Hey Space Timers. Thanks for the amazing year and here's a not so subtle reminder that there's 15% off the New Space Time Merch Store until the end of the December if you code: PBS at the checkout : www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

@meinkamph5327

4 ай бұрын

Did the shirt come with the crease down the middle, Or did you do that on purpose? AKA-:-:- don't over dry new shirts that are silk screen... Or just buy a better product.

@hope2someday691

4 ай бұрын

This might explain the stars that are disappearing without a trace. Here one year gone the next??

@Mernom

4 ай бұрын

​@@hope2someday691Even as fast as it may be in the astronomical scale, it's still a long time for humans.

@thryce82

4 ай бұрын

love yalls work could y'all do a vid on if black holes can split. keep hearing about them merging. thats cool. but what if 2 identical blackholes are equidistant from one 100 times smaller. as the distance decreases is there a point where the 2 over power the internal gravity of the center one? can we make it split or are they forced simply to get so close as to all collapse in together (easily most likely scenario). just a random thought

@jethroblinman3031

4 ай бұрын

do you mean to put the title of the video as... what if suns are black holes and we can see the in side out of them from here

I always assumed that a black hole sun would just wash away the rain.

@Dorian53n

4 ай бұрын

Underrated comment

@PropagandaFacts

4 ай бұрын

😆

@user-tb4ov2wz1j

4 ай бұрын

IYKYK

@therongjr

4 ай бұрын

As an extremely nerdy child when that song came out, it irritated me to no end. "THAT'S NOT WHAT WOULD HAPPEN!!! 😠"

@idealmasters

4 ай бұрын

won't you come, won't you come?

half the comments are people actually talking about science and the other half is just soundgarden jokes and i love it

@markop.1994

3 күн бұрын

I am the coin standing on its edge! (Being a fan of both soundgarden and the sun)

Sound Garden appreciates this video.

Interesting fact: during proton-proton fusion, one of the protons turns into a neutron by emitting a neutrino and a positron. A positron is an anti-electron. If some of these positrons find electrons, they would annihilate and produce gamma radiation. So, some of the sun's energy comes from matter-antimatter reactions.

@clovernacknime6984

4 ай бұрын

I think we can take it as pretty much a certainty that not a single one of these positrons has ever managed to make their way from the Sun's core to the outer space rather than been annihilated.

@MrJdcirbo

4 ай бұрын

@clovernacknime6984 actually, there are plenty of electrons on the sun's core. They annihilate the positrons regularly

@MrJdcirbo

4 ай бұрын

@@clovernacknime6984 I think I may have misunderstood your comment. Do you mean that all of these positrons are annihilated before they leave the sun? So, not "some" are annihilated, but ALL? If that's what you mean, then I apologize for the misunderstanding. I think that assessment is on point.

@themushroominside6540

4 ай бұрын

The direct Urka process that powers the energy behind a s supernova is insane, with temperatures and pressures so intense that neutrons want to decay into protons but immediately collapse back into a neutron generating a constant stream of neutrinos and anti neutrinos along with electrons and positrons, converting energy that cannot escape (protons and neutrons) into energy that can (neutrinos and anti neutrinos along with high energy light), overcoming the infalling matter of the star

@snoowwe

4 ай бұрын

@@MrJdcirbo reread "I think we can take it as pretty much a certainty that not a single one of these positrons has ever managed to make their way from the Sun's core"

I JUST watched Anton’s video on this last night and was wondering if SpaceTime would cover it. Get out of my head, PBS Spacetime!

@ExecutionSommaire

4 ай бұрын

same!!

@nicolasolton

4 ай бұрын

Anton is the man!

@enforc3rr

4 ай бұрын

Soo true , found it pretty intriguing that a premodial black hole might be present in the star , it made me think of how much similar nature of objects are throughout the space and earth , I mean a black hole sitting inside of the host star and surviving off its energy is kinda like those worms or parasites who are present in the body of the living beings lol , ik it’s a stupid analogy but 😂 it’s kinda similar.

@OpenMicRejects

4 ай бұрын

Wonderful persons everywhere!

@pigbenis8366

4 ай бұрын

I love that wonderful person. That video was very interesting and something that never ever crossed my mind.

"There's a little black hole in the sun today. It's the same old thing as yesterday... that's my soul up there."

@cassandra5322

4 ай бұрын

Beat me to it😁

This made me realize that a lot of teaching of science doesn't really go back and tell us historical route we got to our current understanding of how things work as much as it could. This in turn makes me think there might be room in the classroom (virtual or otherwise) for more science history. We talk about the things we figured out and how we confirmed those things, but we talk less about the competing theories of the time and why they don't work and the process of generating actual hard evidence towards one of the competing explanations. For people new to science, it's useful to know the path we walked and the paths we already eliminated as a 'catch up'.

