Phosphoric acid is mainly for phospating, not for rust removal. It will create black coating of iron phosphate that will prevent further rust (passivation), both form rust and from the iron itself. Only minimal damage (deformation) made to the workpiece. The reactions are: * Rust: 2 H3PO4 + Fe2O3 --> 2FePO4 + 3H2O * Bare metal: Fe + 3H2PO4 --> Fe(PO4)3 + 3H2 Those coating (FePO4 & Fe(PO4)3) won't dissolve into the solutuon. That's why it didn't got dirty, and can be used again (if still has enough concentration). This is the winner for common use in my opinion. On the other side, hydrochloric acid did best in rust removal. But it will damage the workpiece to some degree, and then exposed steel to air will rust immediatly. The rust dissolve in the solution, and the acid then attack the exposed steel. That why it turns dull, and will rust faster in the future. Next removal will add more damage. The reactions are: * Rust: Fe2O3 + 6HCl --> 2FeCl3 + 3H2O * Bare metal: Fe + 2HCl --> FeCl2 + H2 This is not a good choice to preserve the workpiece.

@evadevries2952

3 жыл бұрын

Agreed. Bottom line: Hydrochloric to remove rust...Phosphoric to convert rust. I like to grind flush and then use phosphoric to convert rust that exists below the surface plane. Note, if you rinse phosphoric while wet you can apply epoxy primer. If you let it dry, epoxy will not adhere.

@Mavrik9000

2 жыл бұрын

Please also explain the formula for (vinegar) acetic acid with iron and iron oxide, and the pros and cons for using it.

@mbahismu4156

2 жыл бұрын

​@@Mavrik9000 both iron and iron oxide will forms iron acetate, similar to HCl but slower reaction. Pros: safe to skin and cheap. Cons: slower reaction and requires cleaning / neutralizing afterward.

@Good-Enuff-Garage

2 жыл бұрын

@@evadevries2952 I have used Hydrochloric acid to remove the rust off the hood of my truck because I assumed acid was acid and I always use Phosphoric, anyway the hood rusted so bad in less than a year I had to redo it with Phosphoric acid

@vevenaneathna

Жыл бұрын

unlike with the other acids, the chloride ions can easily subsitute the iron oxide and change the cordination complex structure which then becomes more soluble. this is why you can add table salt to almost any acid to speed up its ability to disolve rust. not sure if the chloride ions can imbed themselfs the bare metal and migrate below the surface layer. boiling water actually converts the iron to a black oxide and is the least damaging way i know of to "remove rust" because you actually convert it into a passivized surface layer. when it comes to pasivation like with phosphoric acid, i believe you actually want the most concentrated solution possible. this is definatly the case with fuming nitric acid which is less reactive than dilute nitric acid because of pasivation

Love that you got out the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 👍

This whole test pre-supposes that speed of removal is the main goal in removing rust. But this is not always the over riding goal. Sometimes it is more important to convert the rust into a less reactive form. Or to remove it delicately to reduce damage to other items.

@firmbutton6485

3 жыл бұрын

Id usde hydrochloric, wash tat off then use phosphoric to convert any remaining...?

@bitTorrenter

2 жыл бұрын

@@firmbutton6485 Yes, I think Phosphoric Acid is a good option.

@jdsmort

2 жыл бұрын

@@firmbutton6485 Agreed.. Hydrochloric actually reacts through the rust (complex hydrated oxide of iron) and reacts directly with the iron, this causing the rust to 'fall off.' The phosphoric will react, albeit slowly, with the actual rust, and will also react with the iron to form a 'skin' of iron phosphate which is a blackish colour, and is semi-impervious. That is why it is the rust treatment.. but generally you need to remove the worst flaking rust first when using Phosphoric acid.

@embuscadochifreinexplicaca5960

2 жыл бұрын

@@jdsmort Hi, sorry to bother you, but is it a good option to use hcl first, then phoshopic / acetic and then a zinc spraying to prevent the rust from coming back, or does the phosphoric create a protecting barrier already? Because the acetic certainly doesnt, atleast at white vinager concentrations ahah And how do you clean hcl / phosphoric acid off metal parts? Simply using water? Or is there a possibility can they react with it, despite the low quantity of acid already present on the surface?

@jdsmort

2 жыл бұрын

@@embuscadochifreinexplicaca5960 Hcl is just Hydrochloric acid... and can be cleaned with water, If you want to neutralise it you can wash with a mix of baking soda in water... ends up making salt.... Phosphoric is a weak acid and can be just washed off.. with parts it is easiest to wash off with boiling water which then allows the part to dry quickly. Acids don't react with water, they just get diluted more.

"I would not use sulphuric acid for de-rusting steel, phosphoric acid is much better as it leaves the surface etched with a layer of iron"

I had a classic car with lots of rust on it. after I stripped the paint, spray the rusted area with Ospho which is Phosphoric acid, which turned the rust to Iron Phosphate (black stuff). Then epoxy primer it and painted it. 10 years later still good as new. So when it comes to auto restoration, phosphoric acid is the number 1 winner :)

The phosphoric acid isn't supposed to dissolve the rust it neutralizes it into black oxide. Leave it full strength, dip spike in and pull it back out and process is pretty quick. The bubbling you see in the hcl is your good metal dissolving. Leave spike in a week and it'll be gone. The hcl etches the metal heavily which is great if you gonna primer and paint but may not be desired other times. Evaporust and electrolysis are other options too. Just depends type of item, how heavy rust is, what's your end goal for rusted item. Different situations call for different products

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

Another top comment in 10 hours, bringing more information to the topic. 👍 As said here, the bubbles are from the pure iron reacting. I believe a concern that has come up is the possible hydrogen embrittlement that some YT watchers have heard about, especially for applications relying on mechanics strength. I have little quantitive information on this apart from that rust dissolves several orders of magnitude faster than the iron, and that some texts state that it is reversing on heating. If anyone wonders - lug nuts wheel fasteners and other similar applications - just exchange them to NEW ones.

@TW-vw4ss

5 жыл бұрын

Good point

It's good to find a comparison test using proper scientific method and knowledge of the processes involved

That is the proper scientific way to compare. One can say that the thickness of rust may have been different on the different bolts but the results show that would hardly make any difference. Need to find HCl now. Thank you very much!

Excelent. I never see this kind of video on YT with that details and quality. Congratulations!

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

Thank you. I appreciate your kind encouragement!

@user-ok5yz3pn1i

3 жыл бұрын

@@Ken_Sweden can you mentioned the ph of HCL Acid and Glacial Acetic acid, thanks

phosphoric is what a lot of people here use for relic restorations, when used in low concentrations it can remove the rust while not destroying the original paint

Great video. Just what I needed before removing rust for a project.

