Vince Greenwood, Ph.D | Social Anxiety

Пікірлер: 114

  • @aichabelle267
    @aichabelle2673 жыл бұрын

    when I have conversations with people, even "friends" I feel like I have to fill the gaps of silence so I'll rack my brain with things to say next and end up interrupting the other person. Then I start to think they think I'm rude or arrogant or something else. Then after that conversation is over I'll think about that for years after wards.

  • @jesusmanuelgrateroltoro5445

    @jesusmanuelgrateroltoro5445

    3 жыл бұрын

    This is just superb, I have been researching "top natural cures for social anxiety" for a while now, and I think this has helped. You ever tried - Telaavar Anxious Amanita - (do a search on google )? It is a smashing exclusive product for removing the root cause of social anxiety minus the normal expense. Ive heard some incredible things about it and my mate after many years got great success with it.

  • @alexvidu4517

    @alexvidu4517

    3 жыл бұрын

    This is just superb, I've been looking for "how common is social anxiety disorder?" for a while now, and I think this has helped. You ever tried - Senonnor Puzzling Superiority - (do a google search ) ? It is a good one of a kind product for discovering how to conquer your social anxiety minus the hard work. Ive heard some super things about it and my friend got amazing results with it.

  • @apophisxo4480

    @apophisxo4480

    3 жыл бұрын

    YES! ME TOO!!!

  • @Zoonofski
    @Zoonofski4 жыл бұрын

    The problem I seem to have is that my negative thinking seems to be true, like 'this conversation is going poorly' and it actually is.

  • @fordakacar

    @fordakacar

    3 жыл бұрын

    The problem is that’s a subjective opinion, so it’s really just your social anxiety talking. There is no objectively bad conversation

  • @Zoonofski

    @Zoonofski

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@fordakacar So it's more to do with how I am interpreting the situation?

  • @fclaudiopsych

    @fclaudiopsych

    21 күн бұрын

    Yes, a conversation can go badly.

  • @Melycast3
    @Melycast33 жыл бұрын

    I have social anxiety and have always been shy. I am 40 and I can't believe I have not overcome that. However, I have realized that practice makes better. We moved to a new neighborhood and because of the pandemic, my kid cannot attend school. To make matters worse, she is an only child so she has no kids to play with. I would hear kids playing 3 houses down. One day I decided to do something about the fact that my kid was not socializing with kids. Against my nature, I decided to go walk and so she could approach those kids. GLADLY, my kid is not shy like me but outgoing like my husband. I did talk to the moms but I was feeling SO uncomfortable because of my shyness. I could feel blushing and sweating from talking and the 3 moms looking at me while talking. They always get together on the street these days so that the kids can socialize. I am not lying, my stomach would hurt just thinking that the next day I would have to socialize again with them. I watched some videos here and wrote down some important points that really helped. The one that helped me the most was, "Get out of your head" so I did not pay attention to my head telling me "they will think you are weird, you are shy, you are boring" and all I did was focus on the conversation. What a big difference. But the most important thing that made it easier for me was "No, I am doing this for my daughter and for her I would do anything, so get up your ass and go out and talk to those people while she plays!" Guess what? I actually enjoyed it! I began to feel more comfortable and had a great time! I am still nervous thinking about going out and socialize with them but, now I know that it is not up to them to make me feel comfortable, it is up to me!

  • @Melycast3

    @Melycast3

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@brunowilliams9693 Look up videos that teach you how to control your anxiety. We can't live like this! It's painful, literally. Practice Practice Practice.

  • @apophisxo4480

    @apophisxo4480

    3 жыл бұрын

    I feel the exact same way. I've always known this was a problem, but these KZread videos have allowed me to feel some hope that others are going through the same thing. With me I get the same stomach problems and I try to muscle through it but it's a lot of work and I feel exhausted afterwards. I've had jobs as a broker and supervisor where I'd have to give presentations, but I always felt like I came across much worse than I planned. I always felt that I had failed. In my current job my customers are asleep, so I think I've found a way to cop out and not address my issues. I also feel that because of my social anxiety growing up I was a bit isolated and I'm not totally fluent with social nuances that other people take for granted (although I pick up on them from others pretty easily). I usually can start the conversation but I feel the need to end it right away for fear of being exposed for the idiot I am. I'm very happy for you Lorena! At least you're climbing your mountain, I hide at work, study, watch KZread videos or play online chess all day...(edit: I do like to travel, so we do that a lot, but I still avoid large groups or meeting new people on the way). PS Bruno...I don't even leave a voice recording because I think I sound like Kermit the Frog....Forget Facetime!