@jamezkpal2361

4 ай бұрын

Sounds like a good idea for a KZread channel.

@michaelsommers2356

4 ай бұрын

You only have limited time in the classroom or even in a book, and most would rather spend that time teaching the science rather than the history of the science. That doesn't mean that the history is unimportant, just that it is less important than the sciene itself.

@Mindboggles

4 ай бұрын

@@michaelsommers2356 Depends on how you look at it, I bet there are plenty of people out there who would have been a lot more interested in science, and in learning it, if they knew more of the history. And if you've been in a high school science classroom, you probably know how important that could be for kids learning, or WANTING to learn a subject.

@efovex

4 ай бұрын

Hm, in my physics undergrad I had a decent amount of history of science, usually at least as part of the introduction to every new topic.

@michaelsommers2356

4 ай бұрын

@@efovex If yours was anything like mine, a few names were mentioned, but not much beyond that. Not much on, for example, on all the false trails followed.

Matt Caplan's been behind a number of interesting papers already: Iron Dwarf supernova, the Caplan thruster, and now this (and those are just the one's I'm aware of, I'm sure there's plenty more). Any time he's involved I know I'm in for a fun video.

Really feel spoiled to have PBS SpaceTime have some of the best content on KZread. Always fun to try to understand the newest crazy thing comes up. Fascinating to see how physicists leave quite a legacy. Thanks Matt and the entire team for the content.

@elgonzo5

4 ай бұрын

This is a wonderful thought to chew on for a while.

@nomad8473

4 ай бұрын

Im still in the beginning but vould this be a natural solution for some vanishing stars?

@TlalocTemporal

4 ай бұрын

​@@nomad8473-- I don't think so. As the black hole eats more and more, the energy released would go up as well. There would be some point that the "eating radiation" is enough to blow apart the rest of the star into a (normal)nova, making a planetary nebula. It would look like a small star like our sun becoming a white dwarf, except with a lot more gamma radiation, and a big black hole where the white dwarf should be. At least that makes sense to me, I'm not a professional astrophysicist or anything.

@oyeahisbest123

4 ай бұрын

@@nomad8473 No not really. The energy needed to maintain a blackhole would of taken our sun long ago.

@ArawnOfAnnwn

4 ай бұрын

@@oyeahisbest123 Not taken our sun, bloated our sun. The sun would actually live longer with a black hole inside it, but only as a giant star.

I just want to say this new Space time logo looks amazing. Great work guys

You know it’s a good study when Anton and PBS cover it!! Awesome stuff

I would watch you guys every single day. The quality is just SO good. Thank you for being awesome

@con9467

4 ай бұрын

I'd watch them every single day but I've ran out of videos ;_;

@studioMYTH

4 ай бұрын

Haha same

this is such a great episode, thank you! very inspiring that this journey starts with a "fun but kind of obviously wrong" idea - and that it then leads to actual gain in human knowledge in the end. thanks for taking us along for the ride!

I can't believe how quickly you all are responding to this topic!

@ReinReads

4 ай бұрын

I makes quite a difference when the research groups & PIs work regularly with quality science communicators.

Really good quality science communiction like this is a gift to humanity. Thanks for doing this. I know people will say, "but they get paid," and, "it's a business," but there are plenty of other ways you can be making a living, yet you chose to make a living helping people to understand physics. Also, there are plenty of ways of being a physicist that don't entail putting yourself out there like this, so again, this isn't something you 'have' to do, it's something you chose to do, and it's great, so again, thanks.

Big thanks to the sponsors that made Space Time possible! I don't know where we'd be without them. Or when.

I can't thank you enough for unraveling the secrets of the universe through your videos. Your dedication to spreading knowledge is truly admirable.

soundgarden are huge proponents of this theory

@manuelhernandez2017

Ай бұрын

😅😂😅

Lovely festive episode, thanks for those throughout this year. Have a great break.

I always love the end sentence which must finish with 'spacetime', they are ALWAYS so funny and very appreciated! However, I have noticed that the more astrobiology-rather-than-cosmology-related episodes can have a bit more difficulty finding a way to tie in 'spacetime' to the end sentence. Notable exceptions are the videos talking about colonizing the cosmos seeing as that very much has to do with traversing an ever-expanding spacetime.

This channel is so good. Almost 3 million! Its been a long ride. Its a fun time to be in this community, with so much mainstream astrophysics being called into question with new data. So much is being rethought, its exciting. I feel like lately its every week, we make discoveries that don’t make sense. So much for you guys to talk about! Thanks for the quality content.