Hey Ken! Thanks for the scientific method of analysis. One note about phosphoric acid if my memory serves me is that it creates black iron phosphate which acts as a rust inhibitor. And watch out for hydrogen embrittlement when using hydrochloric acid. Not critical for everday objects but might be important for more critical tools where strength is important.

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

Good input. Thanks for your comment!

@TigDegner

Жыл бұрын

Thank you for mentioning hydrogen embrittlement from - something I as an everyman will now be checking into. My plan had been to use a brief HCl bath to remove the bulk of rust from some old tools etc., rinse in water, then finish with a H3PO4 soak to convert the rest and protect the pieces. This is a process mentioned in the comments on another video as being used by a Biomedical Repair Technician, but as my application does include tools the embrittlement is a concern. I'd welcome any further thoughts on this. Thanks again!

Finally a chemistry experiment on YT that gets recommended that actually has a practical everday use and not just use in a lab. Well done and subscribed! Looking forward to watching more of your videos sir! Paul from Iowa (PS I *love* chemistry at work!)

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

Thanks for feedback!

I use phosphoric acid as it forms hard dark blue adhesive layer on the steel ideal for painting then cavity wax or similar. If penetrating oil fails, hydrochloric acid, but good advice here, be careful it can hurt you and dont leave it on for days it can damage the metal

Ken Sweden, thanks for the very informative video. I've been working on a small restoration project and have been using both an inexpensive acetic bath (undiluted white vinegar) and sulfuric baths (diluted "Clobber" drain cleaner), with different results. Your explanation of pKa values explains why!

Ive used HCl for a long time on rust removal (Muriatic acid) it's super cheap an works every time. Also cleans concrete shop floors in seconds ! But make sure to wear a respirator.

As a Chemist, great video. I find feraclean is a very fast acting acid that removes rest even faster than hcl I put feraclean in my central heating for 1 hour then emptied it and I think the heating is the best it's ever been. Didn't get hot until I did it, and after flush I think it was clean as it was once new.

beautiful experiment, too bad that there is no citric acid and oxalic acid

@vcash1112

10 ай бұрын

They are weaker acids, so what's the point?

Nice video! Two things that I haven't seen covered by any youtuber (until now) on the rust removal topic: 1. How does different metals (aluminum, brass, copper, etc) and/or steel alloys react to each of the acids; 2. What does the acid bathe does after medium/long term exposure, structurally-wise to the materials (how long for rust to come back and does it come even harder on the surface? does the acid messes with the material physical properties making it brittle, etc?). A lot of people look for options for treating hand and bench tools (wrenches, vises, etc) and cars, and those would come very handy. Thanks for the video, quality stuff there. :)

hello, i love this video. been trying to find correct cleaning solution for following two problems. first old glass bottles i dug up that are etched and also stained. second rocks lots of rocks i also dug up are stained with rust. could you recommend the best solution for both. thank you very much. happy holidays!

I find phosphoric acid works fine, but takes longer. The concentration doesn't seem to matter but it does alter the reaction time. It doesn't seem to remove appreciable amounts of good steel. Hydrochloric acid cleaned items get eaten away badly if there is much rust to remove and even after neutralising it I find the cleaned steel continues to rust badly. I also find any steel near where you were using it rusts. Those nails would go in my drum of molasses and water, two weeks later I would pick them out and they would be spotless.

Such a well presented and useful video. Thanks

The oxidation in my brain has been treated. Chemistry is to me what oil is to water. Thanks for the practical value of your experiments.

@voidisyinyangvoidisyinyang885

3 жыл бұрын

tannic acid in tea is also used for rust converter on cars

HCl is indeed very efficient although it is extremely aggressive. Perhaps you could try doing a slow process of de-rusting by using Formic acid? Formic is used in clinical pathology because it decalcifies bone tissue without destroying the bone material itself.

@bigoldgrizzly

2 жыл бұрын

....... off to collect a couple of million ants .... brb :

Excellent merci pour ces précieuses informations !!!

Super helpful thank you !! Does this mean that if you let the rusty nail sit in Acetic acid (HAc) for x times longer than the nail soaked in Hydrochloric acid (HCl) then the final result should, in theory, be just as good, or am I missing something here..?

Good information. As far as dissolving steel particles embedded in a Vitrified aluminum corundum oxide sharpening stone .. These stones are resistant against acids. I have actually soaked a stone in full strength 32% hydrochloric acid for a week and it didn't eat out all the steel. What do you recommend? I even added 98% sulfuric acid to the muradic acid outside in a glass container and it helped but not 100%

I still go for electrolytic rust removal in Na2CO3, it's less destructive to iron piece

@bigoldgrizzly

2 жыл бұрын

I totally agree. This is my go to method for any type of conservation work. Where there is a lot of paint to come off with the rust, I used to use sodium hydroxide [lye] as the electrolyte. Works very well at removing paint and rust but careful as I was, I always ended up with some small alkali burns from splashes. I now use commercial paint stripper, followed by washing soda electrolysis

This is the best rust removal videos of more than 10 that I have watched. Simple, effective, and to the point. I am shocked at how un-scientific and illiterate some of the videos are. Some commercial rust remover product vendors could even spell acid names correctly. (RustAway spelled Acetic Acid "acedic acid").

Love this! very interesting!

Sulfuric needs to be heated before it effectively removes rust. Steel will not pickle any more quickly beyond 13% sulfuric to 87% water. That's the sweet spot.

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

A great comment. Thanks. Do you have any links on time-temp correlations for different carbon content? I see that both HCL and sulphuric are used , but as you said the sulphuric probably needs a bump in temperature. I did cut up a nail that I had in the HCL for 1 week and with that long exposure, that acid had penetrated as rays along what I believe is possibly some more carbon rich boundaries. In direction along the nail.

Sulfuric acid just cleaned a bike chain in around 2 minutes and gave a nice black oxide layer which will hold onto oil much better. Just have to sit and watch it because it works super fast. What grade of sulfuric acid did you use? I actually had to dilute my acid with distilled water which made it pretty angry for obvious reasons. With water the reaction was extremely fast for chemical rust removal.

Great video from the view of a chemist, but where is formic (methanoic) acid? It removes rust pretty quickly, but converts it to ferrite (iron(I)oxide) which is easier to remove with detergent, before metal is painted or oiled.

Thank you for the great efforts. Respects from Dubai

@Ken_Sweden

4 жыл бұрын

Thx!