  • @wearelimitless5443

    @wearelimitless5443

    3 жыл бұрын

    I'm 36 I'm pretty smart..i speak well and I'm not scared of much. But, I have CRIPPLING social anxiety. My parents deterring addicts and we moved over 100 times, yes you heard that right. Lol. Add in add in being the new kid and having to fight constantly to survive and never 8 mean ever bening able to feel safe or like i have a home, created my social anxiety. I have all these same symptoms you guys listed. I also get lock jaw and muscle spasms when I'm in a big crowd of people like a meeting or a party etc. I gusessing from all the tension in my body from the intense fear and anxiety. Fun fun. I went from having giant groups of friends to not wanting to associate with anyone over the years.

  • @paulheinrichdietrich9518

    @paulheinrichdietrich9518

    2 жыл бұрын

    You guys must be experiencing a very mild for of SA considering you managed to get a partner.

  • @Soppleworld

    @Soppleworld

    Жыл бұрын

    I feel similar as I have only one child and have that same shyness or social anxiety and have to get up the courage to talk to people for the sake of my daughter thou its hard! Its nice to see Im not alone.

  • @Awaecnan
    @Awaecnan4 жыл бұрын

    It's so accurate when you said social anxiety is mostly a fear of evaluation at its core. If you're able to process where that fear is coming from, you're able to efficiently process social anxiety. Thanks Dr! Learned a lot from this!

  • @lisaturner4011

    @lisaturner4011

    3 жыл бұрын

    How do you find out where the fear came from?

  • @raccuia1

    @raccuia1

    2 жыл бұрын

    Yes, we have been negatively evaluated by others and witnessed others being negatively evaluated during our life even when we/they were just being normal so we say to ourselves there is a high chance that at any time I will be negatively evaluated and that brings on the anxiety.

  • @sally9805
    @sally98054 жыл бұрын

    Feeling anxious equals looking anxious. That's been in my head for a while. I have so many of these symptoms.

  • @raccuia1

    @raccuia1

    2 жыл бұрын

    Me too. I worry that my anxiety will show and that makes me blush, face tremble, look embarrassed and so on. Most times I'm fine but when my social anxiety comes up it is crippling.

  • @meshari0001
    @meshari00013 жыл бұрын

    Please god cure us

  • @Alijnegi

    @Alijnegi

    10 ай бұрын

    How is your situation right now , it’s been two years since ur comment.

  • @treydavis3745
    @treydavis37454 жыл бұрын

    This was super informative and well said. We need more of this from this doctor for social anxiety specially

  • @mimicatzillacatonthemounta6715
    @mimicatzillacatonthemounta67157 жыл бұрын

    Squirrel at 7:03 :)

  • @grantknott

    @grantknott

    5 жыл бұрын

    Yeah I spotted it straight away and thought it was funny. We don’t get those in Australia

  • @leoleo-tr7oj

    @leoleo-tr7oj

    5 жыл бұрын

    Cheers for the video content! Excuse me for the intrusion, I am interested in your opinion. Have you heard about - Mahorrla Execute Shy Method (just google it)? It is an awesome one off guide for beating social anxiety without the headache. Ive heard some incredible things about it and my buddy after a lifetime of fighting got cool success with it.

  • @neoadviser8056

    @neoadviser8056

    5 жыл бұрын

    Great video content! Apologies for chiming in, I would appreciate your opinion. Have you considered - Mahorrla Execute Shy Method (search on google)? It is an awesome one of a kind product for beating social anxiety minus the normal expense. Ive heard some incredible things about it and my friend Sam got excellent success with it.

  • @tusseriesfavoritas7441

    @tusseriesfavoritas7441

    3 жыл бұрын

    There are several factors in cures for panic attacks. One place I discovered that succeeds in merging these is the Trevs panic fixer (check it out on google) definately the most incredible guide i've heard of. look at all the amazing information .