@GeekusKhaniCAs

4 ай бұрын

there are 434 others with your nick? :'D

@nilstrobaggia735

4 ай бұрын

Israeli Mom Whose Son Was Mistakenly Killed By IDF Sends Incredible Message Of Support To Troops

@JBroMCMXCI

4 ай бұрын

White science is coming to an end

Thanks for another year of highly entertaining and informative content!

@miroslavhoudek7085

4 ай бұрын

I actually started watching in summer many years back. So thanks for another half-year of informative content!

Thank you so much for this amazing channel! I hope you all have a merry Christmas and a happy new year!

Thank you for another amazing year of fantastic content! ❤❤❤

11:12 Just noticed the magnitude of parallax on the star field graphics behind Matt. Since they still appear as small points, I suppose this implies that Matt is moving at very high speeds and great distances to get near those inserts. I bet a smart viewer could work out the velocity he has to move at for that to be the case. My guess is faster than light. So I have to wonder why Matt is keeping the secret to FTL from us.

@calmkat9032

4 ай бұрын

This would also mean Matt's size rivals Galactus. Out understanding of Biology would be uprooted if this was confirmed.

@VoodooTrashPanda

4 ай бұрын

Perhaps he’s doing the video capture on his own, and just showing us a glimpse at true power of a cameraman

@samsmith2635

4 ай бұрын

​@@calmkat9032 Matt is a Celestial lmao

@GamesFromSpace

4 ай бұрын

Much simpler explanation: He's in the part of space where it's snowing right now.

@jajssblue

4 ай бұрын

@@GamesFromSpace Lol 😂 I like that answer

Fun episode! I love the fancy-footwork on display required to close the bounds on the PBHs. I know some people might think we need "results", but I hope things like this show that you can get still get satisfying stuff without positive detection. Unless they actually do detect ... :o

@eMbry00s

4 ай бұрын

Even without a detection with enough data and good enough assumptions you can make an estimate for how likely it is that primordial black holes don't exist at all! Very interesting stuff

Wow! Great episode! Thanks Matt and team for making these Absolutely fascinating videos! Have a Merry Christmas, and we’ll see you next year!!

This is the best, most comprehensive use of creative thinking in all your vids. Do that again. 😊😊😊

Kurzgesagt’s black hole star video talks about a similar situation but on an epic scale.

Black hole sun Won't you come And wash away the rain?

This was one of the most interesting PBS Space Time vids I have ever seen. Well done

Thanks Matt. A great fantastical topic to ponder on at the end of 2023. I hope you keep producing these mind-boggling videos in 2024…

If dark matter was composed of these PBHs, a mechanism will need to be found that can strip a galaxy of them, since there are (few, but some) examples of galaxies that seem to lack any dark matter at all.

@garethdean6382

4 ай бұрын

Or possibly a mechanism to eject matter from galaxies, since these tend to be diffuse and low mass. One possibility is a quasar's radiation ejecting a galaxy's gas, with this later collapsing to form a small galaxy itself.

@nyrdybyrd1702

4 ай бұрын

When postulating PBHs [Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs)] as dark matter, expulsive mechanisms would take a backseat to the halo formation, per se, as that's while we're operating under the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model.

@mannys9130

4 ай бұрын

You're right Thomas; observations of objects and systems such as the Bullet Cluster show that dark matter constituents must be distinctly separate objects capable of entirely separating from the visible matter mixed in with them. Galaxy mergers and collisions are the most likely cause of "stripped" galaxies without a dark matter halo. Galaxies such as Hoag's Object go to show just how devastating a collision or near-miss can be!

@Pyriold

4 ай бұрын

This fact is puzzling, no matter what dark matter consists of. Any explanation has that problem.

@tovarischkrasnyjeshi

4 ай бұрын

WIMPs don't really. Two clouds of normal matter passing through each other would be effected by each other's electromagnetic fields and exhibit much greater rates of slowing compared to clouds of WIMPs, since they only exhibit gravitational slowing. @@Pyriold

PBS space time is amazing and Anton is amazing. I love how we have so many wonderful sources to learn from.

@Andres64B

4 ай бұрын

Don't forget about Sabine Hossenfelder

@mrEofPlanetEarth

4 ай бұрын

Does Anton still do Pseudo Science episodes? I hated it when his channel started covering semi science.

@ThePowerLover

4 ай бұрын

@@mrEofPlanetEarth I don't like him much, but I fear you are confusing pseudo-science with science that does not fit or outright violate your "personal religion".

@mrEofPlanetEarth

4 ай бұрын

@ThePowerLover thank you, but fear abated. I'm scientifically atheist. I just remember some episodes that were unscientific...I think he was talking about aliens or past civilizations or some other unproven stuff...it disappointed me hearing him speak like that and I unsubscribed. That's all. No hate from me just not my thing.