Flask Hals? Interesting that German for neck Hals is the same in Swedish. Wikipedia says old Norwegian and Polish too.

Awesome!

Thanks a lot. Can someone please help me with a few doubts. Is there any relationship i can draw from using different organic acids? And most importantly can i please know the name of this method? Name of scientific process or methodology used? Please I need it for my research paper.

Thanks. A useful video. The HCl still bubbling after all the rust is gone, indicates that it's now removing the iron, confirming what a bad choice it can be for conservation, or at least the care which must be taken. Phosphoric acid is used because the iron phosphate salt remains on the surface and passivates the steel.

@Ken_Sweden

6 ай бұрын

Good input. I have to correct some aspects of your statements for our followers. The HCl is still bubbling as long the acid is reacting with the iron, and although here suggested that phosphoric acid would be different in terms of reactivity, it is wrong. The phosphoric acid leaves a porous iron phosphorous coating, which is black and covers your part however, since it is porous, the hydrogen is still reacting under the coating. This is meaning that if you leave your rusty iron part in the acid for 3 weeks, also with the phosphoric acid, the part would be completely eroded. You can try it, and you will find out this yourself. Now, phosphoric acid is a weaker acid than hydrochloric acid, so everything will take a longer time, but as with all acids, if you raise the temperature 10 degrees, that is equivalent to a double concentration of your acid, so the process can be speeded up. The maximum concentration of phosphoric acid is about 85%, whereas hydrochloric is 37%, so the hydrochloric reacts vigorously with water and even the water in the air. This means that everything above 37% will automatically go into a gas (read the concentration on the bottle, and you will find that there is nothing like 100% HCl). Be aware of this when you open a bottle because it will smoke out in your face as concentrated hydrochloric gas acid gas, while 85% phosphoric acid is a liquid, and no problem opening the bottle. In other words, extreme differences in reactivity. In practical terms, this means that your rust will dissolve at least 10 times faster with hydrochloric acid compared to phosphoric (rough statement and relative to the density of the rust you have). Now, the major benefit of phosphoric acid is that it will provide you with a good surface for painting. The phosphoric acid counter ions, i.e., the phosphorous ion, are not catalyzing further rusting as the chloride (called hypochlorite ion) will do. In fact, all hydrochloric-treated iron must immediately be neutralized completely on the surface, which could be difficult for a DIY person at home to verify. This means that in the worst case, you have hydrochloric remains left, and you paint over it, only to find that you have put an acidic rust-promoting layer between your paint and your iron part. Terrible, of course, so here one can find a good reason to stay away from the hydrochloric acid and instead go for the phosphoric acid. However, always expose your parts to minimal acidic conditions because every acid can bring hydrogen embrittlement of your part, meaning that it will fall apart and crack much more easily than a new part. Some studies say that hydrogen embrittlement can be avoided by heat treatment of the iron after acid treatment. In reality, at this point, most people would go and buy new things to replace the original item. Because, on top of the rust elimination process with acid, you would need a several 100s k USD microscope to verify if you have removed diffusive residual pathways in your iron (by any heating activities). You would also need to do mechanical testing if you are going to use your things for space missions. Cheers.

@gabbermaikel

6 ай бұрын

@@Ken_Sweden but most diy rust removal is either for show things, like a piece for a fence or something for on their wall. Or its going to be car bodywork, wich i dont really think hydrogen embrittlement would be a problem on unless you get a real bad case of it. But stil a great test here, something that really proves the effectiveness and not some corporate BUY OUR CRAP thing. And then some more words in the comments from you and other to make it even better. And fyi, there are rust removers out there that use HCl, i dont know the brand anymore. Seemed like a strange choice to me, and you kind of confirm that in this comment. It works really fast, but how do you know if you got rid of the last bit of it? You probably dont know. And i have seen what happens when you get something acid dipped and then painted and find out afterwards the guys that did the acid dip didnt neutralise it properly. Paint fell off and the thing was rusting faster then you could imagine.(dont know what acid they used tho)

@robfrost1

6 ай бұрын

thanks @@Ken_Sweden for the comprehensive reply. What I can say, from an empirical perspective, is that Phosphoric acid always gives me a great etch and long-lasting paint afterwards. Iron phosphate is barely soluble in water whereas both ferrous and ferric chloride dissolve easily and remain acidic.

can cationic surfactants (neutral ph) work to remove rust?? was thinking of ways to remove rust without acid pH

I use citric acid. The water turns green. Very effective with a little heat.

@dimmacommunication

3 жыл бұрын

Me too

@pubbiehive

3 жыл бұрын

Try oxalic acid.

@bitTorrenter

2 жыл бұрын

And it isn't as polluting to the environment as Nitrates and Phosphates formed when using their respective acids.

I normally use citric acid to remove rust, followed by a rinse and quick dip in evaporust to prevent flash rust.

@Ken_Sweden

6 ай бұрын

Its a good One, but it takes time. Heating the citric acid makes a huge difference.

@ml.2770

6 ай бұрын

@@Ken_Sweden I'm in no rush.

My favourite is using phosporic acid cause after removing rust its takes long time to becomes rusty again

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

+Asep Saepudin good point. Phosphorus treatments are also often used to prime before painting. See for example my failing attempt to use POR - 15 paint directly over rust. The missing chemical was a phosphate primer

@harleydavidson801

6 жыл бұрын

Ken Sweden I apply boiled linseed oil after acid has dried on the underside of my van an the rust never returns

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

Many folks are looking for what you mention, and spend big bucks on anti-rust paintings that are sometimes useless. If you by any chance are in northern Europe, and visit a historical site with old cannons, you may wonder how they preserve these iron cannons safely for generations. The answer is a combination of what you mention with lead oxide, only allowed with special permits at cultural restoration sites. I will go into paints and preservation in later videos. In your case the linseed oil has likely crystallized as an impermeable layer towards water and works even without the metal oxide. Great input, and very interesting. Thanks for your comment.

@diyertime

5 жыл бұрын

If you had prepped it with phosphoric acid prior would por15 have worked? or another way to word the question is phosphoric acid used to create a phosphate primer.

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

hopelessDiy ...possibly it would but the one component POR - 15 is still a one component paint so it does not cross-link like 2 component paints and is therefore always inferior in mechanical strength. This is the reason all fibre composite aimed for performance parts and airplanes etc always are impregnated fibres with 2-component thermosets. The thermosetting is the reaction between the components, making it insoluble, and rock hard. Sorry for late reply, missed this one somehow. Thanks for input and good comment. 👍

Phosphoric Acid is safer and like that of lime juice - food grade. Phosphoric Acid also is less evasive on metal and plating.