  • @kennykenaz8340

    @kennykenaz8340

    3 жыл бұрын

    This was great, thanks, I have been researching "what is the cure for social anxiety" for a while now, and I think this has helped. Ever heard of - Qanwen Donuke Approach - (do a search on google ) ? Ive heard some decent things about it and my brother in law got great success with it.

  • @kerrypham3559
    @kerrypham355911 күн бұрын

    This is extremely helpful for anxious people like me. Thank you from the bottom of my heart, I have watched so many videos about therapies but yours is the only one I’ve seen that does not make me feel more anxious watching people explaining about anxiety itself 😅, thanks to your calm presence and very followable pace when you talk, makes my monkey brain like me feel like I can grasp the ideas and understand through a stream of infos. Thank you again

  • @navajoapache6862
    @navajoapache68622 жыл бұрын

    I do have very severe social anxiety! I’ve read some people commenting here that they have a kid and have their own house and this and that; if that is the case, believe me, you DO NOT have social anxiety, you’re just a bit awkward that’s all.

  • @Anna133199

    @Anna133199

    Жыл бұрын

    Nope, you can have a kid, house and have social anxiety. It may not be "very severe" social anxiety, but it could still impact their life heavily in many different ways. Sometimes, people feel comfortable with one person in particular and that's their spouse, but they still can't make friends, go to family gatherings, do work presentations, etcetera. It's still social anxiety.

  • @truthtriumphant

    @truthtriumphant

    9 ай бұрын

    They still have social anxiety in my opinion. However, I think it may be less severe than others’ social anxiety.

  • @academia3602
    @academia36024 жыл бұрын

    I am student of clinical psychology and watch these videos to enhance my learning and exposure to experts experience. This sort of learning is really enjoyable. Thank You Dr. Vince Greenwood.

  • @onemondaynight
    @onemondaynight3 жыл бұрын

    I'm a cognitive therapist working with anxiety disorders. Thank you for this video! It's a very concise resource for me as I consider my clients with SAD vs GAD.

  • @childeharoldskillgrimage2652

    @childeharoldskillgrimage2652

    3 жыл бұрын

    The fact that a certified professional in the field of CBT is using a KZread video that uses only layman's terms as a reference certainly does nothing to strengthen my resolve in seeking out therapy.

  • @fatihkan2601
    @fatihkan26014 жыл бұрын

    There is nothing in life as planned. We are making a living purely out of chances. As a socially anxious person I'm only trying to collect pieces and making more spaces for myself because the world itself isn't suitable on my demands. It's scary and in an order irrationally. That's the critical point of this anxiety problem. I'm getting anxious by every piece of the world. That makes me behave like I have to understand every inch of it and think very carefully before taking any action about it. If I don't do this it will only ruin everything about me. That's how I feel about this.

  • @imogenereeve6512
    @imogenereeve6512 Жыл бұрын

    my whole body contracts in social situations or any circumstance involving anyone - extreme nausea, fever, headache, sweating sensation throughout body, my throat constricts, I freeze, etc, become extremely rigid or/and erratic (better know) after psychopathic abuse. Severe dissociation. Very difficult. Gaslighting sent me to a mental institution. CPTSD.

  • @simonsays2677
    @simonsays26774 жыл бұрын

    i would love to say that this video is so elaborative and helpful as well i really would love to watch more and more of this i hope more will come in this future from this channel and the amazing professor , dr vince greenwood

  • @cheryllewis9141
    @cheryllewis91415 жыл бұрын

    My son during his late teen years had anxiety around eating in public. He subsequently became a chef. I am not sure what were the connections .

  • @Viper4ever05

    @Viper4ever05

    3 жыл бұрын

    Maybe he didn't want to be seen eating bad food so he became a chef.

  • @rubin-healmysocialanxiety702
    @rubin-healmysocialanxiety7022 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for the video Vince! I like how you broke down the differences between being more shy as opposed to having more severe symptoms 🙌

  • @guyfromostrava
    @guyfromostrava6 жыл бұрын

    "The mission of the program is not to make one immune from anxiety but to give one the tools to deal with it." - and this is my biggest issue. So I will be able to push myself into situations I want to be in but I will still be anxious. Sure I will be less anxious but anxious nonetheless, which is the exact reason why I don't want to be in those situations. If the anxiety will not go away and manifest itself only sporadically, I'm afraid I will have to choose a more, permanent, solution.