@ThePowerLover

4 ай бұрын

@@mrEofPlanetEarth You didn't seem to understand what I mean by "personal religion", there are quotes around it for something...

This channel is awesome thanks for the hard work!

This is exciting science! I look forward to whatever they find in the GAIA data. For those like me who are addicted to exploration and discovery, this channel never fails to deliver exciting new vistas and tantalizing new discoveries. At the rate of new discoveries I am seeing reported elsewhere, it seems to me that Spacetime could double or triple its current production schedule and still not run out of current material.

Questions: 1) What if a very small PBH (VSPBH) was moving within the sun in orbit with the suns barycenter? 2) What if there were more than one or even several VPBH's in orbit within the sun or others stars? 3) what if there is a VSPBH moving around within earth or any of the other planets? If I'm not mistaken, the reason "asteroid sized" PBH is used is because any larger and it would grow too quickly and any smaller and it would not be able to absorb any matter at all and it would have evaporated long ago. However at the lowest mass in the "asteroid size", what I'm referring to as VSPBH, I would assume the rate of accretion COULD theoretically be so slow that it would balance with evaporation or least not grow in a time scale relevant to us. I would then assume that the energy created by ripping atoms apart at the event horizon, while also creating the bottleneck of matter, would override the force of a stars gravity which would be stronger on the side of the VSPBH that was more dense with other matter (the side closer to the center of the star), therefore it would be unlikely that a VSPBH would ever reach the center of the star. I want to thank you for doing this episode I've been thinking about this so much and I have so many questions! What if there are thousands of VSPBH's in our sun and solar flares are VSPBH's being ejected then falling back to the sun and we're just seeing the plasma and magnetism that follows it? (I'm sure that can't be correct but my mind went there). Keep up the awesome work!

@Mernom

7 күн бұрын

The BH would migrate to the core, in pretty much the same process that causes black holes to migrate into the cores of galaxies if they are massive enough. Other objects interact with them gravitationally, and they are more likely than not to 'steal' some of their orbital momentum.

@hypnogri5457

3 күн бұрын

an asteroid sized pbh would absolutely decimate earth. Earths mass would skyrocket immensely

@Mernom

3 күн бұрын

@@hypnogri5457 an asteroid mass pbh has the mass... Of an asteroid. Earth's mass would be uneffected. Long term, it would still be toast, for the same reason why a pbh powered star will die early.

@hypnogri5457

3 күн бұрын

@@Mernom I interpreted asteroid sized as "black hole has the radius of an asteroid" and not it having the same mass

@hypnogri5457

3 күн бұрын

I read over the later sentence in his comment where he mentions mass

Soundgarden fans rise up

@shawnscientifica7784

Ай бұрын

I hope it comes, and wash away the rain

Thank you Matt and team, and hope you all have a fab Yule and New Year

You'd bet your life on it. I love that you stuck that in there. Made me smile :)

The sci-fi novel Dragon's Egg made passing mention of small black holes inside the sun. Not a major part of the story line though.

I just watched Anton Petrov's video on this topic last night! What crazy timing.

Thank you and merry Christmas, Spacetime.

Re "Anton did it": W'duh, his method allows for such whereas Space Time is a much more concerted product. I mean, Anton's a machine, I won't deny it (dude uploads 6-7 times a week for 95% of the year) but, you see Matt (the dishy dork centerscreen)?. yeah, he's an actual astrophysist, he writes these episodes (sometimes solo).. perchance you noticed the copacetic graphics (those aren't tracers following Matt around since freshman year), they're there to avail understanding & contribute to much more in depth analysis.. all wizards considered, PBS Space Time is a much superior product.

Merry Christmas to you and your team Matt! Thanks for providing so much science knowledge!

@ThePowerLover

4 ай бұрын

This is not knowledge, we can't have that, this is science-backed beliefs, and I do like it and believe it above another kind of belief. But remember, "scientific" beliefs are always provisory. I believe that Matt and most of the team accept that, but they will not say it out loud, maybe in a live stream, but not here.

As the video nears its end I always try to predict when and what the pun will be. I love it!

Thank you for another fascinating thought experiment here. Thank you guys for all that you do otherwise too! Enjoy the holiday break! God be with you out there everybody, and Merry Christmas! ✝️ :)

Ah, a fresh dose of existential crisis

Thanks for another year of highly entertaining and informative content!. Thanks for another year of highly entertaining and informative content!.