You should get hold of Xenomorph blood. Very interesting video by the way, I betted on sulphuric acid but I'm impressed by the result of hydrochloric acid. Makes me wonder that if I swallow rusted screws if I will poop them rustfree.

@nowonmetube

6 жыл бұрын

Dot Matrix sure you would 😂😂 But then you might die (or get very sick) of the iron overdose.

If you ever decide to do another comparison, i would like to see how the different acid's compare in effectiveness with some chelating agents

@Ken_Sweden

Жыл бұрын

Amines? Interesting comparison, and I may do it for educational purposes.

@scottcates

7 ай бұрын

Molasses, definitely

Another good method of getting rid of rust is with an acetylene/propane+oxygen torch. Just remember to wear glasses because the rust sort of explodes off into your face. Something to do with the metal expanding while the rust doesn't I think.

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

Coming up as a test. Best ideas gets evaluated in the lab. Thanks.

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

Good suggestion from KZreadr above. Thanks. Here's the video: kzread.info/dash/bejne/dWRszpSPZ7PQfaw.html

@phiksit

5 жыл бұрын

Also works for cleaning mill scale off hot rolled steel.

13:34 so in conclusion: if you have rusty nails, you should swallow them, if you want to remove the rust.

i think the nitric acid was allowing the rust to break off in chunks because the nitric acid was attacking the iron below directly (?)

Why no tannic acid mate?

Ken, how about using HCA to get rid of most the rust, then rinse and the phosphoric to convert any that remains? Then rise, dry and prime before painting or waxing.

@Ken_Sweden

3 жыл бұрын

You mean the hydrochloride? If so, Yes I think that’s a good approach and you will avoid the flash rust

Phosphoric may be far slower, but won't immediately flash rust after rinsing the acid off, like the others will. The rust remaining in the Phosphoric acid example, will have been stabilised and future rusting inhibited.

@Ken_Sweden

3 жыл бұрын

I think you are right. For more severe rust I nowadays use the hydrochloric, then I neutralize with sodium hydroxide toilet cleaner and in the end, if there is any signs of anything left in red brownish possible flash rust, then I do a final dip in phosphorus. Almost like you say. Thx for comment

Hydroclorid acid and sulphuric acid will eat metal too. Phosphoric acid wont. It converts iron oxide (rust) to grey/black iron phosphate. It needs to be 30-60% phosphoric acid. Cold temps slow down the reaction dramatically. No need to remove before painting.

I need the best formula for iron remover please 🙏

You could also have tried Citric, Peracetic, Sulphamic, Iodic, Oxalic, Formic, Lactic and Tannic.

@bigoldgrizzly

2 жыл бұрын

Can't say I have tried all the other acids, but tannic acid acts as a converter rather than a remover of rust ! The iron oxides [rust] are converted to ferric tannate which is a black compound, which is durable, very stable and deters further rusting. I use this on a regular basis in conserving old tools and artifacts. Tannic acid is very safe to work with and non poisonous - I know since I consume a lot in the form of common or garden tea. Tannic acid is used in many commercial rust converters.

Ken thanks for this video. I am interested to know if I can make the aluminum anticorrosion by using cerium oxide ceo2? let me know if you have done that.

@Ken_Sweden

2 жыл бұрын

Google conversion coating and Mil en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-DTL-5541. 🙏

What about tannic acid ? Tannic acid is used in quite a lot of commercially available rust converter preparations. >

Video played all the way through.

Hi Ken, thanks for the video. Did the phosphoric acid convert the rust to black oxide Fe3O4 like the rust converters do?

@Ken_Sweden

2 жыл бұрын

Yes but since it was in solution it appears as most of the black iron phosphate formed as a powder that easily was rinsed of with water. Thx for input!

Rust never sleeps! Excellent!!! But my old Öberg files and a steel-brush and maybe a chisel beats them all!...

I just spotted this very interesting video. Am I overlooking anything or does it make a lot of sense for someone in an apartment to simply leave things in vinegar for a couple of days to maybe ten days, until all the rust is dissolved? It's just so simple, inexpensive and safe as long as there is no rust removal emergency that requires great speed. I do think the cleanup is a little messy which is why the electrolysis is appealing.

@Ken_Sweden

4 жыл бұрын

+Jozsef Izsak yes, in the long run the action will be the same as long as you have an excess vinegar acid. Vinegar is only about 5% concentration of acetic acid so it might take awhile. Thx f good comment!

Great review. I used Phosphoric several times on rusted bike tanks and works great. It's very slow but leaving a week leaves a zinc/mercury colour layer, protecting the part. But next times i'll first use hydrocloric (cheaper at spain) and save my phosphoric for detailing :) In past I also tried rust cleaners that looks opposite reaction, like caustic (orange liquid). What's the best form for treat/close the pore of the metal after de-rust it? (for naval/yatching uses) (appart bicomponent painting)

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

+ΓΛBIПθΓθJθ ...the best to do for Naval if its porous is to zinc plate it by using reverse electrolysis. That way you will have a thin layer of zinc sacrificing metal covering your part all the way into the pores. On top of it you do a conversion coating, then prime and top coat. Maybe a bit complicated so lots of folks buy the hazardous chromate primers directly for their aluminum parts, and top coat to seal the primer as good as possible. For conversion coatings, there are a couple on YT. Good luck!

@papaya_virus

6 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the reply, I'll search about everything you wrote here. And without using reverse electrolysis? It's for heal an 9 meter boat keel, it's iron foundry (not inox steel or mercury). After I have plans to electrically catodize it with a cable from the battery but for proper re-rust.. wich steps would be better? I was thinking in 1) grinder cleaning most until reach the healty iron. 2) hcl acid with brust 3)shave 4) rust converter 5) primer ...

So great video but do you know of any commercial products that has hydrochloric acid content that is safe to use for automotive rust??

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

I think the producers are staying away from hydro chloric acid mainly because of the possibility to have residual chloride ions that if nor eliminated will induce more rust to form.

@chris532008

5 жыл бұрын

Zippy DoDah coat before dark let night humidity keep active for hours. Use pump sprayer next evening to reactivity next night

Hi, what are you opinions about HCl and H2SO4 in practical use to remove rust from the inside of the vehicle's gas tanks? Problem is that the inner surface of the tank is not easily accessible so it is very hard to wipe the rust after chemical reaction.