  • @iforgot799

    @iforgot799

    5 жыл бұрын

    This sentence disappointed me

  • @josephsaff

    @josephsaff

    4 жыл бұрын

    Nah, your anxiety goes down and its life changing but during the treatment you are learning to tolerate the anxious feelings and eventually after many exposures you feel much less anxious and life starts to open up :)

  • @makersmark5607
    @makersmark56073 жыл бұрын

    I think it would be helpful to consider a different approach. First off social anxiety starts because the person is already hyper-aware of their social situation. It is a matter of seeing the world with different levels of detail. People with social anxiety (at least some forms of it) already see their social situation with far more detail than is necessary for them to function in social situations. In fact you could consider such hyper focus to be detrimental to their socialization with others. As such it seems to be key to distract from this hyper focus and shift the focus away without entirely ignoring the topic. To address this I would consider directing their attention towards creative and solitary activities. This is the first step. It will engage their mind with other topics not related to their social situation. Get them to first go long enough to develop the habit of engaged in a creative activity where their thoughts seldom address social matters. At least while they are in their creative zone. This has the added benefit of develop skills and abilities that have social currency for latter use. If they already have a talent that they quite enjoy then focus on doing that talent while avoiding any thoughts of a social nature. The second step is to involve 1 other person who is also interested in the same type of creative activity. At this point it will be important to begin developing a common goal and to define complimentary roles that each will play while they work together. They should already be familiar with the role they take on as is they are already familiar with the entirety of the creative work. Have them work together on and off until they can work in that situation without giving consideration to social matters. Resolve conflicts equitably and do this until they can handle conflict without thinking about the social implications or flaws that may have contributed to the conflict. They should think only of the logistics of resolving the conflict itself and returning attention back towards the creative goal. Once this has normalized scale slowly until the person has a base that is separate from the rest of their community. 5 people at most. 3 is just fine. The best outcome I would think is 3 friends and a family. Once this inner circle is established social consequences outside their base should be less important and thus less impactful and less anxiety. With this inner circle in place approaching people outside their group should be less risky since they always have their inner circle to fall back on. I've had the thought that social anxiety (at least some variants of it) is a nesting instinct that is found to predispose some people to a particular pair bonding type of behavior. Social anxiety is more common among Scandinavians or people of that decent. People in that region of the world often find relief after bonding with a person and getting away from other people. Which is why I had the thought that it might be related to a genetic predisposition to nest. And also the reason I believe the best outcome would come from 3 friends and a family. Such nesting behavior is not without its risks though. Without the social norms of broader society a person can be very vulnerable to abuse if things go wrong and will not be particularly open to outside interference. This adds to the importance of the individual to sort out morals, to be a moral person and to find a moral person to bond with. Just some thoughts though. Nothing near any sort of clinical study.

  • @Noir-sr5bw
    @Noir-sr5bw3 жыл бұрын

    My whole body shaked trembles

  • @andyshelly3473
    @andyshelly34735 жыл бұрын

    good work thank you so very much

  • @jakecorynthian3516
    @jakecorynthian35164 жыл бұрын

    Thank you for sharing this video, I feel it describes my experiences so well and helps me put my difficulties into some perspective... in group contexts where I am expected to speak, A frequent fear of mine is that I am going mad and will make a fool of myself ... : if possible, I would appreciate some advice / video resources about this particularly painful experience, its meaning as well as how to manage it... Thank you again for your video, much appreciated. 🙏

  • @kristinaasimova601
    @kristinaasimova6013 жыл бұрын

    Great informative video! Thank you!

  • @joeyslats31
    @joeyslats315 жыл бұрын

    I would avoid anyone that tries to sell a quick and easy method sold to you by anyone. I've been working on my anxiety for years and I've seen slow but meaningfull progress. Medication and "quick" things often dont work when it comes to SA.

  • @Lavidadeyari

    @Lavidadeyari

    4 жыл бұрын

    Joe Slater what do you do ?