As a astrophysics enthusiasts in high school and a grade 9 who wants to be a astrophysics you guys along with kurgeskart in a nutsheel are my idols, love you guys thank you, continue to keep me inspired

@PMA65537

4 ай бұрын

Kurzgesagt ?

@lordshiva3916

4 ай бұрын

@PMA65537 yeah my spelling is garbage lol

@joshlee7935

4 ай бұрын

Take Kurzgesagt videos with a grain of salt. Their sponsors are pretty iffy and some of their more scientific videos push their sponsors’ agendas

@lordshiva3916

4 ай бұрын

@joshlee7935 ok but their way of teaching is amazing

An interesting supposition.

A much larger version of this idea is the hypothetical quasi-star. These would have dwarfed any observed star in terms of diameter and mass.

@marcpeterson1092

4 ай бұрын

Please explain more. What is a quasi-star? What makes it so big?

@1959Edsel

4 ай бұрын

@@marcpeterson1092 the theory describes a huge cloud of nearly pure hydrogen, possibly millions of solar masses. A star forms and goes supernova, leaving a black hole. The star is so big that the supernova doesn't destroy it. This was only possible before other supernovae added heavier elements to the mix.

❤❤❤ Please don't ever stop making vids!!!! You are my fave on the entire inter-web👍👍👍👍 #1

Great video and the animation for the black hole in the star was perfect

"I would bet my life on the sun not having a black hole inside it." I see what you did there. 🙂 Informative episode, thank you. These win-win cases where no matter the test result we still learn something from it, tell exactly how science works!

Brace yourself for the Sound Garden references in the comments 😂

@stoerenungeheuer543

4 ай бұрын

you must be a kind of foreseer XD

@JamieSwitzer

4 ай бұрын

yup!

So you're saying I can take this off of my list of things to worry about. Thanks.

Really interesting stuff indeed. Let's see what we can find.

Hey guys could you please make a full length youtube episode on how you create or obtain astral particle models and other types of animations for this channel? I would love to acquire similar skills to render my own concepts according to specific rules of physics and such. I have a software for making fractals, but that's about it XD (chaotica)

@protocol6

4 ай бұрын

Universe Sandbox lets you do a lot of similar stuff. Some other youtubers use it for their space videos. It sounds more like you want to do it yourself in a modeling app like Blender or a game engine like Godot, though. There might be some plugins for those that would help but I'm not familiar with them.

@SpanishArmadaProd

4 ай бұрын

You mean unity

Thank you for this interesting video. Maybe a very stupid idea, but stars that suddenly disapears, could they contain a black hole that just turns too big and then engulf the rest of the star?

@garethdean6382

4 ай бұрын

This is one possibility, along with so-called Thorn-Zytkow objects,which would contain a stellar mass black hole from the start, and core-collapse to a black hole, which would be a supernova that just didn't emit any light. All three could lead to stars just vanishing.

@mannys9130

4 ай бұрын

Photodisintegration is the cause of what you describe, Patrick. This only happens with humongous stars over 250 solar masses. The pair-instability hypernova that would normally occur, is instead detoured before the core can fuse all at once in a jaw dropping thermonuclear explosion. Instead, the entire star rapidly plops down into a black hole straight away. No big explosion, no galactic fireworks. You essentially see just an enormous star that was there a minute ago, has been replaced by an almost equally massive black hole in almost the blink of an eye and 2 jets of material have rocketed out of the star. Actually, depending on where you happen to be located when that happens, you might only see 1 jet due to the relativistic effects making the second opposite jet invisible to you. The other scenario that you are describing, may be the "quasistar" hypothesis. I am a very firm supporter of the quasistar hypothesis for explaining the very early and very rapid supermassive black hole formation that we see in our universe. A quasistar is formed when a huge gas cloud collapses down onto itself and begins to fuse like a star normally would, except it's way too big to produce a normal star even hyper massive stars. The core region of the cloud directly collapses into a black hole and pulls strongly on the gas around it. However at the same time, there is so much radiation pressure pushing the gas back upward away from the black hole that you end up with a meta-stable balance of extreme gravitational pull enabling an outrageously powerful rate of fusion to take place in a shell around the black hole core. These quasistars would have been 1,000+ solar masses and they would have formed a huge black hole very rapidly (in ways that would form the supermassive black holes as we currently see them, which would not have been able to grow that large in the current age of the universe via standard methods). James Webb Space Telescope may have enough light gathering power to actually see far enough back and show us a quasistar in the process of growing a supermassive black hole. I hope to see a telescope powerful enough to do that in my lifetime. I am very confident in this hypothesis. :)

I thought the many worlds theory was crazy, but this one takes the cake... and the pie. This is just absurd.

Fantastic visuals and explanations here!