@Ken_Sweden

3 жыл бұрын

My opinion, in that case, is to use only the required acid strength but to add some small stainless steel balls, about a coffee cup, and then let them work their ways around with the acid. 3-5 mm would do the job perfectly. If you have to go all the way to HCl, then you will inevitably have some flash rust forming when it dries, and so the chloride ions need to be removed. I would then flush it with baking soda (as many spoons you can add to a water solution while still having a good liquid) and finally, I would do a rinse with the phosphoric acid. this last step will give you very nice sturdy priming of your inner tank surface although if properly cleaned from previous rust, it will only be there as an invisible layer that prevents further rust from forming.

Hello, I would have liked to see Muriatic acid included. It is easily available here in the US. Used to clean concrete and masonry as well as for swimming pools. Very interesting. Take care. Doug

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

Muriatic acid same thing as hydrochloric acid 👍

@MG-nz6bx

6 жыл бұрын

Douglas Thompson hydrochloric acid IS muriatic acid.

@miialamia1653

6 жыл бұрын

Note that muriatic acid, as it is sold, is usually of poorer quality (dirtier; as in containing more impurities) than when sold as "hydrochloric acid". All in all hardware store chemicals are cheap but usually not very pure by lab standards. May not matter at all for some uses (such as this), but may matter a lot for others.

Nice experiment, a question - why did you use % concentration (all 30%) and not molarity (say for instance all 2M..). Would the results had been different if you use constant molarity?

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

I compared the vol% for simplicity. Comparing molarities would require me to roughly half the concentration of the hydrochloric since the rest end up on about 5-7 moles per liter, which on dissociation into ions will provide different number of moles hydronuim ions in the solutions as they would all completely dissociate at these pH. The active ‘rust dissolving power’ is however also affected by the nature of the counter ions po43-, cl-, so42-, no3- etc and the possible formation of soluble or insoluble byproducts at the surface of the rust. The phosphate may form some insoluble iron phosphate while the different forms of the soluble chloride ions are very corrosive in themselves. The released iron ions from the mixtures of fe2O3 (and iron hydroxides formed as intermediates) also need to be transported away from the surface upon the dissolution, which makes the action (liquid movements) going on at the surface also affect the outcome. Now, the presence of hydrogen and formation of gas at the iron surface is probably similar when the rust has allowed the pure iron to be exposed so I would guess the bubbles and movements of the liquid to be similar as the shape of the nails are the same, although it may take different times to expose the iron and we are not really pressure washing the nails with the different acids... So my honest answer is that I cannot safely state that the outcome would have been exactly the same if I used half the concentration of hydrochloric acid and compared that with the same as used concentration of phosphoric acid, while heavily shaking the nails in a plastic reaction vessel. However, I guess is that hydrochloride acid will still be the most effective, even using half in concentration while the others may line up differently.

A very effective product called Iron Out Powder is sold in hardware stores in the US. It is available outside the US on Amazon. The Iron Out brand also sells several other products which are liquids. The liquids contain different chemicals than what the powder has. Their very effective powder product contains sodium hydrosulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium carbonate, and propylene glycol. The only complaint is the strong sulfur smell as it works. Use with adequate ventilation.

@Ken_Sweden

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the info!

So,e of the acids like sulfuric fumes that when breathed in forms a weaker acid in your lungs same with nitric acid love the vid

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

+Tyy Daymon thanks. One should be carefull, always. Nitric with NOx gases requires most attention as you say. Cheers!

I use electrolysis and would prefer vinegar over any real acid simply for ease of disposal and safety. Thinking about a muriatic acid accident gives me nightmares. I'll work a little harder and stress a little less. They all have their applications.

Would have liked to see how Hydrofluoric acid and Citric acid did. I usually use vinegar or wheel acid (hydrofluoric) to remove rust on steel parts and it works in minutes. Never had to deal with heavily rusted iron like you did.

@bigrockets

4 жыл бұрын

hydroflouric acid is a weak acid, it's kpa is lower on that scale of strength than is H2SO4, HNO3, HCL and the other 7 strong acids. It has a very significant health risk in using it. Even small amounts spilled onto skin or even clothing in contact with the skin can be deadly . Phosphoric acid is safer to use and produces superior results. Lots of folks don't know about HF'S quiet demon inside. Seems the flourine atoms due to their extreme electronegativity have an affinity for calcium ions in the body and replace them with their own fluorine ions that produces necrosis of the bones and liver malfunctions. Just some info for you brother, tryin to just keep us safe is all.

@integralfrom0to1

9 ай бұрын

@@bigrockets also messes up the calcium that tells your heart what to do, which tends to be a problem

Sir ,Waste motor oil bleaching chemical name tell me sir. Please

Elektrolys med dom olika syrorna vore intressant och se😊

27:17 this is veeeery interesting. I thought if there wasn't a way to find out which one is faster scientifically, without the need of doing experiments. And there actually is!

Question.....Seeing that Phosphoric acid works best in that it doesn't allow further rust to occur immediately, and leaves a surface that inhibits rust, what happens if you use a higher concentrate? 75% Phosphoric Acid for example? Looking for an efficient way to clean my anchor chain.

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

+Gabriel Erdelyi To be honest you won’t see much difference since the iron reacting with the phosphate will be full converted also with the 30% you see in the video. It’s always very much excess of phosphate to rust in the acid. It may go a bit faster but you would really have to time it to notice the difference. For your anchor chain you may have an issue because the iron phosphate forming is like a porous layer, a good paint base coat, but with limited mechanical strength. Not to be negative but I would guess the chances it wears off are quite significant. I hope this helps and all the best!

HCL is gonna weaken and permanently affect the steel. Also you should try Citric acid

@praja7491

3 жыл бұрын

Is that true??? Now I am searching for a good rust remover for construction (TMT) steel rods . I thought hydrochloric acid is best to remove rust. But if Hcl weakens the steel , what are the alternative ways to remove the rust??? Please give a solution for my problem... 🙏

@dimmacommunication

3 жыл бұрын

@@praja7491 Rust converter works best imho , works amazing. Citric acid works well if you want to clean small parts , I submerge them in a warm citric acid solution and in 2 hours they are ready 👌👌👌 I keep the solution warm with an electric heater

@praja7491

3 жыл бұрын

@@dimmacommunication 👍 I will definitely try it... Thank you... 🙏

Thanks a lot. Any advice for how to remove rust on a large scale like a farm shed please?

@akoznasovajusername

3 жыл бұрын

HCL is the best. Just clean it well with the water.

@delatroy

3 жыл бұрын

@@akoznasovajusername will the water contaminate the soil though?

Cool!

i was looking for chelating agents such as pentetic acid or EDTA

@Ken_Sweden

2 жыл бұрын

I think there is a classic amine someone mentioned here in the comments

Isn't the Phosphoric acid supposed to bond with the rust to form another compound?