  • @loosecannon6142

    @loosecannon6142

    4 жыл бұрын

    That is extremely depressing and discouraging. Years of endless hell, only to work on it for years to see very slow progress? Damn. Also remember curing social anxiety only puts you at normal. Normal people are still prone to depressions, failure, dating and no money problems. Its over

  • @paulheinrichdietrich9518

    @paulheinrichdietrich9518

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@loosecannon6142 What can I say... life is crap

  • @paulcurran6063

    @paulcurran6063

    3 жыл бұрын

    Day 120 of my social anxiety program and things have been slowly improving. Please check out DR. RICHARDS social anxiety institute for his online CBT course.

  • @alyssaisaperson490

    @alyssaisaperson490

    2 жыл бұрын

    @@loosecannon6142 It’s extremely depressing cuz that’s the reality of it. What else are you gonna do? You either drag yourself slowly deeper into the corner of isolation and anxiety or slowly drag yourself out with the prospect of being normal as a reward. And trust me, just the idea of being normal and having small talk with another person without feeling nauseous is enough to give motivation after years in “hell”

  • @victorokponganam
    @victorokponganam3 жыл бұрын

    I was able to overcome my social anxiety by starting a KZread channel about my journey in personal development

  • @BeatsByClover
    @BeatsByClover4 жыл бұрын

    I have myself a concussion after a failed suicide. I also have ptsd. No relation ship. They thpught i was retarded when I was going and had to go to a clinic. I found the report in the attack. I'm 22 now. The psychologist said I had very low self esteem. This was when i was 6 years old

  • @RuBeNGaminGYT
    @RuBeNGaminGYT3 жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much for this. ♥️♥️♥️

  • @WhirlOmar
    @WhirlOmar2 жыл бұрын

    I really wish that people who talk about social anxiety could talk about helping mild cases which are still debilitating to the individual. They only refer to extreme cases. You can still have mild anxiety in social situations and still result with lack of friends and meaningful relationships, which cause depression.

  • @DAClub-uf3br
    @DAClub-uf3br7 ай бұрын

    Symptoms can be visible, more than once i have been asked why i was shacking so much. You forgot one of the downsides include lower life span since the constant adrenaline overworks the heart.

  • @theforeigner6988
    @theforeigner698810 ай бұрын

    Painfully self conscious - AMEN to that.

  • @vivizth
    @vivizth4 жыл бұрын

    Thank you

  • @lia-yx5rj
    @lia-yx5rj4 жыл бұрын

    But my face does turn beat red. They even call me off on it😔

  • @apophisxo4480

    @apophisxo4480

    3 жыл бұрын

    I don't think Beta blockers will work for me, because I also put myself down constantly, but it may definitely help with turning red. The BB's will block those adrenaline receptors and may actually help you!

  • @ruthmarland835

    @ruthmarland835

    6 ай бұрын

    My 42 year old son has been suffering since 17. He now has health issues and refuses help. He will ride this hell out until death! That’s severe.

  • @vegan__girl
    @vegan__girl3 жыл бұрын

    This is so painful

  • @reyysh
    @reyysh3 жыл бұрын

    He is the best of all bests

  • @noproblems2212
    @noproblems22124 жыл бұрын

    A very good video Doc Do you offer online CBT?

  • @sam-nariman6236
    @sam-nariman62363 жыл бұрын

    I've barely gone to parties because I think I look really stupid when I'm dancing, even in my best friend wedding I did not dance although I was the best man. I hate this! :(

  • @apophisxo4480

    @apophisxo4480

    3 жыл бұрын

    Me too....plus I'm 6'4" so I feel like the entire dance floor can see me screw up the electric slide. My wife always wants to dance OMG!

  • @FrancesShear
    @FrancesShear4 жыл бұрын

    Isn't it important to consider the whole person in their situation before giving advice or offereing them observations of the situation they are in? When a person with social anxiety is for real being shamed and discounted about their desire to remain there in a hands on learning practicum at the same time in another setting during different days in the week they are being shamed for the same kind of signs and symptoms in a part time job how does that person with social anxiety disorder cope with it when trying to learn how to use machinery there in that practicum while they have dislexia which requires a bit longer to learn those hands on tasks too? For example when working in a shoe store being confronted by a just hired on manager who shames the clerk for their profuse sweating and red face for the third time on their shift already. When going through a situation like that when having to cope with a high risk air quality at the same time wouldn't that be too much for anyone with social anxiety, dislexia and a preexisting undiagnosed lung condition? In a situation like that any underlying health problems predisposing a person to social anxiety needs to be addressed one at a time starting with investigating if they have a lung condition.