What if there's a black hole in my heart? 😱😥

@mikeoxmall69420

4 ай бұрын

How tf are you typing this?

@gert-janbonnema

4 ай бұрын

I assume that your question is rhetorical?

I was wondering today about **edit: nonrotating** black holes forming surrounded by compressible fluid. Would there be a "negative shockwave" as nearby matter falls in and away from matter farther away, whilst far away matter begins to compact under its own weight (in not being drawn in as quickly by the singularity)?

@Merennulli

4 ай бұрын

I assume by "negative shockwave" you mean a wave of lower density as mass falls in where space just opened up. Sort of like a queue at the DMV when someone at the front of the line gets through, with a propagation back through the line of people being able to step forward. If so, technically yes, but it would be a tiny effect in a large swirl of other higher energy effects.

@theograice8080

4 ай бұрын

@@Merennulli yes, that's what I meant to imply. Thanks for the response. would we see cavitation if, for example, the fluid in all directions forever around the object were water? And would this cavitation arise inversely proportional to distance? I'm struggling to visualize the in-falling and away-falling at once. I assume in my mind experiment that the working universe is homogenous but not dense enough to collapse into itself at any point except where the singularity in question arises.

@BiohazardPL

4 ай бұрын

I am not an astrophysicist, but I think, that if a star irradiates energy in every direction, and if in a core of a star will be a black hole irradiating energy outside, there will be many collisions of high energy atoms, so may it explain high metallicity of some stars?

@Merennulli

4 ай бұрын

@@theograice8080That's an assumption that requires negating some aspects of known physics so it's really hard to answer. An infinite homogeneous expanse of one type of material means no expansion, otherwise minute fluctuations would end the homogeneity as expansion separated the fluctuations apart. And since we don't yet know what dark energy is or what caused cosmic inflation, that guarantees any answer I give will be wrong. But I do get that you're just trying to isolate a fluid with no relative gravitational center and then a primordial black hole dropped into it. I'll give a few scenarios. STP water cosmic sea, 10^13kg black hole: The mass density difference is trivial, so while there is a general density trend towards the primordial black hole, it's not going to be very noticeable before other effects pile up. The first thing that would happen is matter would slowly start flowing into it (1/160 as fast as in the solar example), giving off energy but also breaking molecular bonds and freeing up individual hydrogen and oxygen atoms as well as hydroxide with random ionization. All of this is going to create a low density area around it that further slows feeding the black hole. The molecular hydrogen and oxygen formed from having atoms ripped off by the black hole will start to create gas pressure, bubbling outwards as the density of water is greater than the gasses. So long before you get voids, you'll get bubbles. Gradually over something on the order of billions of years you'll see the density difference start to have a localized effect where water density lowers in a slow motion version of your negative shockwave, and the black hole mass gradually increases. But that's also where buoyancy will push the accumulating H2 and O2 gas so it would look more like bubbling forming a bubble layer than forming low density areas. On the order of tens of billions of years you'd have a very noticeable ring of these two gasses forming an ever-growing shell around where the water was flowing towards the black hole. The surface tension of the water would mostly keep the shell intact but you would have a sort of rain as pressure overcame surface tension, and I believe this is where we get the first spark from the electrical potential carried by the rain creating enough differential for a discharge in a vast cloud of hydrogen and oxygen. This would be trivial compared to a star's fusion, but it would be a star-scale Hindenburg moment as the gas ignites, creating a pressure wave from the energy but converting a lot of it into low density water. And that's where I think the first voids will appear. That void would be filled by water vapor pretty quickly, the water vapor would diffuse to balance pressure with the surrounding water, and the cosmic water's fluid pressure would begin having more effect than gravity without the gas pressure holding it back. This sort of thing would cycle until the local area has diffused too much so that you have a greater than solar system scale low density region. Then gravity of the water starts to take over locally, creating higher density edges where the net gravity of the cosmic ocean have greater gravitational influence than the area surrounding the black hole. At the surface of this high density area you would have constant boiling of water vapor, creating an inverse "atmosphere". But it would have effectively isolated the black hole with an increasingly low density area of gas that either gravitates slowly towards the cosmic sea or towards the black hole. The black hole never becomes particularly large, and gradually evaporates through Hawking radiation, sending energy that is again diffused through the cosmic sea. This energy gradually increases the vapor pressure at the surface, growing the cosmic sea back towards where the black hole had created a cavity as it releases what it took. The net result is a slight overpressure wave that diffuses out through the cosmic sea until it becomes undetectable. STP water cosmic sea, 10^11kg black hole: The mass falling in is exceeded by Hawking radiation, creating slightly greater outward pressure in the form of heating the water and boiling off layers that move outward from the black hole and then diffuse their energy and re-condense, making it an incredible bubbler for about 3 billion years. This leaves even fewer pressure waves that diffuse until they become undetectable. Solar pressure water cosmic sea: At solar pressure, the water across the whole sea is actually just a mix of hydrogen and oxygen plasma that is gradually fusing into everything up to iron without the black hole's help. The scenario locally plays out like he described in the video, but it increases the overall pressure, so fusion increases as the black hole grows. This increases the feeding rate with time, so you more rapidly get to a multi-solar mass black hole. Once again, you get a low density shell around the black hole as it consumes enough to pull away mass into areas where the cosmic sea and the black hole separate out. There would be effectively "solar wind" pushing outward from the black hole region at first but that would be quickly reversed as the lack of new mass being added to its effective area lowered the rate of fusion. The black hole would eventually just be left feeding on the solar wind of the cosmic sea. That feeding would increase again as the cosmic sea shifted what it was fusing, pushing more mass over the threshold to fall into the black hole, until you get to the point where the cosmic sea can't sustain itself with fusion pressure anymore and it shrinks back, starving the black hole and creating an ever-growing void in between. You would likely see the edges of this become low gravity areas that allow localized black holes to form, creating new voids further from the initial black hole, and cascading for infinity as the cosmic breaks up into black holes with voids between them. Since this hypothetical universe isn't expanding or contracting, the Hawking radiation would essentially just trade energy between the black holes indefinitely.