@Ken_Sweden

5 жыл бұрын

+Noan YoBiseniss You are right, phosphorus acid reacts w released iron ions, and a black layer will form on your piece. However that has to be dried if you wish to keep it as a solid, perhaps prime for painting. I rinsed it off and only focused on the acids ability to dissolve the rust. Thanks again for your input!

Some of those acids are still too strong... You're getting an oxide passivation layer on the surface of the iron... Essentially you're giving it an insoluble layer of skin on the surface

Great video, but I miss citric acid

Vore kul med samma video på svenska. Det finns 1000 på engelska. Noll på svenska?

@Ken_Sweden

3 жыл бұрын

Sant. Mkt jobb för begränsad spridning tror jag folk tänker. Automatöversättning kommer sen sannolikt även först Eng till Sve...

Hi, We were wondering why you didn't try tannic acid? Thanks.

@Ken_Sweden

4 жыл бұрын

+Complex it is too slow, it needs one of the acids in the video to perform. Good input, will get back to this 👍

@circle4922

4 жыл бұрын

@@Ken_Sweden The "industrial" ones (tannic acid products) I tried, one or two of them, work very well to convert the rust to a stable, black finish as well as a providing a protective layer on top (there's some type of polymer in the product as well as the tannic acid). One was called "Metal Medic" I think. From what I remember, it didn't take more than a couple hours to covert whatever it touched to a deep purple, and then black surface finish. Ok cool, Thanks.

@Ken_Sweden

4 жыл бұрын

Complex you are absolutely right about this and I’ve just a few month ago bought 1 kg (2lb) of tannic acid from a Chinese guy. I’m about to break up the formulas on what’s in these rust converters. They are very effective but often combined with phosphoric acids (in the video) to speed up the process. The main benefit as far as I’ve found is that the tannic acid molecule is big so it’s almost like the molecules in paint so when they bond the iron from the rust then the iron is bonded up in something that is far more durable, less crisp and fragile than the iron phosphate you get from normal rust eaters only containing phosphoric acid. The biggest limitation I’ve found is that when I scrape on tannic acid converted rust that is thick, I find rust underneath so the quality of the rust converters is in my view mostly real taped to their penetration depth. Thanks for raising this topic, it’s on its way. Just want to read a bit more on how to fix the assisting acids for increased penetration depth. Then I will be back with a make iT yourself recipe. Have a great day!

Can you store hydrochloric acid after it is used for rust removal? At what point does the reaction stop creating hydrogen and can I cap it in a class container afterwards?

@TheLealDeal-bp7to

3 жыл бұрын

*glass container

Acid number one is hydrochloric acid???

Phosporic acid all the way. Very slow. Make it a gel with wall paper "glue". Heat lamp speeds the reaction. Converts iron oxide into iron phosphate. No need to rinse. Prevents further rust rather well. Does not eat the iron.

what about acid blends? I do not remember what mix I used many years ago, either sulfuric and nitric or nitric and hydrochloric and it removed the rust and some of the metal very very fast. Acid blends like for gold, aqua regia, are not some crazy idea nd they work great.

@nowonmetube

6 жыл бұрын

Stan Rodgers yeah that would take even some more effort to try out all the blends...

@MrZnarffy

6 жыл бұрын

Still, it might be good for one thing only, and not other.. HCl still beats aqua regia for iron. However it also eats pure iron. To selectively remove rust but not iron, you need to look into things like absorbtion spectra and use tuned lasers, which are extremely quick in comparison.

How to prevent more rust forming after the metal is cleaned...because i found that it gets more rust than ever after using phosporic acid or hydrochloric acid to clean metal rust

@Ken_Sweden

2 жыл бұрын

A method I’ve heard should be great is to heat up the metal piece to almost starting to become red, and then drop it into motor oil. I see your problem with hydrochloric acid but you should not have that big problem with the phosphoric acid

If a practical comparison were to be made, a vertical exposed surface would need to be used without submersion.

There are other vids on phosphoric & they tell you , if you are going to paint after 2 coats of phosphoric, sufficient, no paint 3 coats I have used phosphoric but painted it on, you can see it dry quicker on the rusty areas, so you brush from the none rusty to the rusty, brushing several times until all seams to be evenly drying, then before it gets dry dob of all extra with paper towel ! If you leave the surface wet a white powder will form , if this happens just re-coat &a dry it better this time ! Works best with light rust, NO SCALE ! Leave 24 hrs & redo There are fumes that will rust other metal close by , so beware

@Ken_Sweden

4 жыл бұрын

+Robert Mintz excellent input!

Pikric acid?

what sort gel could i use to mix with acid for parts i cant take of a car and put in a bath... thinking of covering it with plastic/film to stop it drying out?

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

+16vastraturbo I have not tested that one and gelatin would likely degrade. I would try some fibers. What does your application look like? I will give it a try. Thanks for watching and thoughtful input!

@16vastraturbo

6 жыл бұрын

Ken Sweden a car chassis body for my instance or for other people maybe a garden gate handle or hinge which you dont want to take of the gate a non drip gel would be good a company called hammerite does a simarler product just its expensive.

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

OK. I will try and make a recipe for you. Subscribe so you don't miss it, maybe you already do. I see your point now. It will be a couple of weeks. Hang in there. Thanks for your input!

Hydrochloric acid seams to have large advantages because it easy to find, cheap, and fast... Neverless i have some doubts: is it possible that some contamination of acid that stays in the iron causes damage to it in the future? Will the reaction be active even after a good rinse? After removing the oxide with Hydrochloric acid if we treat the surface to isolate it from oxigen will the Iron mantain itself stable, or some reactions might occour? With the phosforic acid i know that we get a layer of fosfate that is usefull, whith the Hydrochloric acid what do we get on top of the Iron?

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

Thanks for your comment Marıio. If you torch the material after the reaction and use a solid adequate neutralization, before you re-use it, then the first and most crucial is to determine how much material you have lost. Some people talk about *hydrogen embrittlement* and although this is a known phenomenon, I can assure you that nobody here can say anything about the extent of *hydrogen emrittlement* as compared to the effect of loosing much pitted material, i.e. in terms of the mechanical performance of the acid treated material. In order to establish the effect of the acid on the mechanical performance of the material one has to do mechanical testing according to specific and well designed standard testing conditions, where you determine their mechanical performance as compared to a new material. The same accounts for *possible presence of remaining chloride ions* at the surface after neutralization, which is known to accelerate continued corrosion in the future , i.e. nobody can give an answer to this unless they have done surface atom analysis as related to the specific hydrochloric acid treatment for a given acid concentration and for the specific iron used. I hope this helps. All the best!

