process.

  • @chimknee
    @chimknee19 күн бұрын

    Thanks.

  • @planescaped
    @planescaped18 күн бұрын

    If the Earth was remotely as geologically active now as it was even in other recent past, we'd be screwed as a species. The timing of us coming around was perfect.

  • @RagingDong
    @RagingDong15 күн бұрын

    Mother nature, truly provides 🙏

  • @AtarahDerek
    @AtarahDerek19 күн бұрын

    "Oh, look at that, El Laco's erupting again." "There are tons of active volcanoes around here. How do you know it's El Laco?" "Because the wind's blowing from the east, yet that ash cloud is drifting toward magnetic north."

  • @maximilianrpm2927
    @maximilianrpm292719 күн бұрын

    THAT'S BRUTAL!

  • @creforce
    @creforce18 күн бұрын

    WAIT HOLD ON A SEC... your saying Kiruna is a vulcano? was a vulcano? am swede and really interested in geology but WHAT!?

  • @LuisAldamiz
    @LuisAldamiz19 күн бұрын

    Very interesting, TY. I wonder if the concentration of such occurrences in what used to be a connected part of Gondwana (South Cone and South Africa) has some deep geological implications. Also notice the major deep heterogeneity in Earth's mantle (which some believe is a remnant of the Theia impact) sits just underneath... or rather under where South America and Africa used to be when united (now it's rather under Africa and the South Atlantic), I do wonder if it is somehow related.

  • @headsupfiction8582
    @headsupfiction858219 күн бұрын

    Make you wonder if most of those meteorites they’ve found were actually this.

  • @bandcookie88
    @bandcookie8816 күн бұрын

    Neat!

  • @StuffandThings_
    @StuffandThings_8 күн бұрын

    IIRC some South American volcanoes also erupt molten sulfur, so I guess that could be considered yet another unique "lava" composition

  • @connorferguson2269
    @connorferguson226910 күн бұрын

    Wow, wish we had more lava like that.

  • @stephenmitchell-we8wi
    @stephenmitchell-we8wi18 күн бұрын

    When a gold lava arrives, hit me up

  • @manyhammers5944

    @manyhammers5944

    17 күн бұрын

    Erebus spews gold.

  • @nian60
    @nian6019 күн бұрын

    Kiruna is pronounced kee-runa. 🙂 Thanks for the video. 😊

  • @jamesvanwyk1378
    @jamesvanwyk137816 күн бұрын

    There are large volcanic magnatite deposits deep under Ringwood, New Jersey, USA; also beautiful colored quartzite.

  • @GamingCeo420
    @GamingCeo42019 күн бұрын

    Time to get a giant magnet to extract this

  • @matusknives
    @matusknives19 күн бұрын

    Very interesting. But what was the original source of the iron oxides? Was it of older, sedimentary origing?

  • @ELCADAROSA
    @ELCADAROSA18 күн бұрын

    Any chance that the iron originally came from a meteor impact prior to the development of the volcano? ("prior to" being millions, if not billions, of years prior.)

  • @alexdrockhound9497
    @alexdrockhound949719 күн бұрын

    All those little roads and square pads are probably for core drilling to explore it for possible mining.

  • @GRH230377
    @GRH23037716 күн бұрын

    I have a rock from the Minnesota Iron Range the has a layer of irom that has surface ripping flow structures.

  • @user-gz8st9fe8p

    @user-gz8st9fe8p

    16 күн бұрын

    Very cool, first time I've heard of this.

  • @leofisher407

    @leofisher407

    16 күн бұрын

    yeah, iirc the Minnesotan Iron Ranges were formed from iron rich sands being deposited on the seafloor.

  • @joelmckinney16
    @joelmckinney1619 күн бұрын

    Wow!

  • @TheeSlickShady
    @TheeSlickShady15 күн бұрын

    I want this channel to have 5 million subs asap please 🏆❤️

  • @OldBillOverHill
    @OldBillOverHill19 күн бұрын

    The interesting Molybdenum enriched porphyry in the Colorado mineral belt is similar. I have a large piece of Molybdenite recovered from Henderson mine by my brother. Larger than those displayed at the Smithsonian in DC.