@garethdean6382

4 ай бұрын

This is tricky. It depends on the size of the hole and if it's spinning. A small hole for example will generate a lot of energy,evaporating the fluid around it and leaving a cavity. A larger hole will not do this unless it's spinning (In which case it will start to spin the fluid around it via its ergosphere.) but will have lesser tidal forces; the approach will be more gentle and stress the fluid less. Water is quit a dense liquid, on astronomical scales; supermassive black holes can have about this density (The larger a hole is the lower its density becomes.) so it becomes difficult to construct a bath big enough to put the hole into without it immediately collapsing into a star or hole of its own. You'd need a very special fluid to perform this scenario in.

I love your videos! Happy holidays to you and your team!

What a great episode to close out 2023!

Has anyone done a “Black Hole Sun” reference yet?

If there were such a black hole in the sun then wouldn't we be able to find an abnormal amount of high frequency radiation coming from the poles of the sun? (Assuming the angular momentum of the black hole aligns with the sun)

@carloguerrero6583

4 ай бұрын

Kinda doubt it. High energy light like that is already absorbed and reemited by the radiative zone of the sun. There's little spinning in the core (from the chaos of fusion and the closeness to the center of rotarion) to rub off on the black hole to align it with the sun's.

I never get bored of this channel Thanz bro😅❤

Finally: audio quality improvements! Thanks!

@ledgeri

4 ай бұрын

@@whackamole4909 Since Derbauer (en)'s latest, 40 minute, ai translated video, i am more SUS about the last couple of vids!

Chris Cornell called it.

black hole sun wont you come

@MaRINoL

4 ай бұрын

You're so original. /s

This would be my favorite space science channel if the put out videos as frequently as they used to.

@KonradTheWizzard

4 ай бұрын

Personally, I prefer the high quality of this channel over the quantity of others.

@chrismaynard5

4 ай бұрын

I don't think frequency is the issue, they've basically covered everything there is to cover so they can only really cover new developments at this point or delve in to speculative or pseudoscience which involves ignoring alot of actually science.

This video reminds me of one of my favorite hard sci-fi novels, Dragon's Egg by Robert L. Forward. In the book, humans make contact with a civilization living on a neutron star, and give them lots of scientific knowledge. The aliens, who live much much faster than humans, quickly advance in science and technology much farther than us. As a parting gift, they remove the five microscopic black holes from inside our sun.

@hawaiisidecar

4 ай бұрын

I read that.

Black Hole Sun....who knew? ;-)

@JamieSwitzer

4 ай бұрын

won't you come, and wash away the raaain

Happy Holidays to the Space Time team, and all the fans!

Love the easier to understand videos

Would we have noticed if our sun harbors 2 or more black holes? How about if they were to merge?

@Jeewanu216

4 ай бұрын

I think we would probably start detecting gravitational waves. Would be interesting either way.

@maxime3648

4 ай бұрын

The two black holes would have merged long time ago during the star formation period, as the dense gas strips them of their momentum super quickly and make them both sink to the very center of the star

Black Hole Sun? I know that song!

What an excellent episode to finish out the year. I often think about this kind of thing so it’s really cool to see y’all address it and even to know that Stephen Hawking was also interested in the matter.