@stevemalone576

5 жыл бұрын

Mário Conde @

the smell of rust and hydrochloric acid mixed together smells like rotten eggs, and shortly after the rust removal the rust comes back...

@facereader99

3 жыл бұрын

Yes, that would happen as soon as rust is completely removed by any method. I think so? Flash rust is a reality.

@Jrdesus

3 жыл бұрын

@@facereader99 it will flash rust quickly after removal with hydrochloric acid, but a quick follow with phosphoric acid, will remove any rust that develops, and create a phosphate later on the metal, preventing any further rust for quite a while.

@DownHillgamer

28 күн бұрын

Yea flashing is going to happen pretty much with any method. Unless it has some kind of rust inhibitor in the formula

Great Video plenty Negative Comments just been searching for their KZread Videos Moooooo....! Quack Quack

@Ken_Sweden

4 жыл бұрын

When I get negative comments I check if I’ve mistaken on something, or sent out wrong info. If so, I would take down video but so far I have not needed to do that. Many thanks for kind words.

Is there any truth in the information that that HCL will cause future corrosion/rust in the treated metal and the phosphorice will not as it forms a layer of phosphate ?

@Ken_Sweden

Жыл бұрын

Yes the chloride ions have a catalytic effect on the irons ability to rust. It is also true that phosphoric acid will leave a phosphorus iron layer on top of the acid cleaned iron. This layer is, however, extremely porous although not visible to the naked eye, meaning that water will penetrate though it in humid environment, and the rust will continue under the iron phosphor layer. It’s therefore always needed to create a barrier agains the humidity, by painting the iron phosphorus layer, for example. The more impermeable this layer is, the better rust protection you will have. Some people would advocate that you prime your part with a zinc primer, a paint that will let the zinc oxidize first, before the rust start forming. A top seal that really keep the water out is always the best protection. That’s why the best anti rust paints used on 17 century preserved cannons in historic castles are preserved with some tar like thick black paint. It is not for sale because it is based on lead containing formulations. I hope this helps, and have a good one!

If left in the acid would the metal be dissolved? If so is there one acid that would remove the rust but not the metal better than another?

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

Good comment. I will take one of the bolts and leave it in there for weeks. You will have an answer. However, in here the rust is so porous and sensitive to the acid that once the rust is gone, what you see is an almost dead reaction (judging from the gas evolution as bubbles)

@philipoien7562

6 жыл бұрын

I've used phosphoric acid for rust removal for over 30 years. I bought a gallon of 97% liquid and started experimenting with different concentrations of only acid, and then with the addition of 2-butoxyethanol, which I found listed as a component of "metal prep" used here in the US in autobody shops to treat surface rust. 2-butoxyethanol is a surfactant used in cleaning products. The saddest day of my experimenting life was the day after I put a brand new, but surface rusted clutch pressure plate and a perfectly functional but slightly rusty clutch cable for a VW-Porsche 914 in a 5 gallon bucket with 15% acid (the concentration listed on the commercial metal prep) and left it to sit over night. In less than 8 hours, the acid had completely dissolved all the thin steel parts. The spring steel that held the inner contact plate to the outer cover and flexed when the clutch fingers were depressed was gone, and the only thing left of the cable was the coiled housing, inner nylon liner, outer black rubber cover, and the cable ends. Don't leave thin steel in acid for hours.

@diyertime

5 жыл бұрын

You are on to something Andy. On my car sulfuric acid spilled off my battery onto its holder. It ate the paint off and created a lot of rust in the area. Now I'm using phosphoric acid to clean the area up and repainting.

@chrisz.9974

5 жыл бұрын

Ken Sweden is there an update on this?

@metallitech

5 жыл бұрын

This has been tested by a youtuber somewhere and the answer is yes. If you leave it in for months then it dissolves the metal.

But wont the hcl break down the Iron at a similar rate too?

@Ken_Sweden

3 жыл бұрын

No that will happen much slower and via hydrogen diffusion into the iron , making it brittle.

@herrar6595

3 жыл бұрын

@@Ken_Sweden thanks man

What acid would you recommend to flush a aluminum heater core on a car with and at what %?

@Ken_Sweden

3 жыл бұрын

I would go very very weak acid because the thinner aluminum sections are so fragile. I actually did my radiator on my car and to avoid having any issues, considering that it was the first time, I bought one acid cleaner by the name Holts Speedflush radiator cleaner. This product contained some acid and did a very good job, judging from what came out, while the acid still was so weak that I could poor it on my hands. Having said this, if you force me to take any acids, I would pickle the weakest ones like oxalic or acetic, or citric, dilute them to 20% and then try them on aluminum foil from your kitchen. You shouldn’t see any immediate reaction, only after perhaps 3-5 minutes. If the acid is too strong you will see it fizzing. Now, even if you take one of them oxalic, acetic or citric , and you have done what I suggest , then if you have a hole in heater core or in a radiator, then you know that hole was there all the time, ...only plugged up with dirt.

@chrispompano

3 жыл бұрын

Try TIDE powerdred laundry detergent 1st........! Also CASCADE "Fryer Boil Out" which is concentrted phosphorus cleaner that has been taken out of ALL dishwasher/laundry detergents due to enviro reasons, but that's what got dishes and clothes clean. If you decide to use any acid, be sure to neutralize it with a solution of Arm Hammer Washing Soda. Another old school way was to use the old Spic N Span cleaner. All of these cleaners had high phosporus, that you can still buy as the "CASCADE FRYER BOIL-OUT" Available on Amazon, and I still use a few TBS in my dishwasher with the detergents.... Years ago, GM had a private label from Prestone which was a 2 part powerdered radiator clenaer in can that opened on both ends made by by Prestone back in the 60's - 80's, but can be easily dupicated with wood bleach (Oxalic Acid) and Washing Soda for the netralizer. Research : "Prestone and GM cooling system cleaners oxalic acid. ... the Prestone Heavy Duty Cooling System Cleaner P/N AS100 (GM P/N 12346500)". Long discontinued, but I think it was 6oz Oxalic Acid Powerder, and 5oz Washing Soda....it doesn't have to be precise mix.... Also there are organic acid Marine heat exchange cleaners on the market that are very safe but need to be run for a few days and will only remove the scale and not metal. Ryd Lyme is the famous brand. Not sure if it's aluminum safe or not. Also look up the GM TSB for that old Prestone AS100 cleaner....lots of info in the forums of the DexCool Sludge Flush problems. Follow GM TSB 99-06-02-012D for DexCool sludge problems....