  • @user-xb3vl2gs7g
    @user-xb3vl2gs7g4 жыл бұрын

    This is probably the most serious anxiety disorder

  • @apophisxo4480

    @apophisxo4480

    3 жыл бұрын

    I'm not doing poorly so it would be hard to tell, but I have zero friends and would almost surely be much more successful without this problem. It has limited my development pretty much all of my life.

  • @user-xb3vl2gs7g

    @user-xb3vl2gs7g

    3 жыл бұрын

    Go seek help.It can be cured 100%

  • @paulheinrichdietrich9518

    @paulheinrichdietrich9518

    2 жыл бұрын

    @@user-xb3vl2gs7g I'm skeptical abou that.

  • @tpl6963

    @tpl6963

    2 жыл бұрын

    it eventually encapsulates all of them (the main ones)l, so probably SA leads to withdrawal, GAD, subsequent depression, suicidality, loss of any hopes and dreams it's awful

  • @alwincjose7132
    @alwincjose71322 жыл бұрын

    ❤️❤️

  • @pinokkioish
    @pinokkioish Жыл бұрын

    Can you overcome with training your mindset?

  • @tpl6963
    @tpl69632 жыл бұрын

    It is no false equivalency that looking nervous in an objectively innocuous and non threatening situation = looking foolish. It IS foolish, that is the entire reason we call it a disorder, why others on the street recognise it, why so many of us are so distressed. If he means that is not a permanent state (being foolish forever), well, it kind of is and becomes so if every interaction results in extreme and noticeable upset on the part of the socially anxious patient

  • @joannthomases9304
    @joannthomases93043 жыл бұрын

    Lost family over it. No shrink would call and explain my work on it. In otherwords they all just didn't care doctors make you take it all day then cut you off. They should let you take it when your up in front of people, or unfamiliar groups. That's all. Or first interviews , first days, etc. My doctor wouldn't give me a calmer. cause i wouldnt take it on ....his time table.....which is your addictive problem put on us. So, give it...As Needed. The idea is to Give a sence of control. Not keep it going in treatment. See: chattled persons..Blacks Law, 4th edition.

  • @filipemartins1850
    @filipemartins18503 жыл бұрын

    Jesus loves you❤️, in the Bible in Matthew 11:28-30 is written the words of Jesus; Come to me all you who weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy and my burden is light. Those are the words of Jesus. Also in the Bible is written in the books of Acts 16:31; Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your household. God loves you, you can go through everything with the help of Jesus, have a good day.

  • @mschell350
    @mschell3504 жыл бұрын

    Can i cure myself with this video

  • @paulheinrichdietrich9518

    @paulheinrichdietrich9518

    2 жыл бұрын

    The answer is in the disclaimer at the start of this video.

  • @paulinehannon4514
    @paulinehannon45142 жыл бұрын

    He doesn't mention how diet can affect anxiety..

  • @lawrencebishton9071
    @lawrencebishton90712 жыл бұрын

    constantly ridiculeing would be good for starting it off then

  • @lawrencebishton9071
    @lawrencebishton90712 жыл бұрын

    how do you do this ? u want money !!

  • @kanatakara.exe.
    @kanatakara.exe.4 жыл бұрын

    What if I have all three types of SAD😅

  • @Bazza5000

    @Bazza5000

    4 жыл бұрын

    Well, I guess we can learn from our strengths and adapt to become the best versions of ourselves. None of us is perfect. I guess we all struggle.

  • @lawrencebishton9071
    @lawrencebishton90712 жыл бұрын

    bee hiveour honey collecters i know your game bobsqaush aint ya chavie

  • @lawrencebishton9071
    @lawrencebishton90712 жыл бұрын

    or div horsed from your tackle 🤣

  • @lawrencebishton9071
    @lawrencebishton90712 жыл бұрын

    you mate are un happly married so ...... 🤣

  • @lawrencebishton9071
    @lawrencebishton90712 жыл бұрын

    funny how you will not show your face to me

  • @cheryllewis9141
    @cheryllewis91415 жыл бұрын

    CAL