My kids and I lost our home and it's been very hard but we can always get lost in this channel you don't just educate you give hope to the future and distraction to the down trodden to God bless and Merry christmas

5:11 With 6 orders of magnitude of mass on the lower end of PBH's, could this hypothesis take the form of a swarm of PBHs instead of a singular one? I wonder what impact that might have on the later proposed differences we could detect in the swirling up of the star contents. I would guess that it would cause even more interior sloshing.

@garethdean6382

4 ай бұрын

The problem is that within a star, moving black holes would quickly encounter 'friction' as they swallow mass they run into. They'd shed their momentum quickly and all merge at the core. This is even a fat of stars that enter a 'shared envelope' of gas.

@jajssblue

4 ай бұрын

@@garethdean6382 I think you're correct that there would be significant dynamic friction to bring them to the center, unless the convection somehow dominates their movement.

This story is really making gravitational waves. If spacetime is a geometry then blackholes could exist without mass.

Hwhy my jaw done drop melt right off mah face even concidering such cotton candy notions of y’alls science types🫠🤫

Very interesting topic, thanks for covering it.

Not to long ago there was a discusion about mysterious stars that have simply disappeared over a relatively short period of time. Perhaps they were suddenly consumed by a black hole from the inside out.

Interesting theory, maybe look into if we could be falling into a universal central black hole? That might provide an alternative to the expanding universe theory. The red shift could happen if we are falling faster away from other galaxies. What do you think?

@StanleyKubick1

4 ай бұрын

I like that idea. Has anyone from the channel ever replied to a comment?

@EclipseCircle

4 ай бұрын

Correct me if I'm wrong but wouldn't this imply a preferred direction to universal expansion (which would be toward this universal singularity)? Universal expansion appears to be equal in all directions.

@MelindaGreen

4 ай бұрын

I doubt there could be a universal black hole, because the universe is expanding faster than light, so most of it is out of reach of any effects in other parts. We are however part of the enormous Laniakea Supercluster in which the Milky Way and 100,000 other galaxies are flowing down the drain of the Great Attractor.

@MD-cd1ww

4 ай бұрын

If this is true we are the first to go 😅

@jman4293

4 ай бұрын

@@EclipseCircle That's a good point. Although galaxies that are falling faster than us would still be red-shifted from our perspective; however those galaxies that are falling perpendicular to us would appear normally radiant.

I had this idea as a young lad, but it was just fantasy. Happy to hear others thought about it more seriously

Amazing. And I'm not talking about the science. But how you were able to answer my question(s) a few seconds even before I asked them Simply "stellar" 📡You R the "Astrophysics Whisperer"

Black hole sun, the song, has a new meaning 🖤

There’s a void dragon under the surface of Mars.

@matthewwriter9539

4 ай бұрын

...which is kept asleep by a super amazing ultra tiger.

Out of 116,772 thousand views, there’s only 7k likes.. cmon he spends so much time into these videos and he just posted it and that many people watched that fast but didn’t like it ? Also like it, this video helps his revenue.

Noted 17:16 Your "life" is on the bettingtable, as you wanted. Our sun doesnt contain any aspect of small black hole - if so, your "life" is not yours anymore. Kudos for putting your life on the table.

...By ScienceGarden.

@manuelhernandez2017

Ай бұрын

Also the late physicist Chris Cornell as well

The thing is, a black hole is so dense that it's not really going to slow down for anything, even ordinary stellar matter in a star. A gravitationally captured black hole is just going to continually run through a star like warm butter, if it even slows down enough to be captured which seems unlikely. I'm not too certain how likely it is that a star could ever capture a black hole; I'm sure some of your viewers could do the math but I'd think at best, you'd probably have a black hole orbiting within the star and that'd probably rip apart the star more quickly than just a star being consumed from the center.

@skyclaw

4 ай бұрын

Wouldn’t the black hole’s orbit decay as it absorbed stellar matter?

Funny Joke: Heisenberg was speeding on the highway, when a police officer pulls him over. The police officer says "Did you know you were going at 80 mph? ". Heisenberg responds " Well now I don't know where I am! ". HAPPY HOLIDAYS AND HAVE A MERRY Christmas🎄 🎅 Math: Solve and show your work: Integral of (e^(-x^(2))) dx Hope on all your hw you can use the taylor series! Personal Message: I have been watching pbs space time since I was 7 ( I am eleven now) and it is my favorite pbs show ever!!!❤❤❤

The search for dark matter seems to always accelerate the number of ways one can search for it- Love to hear about new astronomy observables

black hole sun, won't you come

Anton Petrov beat you to the punch on this one. Glad you're doing your video on it though.

@garethdean6382

4 ай бұрын

He mentions that in the video in fact! They're all in on it I say!