@johnnyheckard7185

3 жыл бұрын

@@chrispompano Lots of info here appreciate the time and the effort you put in here I will look into that technical service bulletin and again thank you.

@chrispompano

3 жыл бұрын

@@johnnyheckard7185 Your welcome. The Cascade dishwater det. trick really cleaned cooling systems, but may not de-scale them. The gentle way was using a citric acid that most radiator cleaners contain, but are too weak in formulation in the products at the auto-parts stores. I also posted this below: There's a very safe HCL (Muratic Acid) that's buffered, but still full strength at 31% called "ACID MAGIC" by Certol. www.certol.com/acidmagichome/ Maybe dilute that down....... Another formulation is TSP (Tri Sodium Phosphate) which is in the CASCADE FRYER BOIL OUT to also try before graduating into full-acids.....but all these radiator flushes with those cleaners are just that.....cleaners to remove grease sludge not to dissolve calcium deposits. If you end-up with holes in the core, or your entire system, all those new generation block-sealers are the way to go to seal things up ......but some need to have the system flushed and free of all anti-freeze or you'll run into problems...KW has a very good formulation of the one you circulate then wait for the system to cool, drain, and open the system to air-dry, and they and other brands have leave-in formula's which use kevlar to plug holes which far surpassed the old technology of the Stop Leak Tabs used by GM which was wood-pulp...... IRONTITE is a unique ceramic block sealer also in case you end up with leaks everywhere....

ONE thing I wondered is how much iron oxide can you react with a 30% solution before the reaction slows to an unuseful level? Remember acid into water is the safe direction, like adding acid to a pool. That's how I remember the direction, easily. Just a clarification, you CAN'T see water coming out as STEAM, as steam is an invisible gas. What you are seeing is water vapor, not steam. If you look at a boiling beaker of water closely, you can see a very thin clear layer just above the water, THAT is steam, and it is invisible, BEFORE it condenses into water vapor. Neat video, thx for doing and posting. You can also get Sulfuric Acid at a pool place, but be careful, it's pretty high purity (high molarity) and DANGEROUS. Even just pouring it into water, you can get some really nasty fumes, they will clean out your sinuses (not in a good way) and burn your eyes. For body work, a product called Ospho is (used to be?) used as a wipe on, rinse off the bare metal before priming, now I know why.

@Ken_Sweden

6 жыл бұрын

+John Sikes thanks for all your good input! And yes, vapor is the right term. You’re also so spot on with the sulphuric acid, it’s mixes so violent with water that if mixed in plastic beaker, it may melt. Strangely, during all years I’ve worked with different acids, the hydrochloric is the most annoying for its smell. Have a good day!

@stargazer7644

5 жыл бұрын

John, according to my dictionary, you have that exactly backwards. Water vapor is invisible. Steam is composed of condensation (small water droplets) that you get when water vapor cools.

@MrJdsenior

5 жыл бұрын

Star....Either your dictionary is wrong, or you read it wrong. Which dictionary did you read this in? Let me tell you what I know from first hand experience. I used to work on the riverboat at Disney World as a steam operator, and the boiler had a thing called a sight glass to determine the water level. It was just a cast iron "box" with a glass front curved on the steam side so that you could "directly" see the water level in the boiler (the multiple curvature made the meniscus water/steam interface more visible). On the bottom was obviously water, on the top was obviously "nothing", at least nothing visible, the steam, under about 125 PSI in that case. Looked almost exactly like this, from google images: www.google.com/search?q=steam+sight+glass&num=30&safe=off&client=firefox-b-1&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHnumd68vbAhUSn1MKHSVyDF0Q_AUICigB&biw=1280&bih=603&dpr=1.5#imgdii=GzIHA6Ayqh4XHM:&imgrc=2Xkg5oVN9n6LrM: You could probably search images and find some in operation and see the steam is invisible on the top for yourself. Now, as an engineer with some fluids and thermo dynamics classes behind him, I can surmise that steam is a gas, water vapor is just water laden air, water vapor (condensed suspended droplets) appears in the atmosphere as fog, or clouds, which are obviously both visible (you would never argue this is steam, I hope, as it is at ambient temperature and pressure). The steam from a pressure vessel, or even an open boiling pot is the stuff closest to the water, would you not agree? It is a GAS created by the excitation of water molecules, through heating, that causes the state change from liquid to gas, and gasses are normally transparent, or reasonably so. The water doesn't start at the boiling water surface as water vapor and later turn to steam as it enters the air (backwards thermo, turning water or water vapor to steam REQUIRES energy input to that system to accomplish, not the opposite, which is what happens (energy removed) when it gets further from the pot where the stove is heating the water). Hope this helps. Cheers! ;-) By the way, I'm a beginning star gazer, too.

@MrJdsenior

5 жыл бұрын

It looks like I did screw up on top, though. I remembered it was Muriatic acid for the pools to PH the chlorine back to something reasonable, not sulfuric. Memories not what it used to be. ;-(

@stargazer7644

5 жыл бұрын

Perhaps I read them all wrong. Here are a few references: English Oxford Dictionary steam stēm/Submit noun 1. the vapor into which water is converted when heated, forming a white mist of minute water droplets in the air. -------------------------- Collins Dictionary steam (stiːm ) Word forms: 3rd person singular present tense steams , present participle steaming , past tense, past participle steamed 1. uncountable noun Steam is the hot mist that forms when water boils. Steam vehicles and machines are operated using steam as a means of power. -------------------------- Cambridge English Dictionary water vapour noun [ U ] uk us water vapor UK ​ /ˈwɔː.tə ˌveɪ.pər/ US ​ /ˈwɑː.t̬ɚ ˌveɪ.pɚ/ ​ water in the form of a gas resulting from heating water or ice -------------------------- What is Water Vapor - Virginia Space Grant Consortium Because water by definition is a liquid, when used in a direct context, the gas phase of water is referred to as water vapor. Water vapor is not visible -------------------------- Wikipedia Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Unlike other forms of water, water vapor is invisible.

Is there a point at which the Hydrochloric acid would start to eat the iron/steel? Did you forget to measure the dimensions of the metal pegs after the acid had worked on them?

@BenNorway

4 жыл бұрын

Within 20-30 min no eating of the iron will occur but if you leave the nails in the acid for 1-2 weeks, then the acid will start working it’s way into the iron along grain boundaries in the metal. This makes the metal iron brittle, also the process is referred to as hydrogen embrittlement. You will only be able to see this if you cut up the nail along the nails, which I have done. The short time I show on,h remove the dimension thickness of the rust. Thx for comment!

@mrdavidurquhart

4 жыл бұрын

Ben Norway wow that’s a fantastic answer. Thank you very much