  • @NathanaelNewton
    @NathanaelNewton9 күн бұрын

    I take advantage of iron volcanoes in oxygen not included all the time, my favorite though are the gold ones

  • @TheAverageNooob
    @TheAverageNooob15 күн бұрын

    That's so cool annndddddd mined

  • @Dragrath1
    @Dragrath119 күн бұрын

    Interesting I had heard of iron lavas but only in the context of remnant cores of shattered differentiated worlds this seems similar albeit in a more localized manner. There was also a video at a magma lab which showed the viscosity of this stuff is crazy low compared to silica rich magmas but I had no idea we actually had extrusive analogs on Earth.

  • @hashkangaroo
    @hashkangaroo19 күн бұрын

    It would be interesting to see if the iron that cooled inside the walls of the caldera could be extracted, and how much there is compared to what came up to the surface.

  • @simix6915
    @simix691519 күн бұрын

    Imagine flying a giant floating magnet over it

  • @ragnapodewski4694
    @ragnapodewski469419 күн бұрын

    Even on lavas of the great Rift valley, compassses are useless for the mass of Iron.

  • @tomolson1320
    @tomolson132018 күн бұрын

    Let's get Plutonic!

  • @andymat7359
    @andymat73594 күн бұрын

    If you melted it, would it retain its magnetism when cooled?

  • @carltuckerson7718
    @carltuckerson771819 күн бұрын

    Lot of phosphate and calcium also. That’s interesting.

  • @andrew1717xx
    @andrew1717xx19 күн бұрын

    I wonder what could be found amongst those fields. 🤔

  • @respectbossmon
    @respectbossmon19 күн бұрын

    Iron-rich lava is fine. But, gold-rich lava would be bettah. ;p

  • @adamthethird4753
    @adamthethird475317 күн бұрын

    My ONI senses are tingling.

  • @darknessml6145
    @darknessml61457 күн бұрын

    I SEE A GREAT MINING ENTERPRISE, BROTHERS

  • @OGParzoval
    @OGParzoval19 күн бұрын

    Would be interesting to mine the caldera rim down to the magma chamber assuming it's extinct, sufficiently cooled, and stable.

  • @dudmic
    @dudmic19 күн бұрын

    I keep wondering what's in some extinct magma chambers, other than usual crystalline dense rocks? You can find plenty of magma chambers around the world, however just drilling to sample is quite costly even for shallower ones.

  • @ernestjoiner3040
    @ernestjoiner304019 күн бұрын

    That would be a good spot to plant some Steel Magnolias.

  • @wtywatoad
    @wtywatoad19 күн бұрын

    Makes you wonder if there are other metals in these flows that are viable to mine?

  • @jakeaurod
    @jakeaurod19 күн бұрын

    I wonder if that could explain the high heat flow, gravitational anomaly, and magnetic anomalies near me in northern Illinois along an ancient suture between microplates.

  • @KijuanLindsey

    @KijuanLindsey

    16 күн бұрын

    Magnetic anomalies in northern illinois. Tell me more. What have you experienced?

  • @jakeaurod

    @jakeaurod

    15 күн бұрын

    @@KijuanLindsey I'm referring to USGS magnetic anomaly maps.

  • @cameronneveu7277
    @cameronneveu727712 күн бұрын

    What is the likely hood of other types of metal volcanos/eruptions? I remember in the movie Journey 2: the Mysterious Island It featured a Volcano that erupted gold. I there any chance that something like that could exist? (My base guess is that because of how dense it is it would be very unlikely)

  • @pirobot668beta
    @pirobot668beta19 күн бұрын

    Carbonate volcanoes next!

  • @Gunny672
    @Gunny67216 күн бұрын

    Heavy metal flows through its vains🤘

  • @tcp3059
    @tcp305919 күн бұрын

    While this was clearly an effusive eruption, one is curious as to the physical properties of the flow. Was it a fluid, runny magma like basalt, or something ridiculously sticky like dacite/rhyolite?

  • @foobargorch
    @foobargorch18 күн бұрын

    "how on earth" heh

  • @thejdmguru621
    @thejdmguru62119 күн бұрын

    I assume you were talking about Salpeterkop when you ment South Africa, Last erupted 70 mya?

  • @1chai
    @1chai19 күн бұрын

    Nah, these volcanos spewed only iron. The one in Papua, Indonesia spewed gold and copper.

  • @user-hz8uc9iu8c
    @user-hz8uc9iu8c17 күн бұрын

    COULD, in fact, be "repurposed" space rock from Thea...

  • @EatsLikeADuck
    @EatsLikeADuck19 күн бұрын

    El Laco? More like El Loco!