The volcanic chemistry of sulfur - with Andrew Szydlo

Ғылым және технология

Ri favourite and science icon Andrew Szydlo takes you on a tour of the amazing, and sometimes explosive, chemistry of sulfur.
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This talk was recorded at the Royal Institution on 2 December 2023.
Discover more about the history of this curious element, from it’s discovery in 2000BCE to the present day, recreating some long-lost experiments along the way.
Sulfur has played an important role in science and culture over thousands of years, from creating gold, extracting metals and even creating sweets! Andrew explores the amazing 4000 year history of this fascinating element in his usual inimitable style, and of course with a desk filled with exciting chemical demonstrations.
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Andrew Szydlo is a chemist and secondary school teacher at Highgate School, well-loved by pupils and Ri attendees alike. He has given public lectures around the country, been featured on TV shows and has become a popular part of the Ri's KZread channel in recent years, where his videos have over 16 million views in total.
When Andrew started giving chemistry lessons to friends some 50 years ago, he would bring a pocket-full of chemicals to illustrate the principles of chemistry.
Today, these chemistry lessons have evolved into demonstration lectures which he gives to audiences in a wide variety of locations. During the past 40 years he has given over 500 talks, in addition to teaching chemistry full-time at Highgate School in London. Today he is still based at Highgate School, delivering chemistry lectures to local schools.
The Royal Society of Chemistry included Andrew as one of their 175 Faces of Chemistry.
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Пікірлер: 195

  • @ABrit-bt6ce
    @ABrit-bt6ce4 ай бұрын

    Andrew is the Chemistry teacher we all wanted to have.

  • @cerealport2726

    @cerealport2726

    4 ай бұрын

    yes, I was lucky enough to have a couple of passionate and generally good science teachers at school, though as I was already very interested in all things science, maybe I was biased. We did all kinds of experiments and even went on field trips to learn more about geology (which I found fascinating, and I am now a geologist...). There was also a TV show, "the curiosity show", that was meant to engage children with science and engineering. It was hugely popular in Australia in the 80s and 90s, with a lot now being put on KZread by the original presenters. Regardless, we still need a whole army of Dr Andrew Szydlos!!!

  • @ZacCrawforth

    @ZacCrawforth

    4 ай бұрын

    Andrew is one of the treasures of our species.

  • @Projacked1

    @Projacked1

    4 ай бұрын

    Don't get me wrong, I think so too. He keeps you on your toes so to speak 😅

  • @peteypops

    @peteypops

    4 ай бұрын

    Teaching to an extremely receptive audience is far removed from teaching on a daily basis…..

  • @veganbutcherhackepeter

    @veganbutcherhackepeter

    4 ай бұрын

    ​​@@peteypopsHave you ever wondered what makes your audience receptive and engaged? Excitement is contagious.

  • @Kobold666
    @Kobold6664 ай бұрын

    Dear children, I just watched 107 minutes about sulfur and loved every second of it. Such a great and entertaining display. Thank you very much indeed, Andrew Szydlo.

  • @W-H-O
    @W-H-O4 ай бұрын

    I love when Andrew Szydlo shows up at the RI, he makes the world a better place.

  • @astronomyphilly
    @astronomyphilly4 ай бұрын

    Dear children this guy is a legend when he shows up, just fantastic. If we all had teachers like this chap

  • @infectedrainbow

    @infectedrainbow

    4 ай бұрын

    He's like the Bob Ross of chemistry. Just didn't become known until youtube.

  • @ZoonCrypticon
    @ZoonCrypticon4 ай бұрын

    Andrew Szydlo is one of my most favourite professors. The other one is Prof. Martyn Poliakoff.

  • @michaelackerman8455

    @michaelackerman8455

    4 ай бұрын

    I should like to add Peter Wothers, for me he is inspirational. (I'm a 75-year old chemistry student.)

  • @frogz
    @frogz4 ай бұрын

    when i see a video with andrew szydlo, i click i am not a simple person but i enjoy what i enjoy and this gem of a man infects everyone with his love of science!

  • @andyd8370
    @andyd83704 ай бұрын

    A line from an old metal band, Tourniquet: "Johnny was a chemist's son but Johnny is no more. What Johnny thought was H2O was H2SO4."

  • @dannybell926
    @dannybell9264 ай бұрын

    Dr. Szydlo is such a fascinating teacher. He is a treasure to us all.

  • @philiplettley
    @philiplettley4 ай бұрын

    The only thing missing was the barking dog, but other than that, another great, interesting and informative lecture by Andrew and the team. Well done

  • @DaydreamNative
    @DaydreamNative4 ай бұрын

    One correction - scattering of light by particles of similar size to the wavelength is Mie scattering, not Rayleigh (which involves particles much smaller than the wavelength). Rayleigh scattering is caused by the gas molecules in the atmosphere, not suspended ice or dust.

  • @beachboardfan9544
    @beachboardfan95444 ай бұрын

    Christmas wish is for TRI to have Szydlo do one of these for every element on the periodic table!

  • @Matthias-no8fu
    @Matthias-no8fu4 ай бұрын

    I have watched a lot of the RI Andrew Szydlo videos for revision in my chemistry GCSE and they are fantastic. Very helpful. Thanks Andrew.

  • @ArcNeoMasato
    @ArcNeoMasato4 ай бұрын

    A video of Mr Szydlo recorded on my birthday? This was a better birthday than I originally knew!

  • @nolongerlistless
    @nolongerlistless4 ай бұрын

    Sul'phurous may be the adjective I learnt at school, but sul-fur'ious is a great variant 😂

  • @RFC3514

    @RFC3514

    4 ай бұрын

    When the devil gets really mad, he gets sulfurious.

  • @TomKappeln
    @TomKappeln3 ай бұрын

    How i love this man ... Hugs from Poznan Pan Szydlo.

  • @edgarcastillo2804
    @edgarcastillo28044 ай бұрын

    Merry Christmas with FIRE!!!!! This Sir is amazing to watch everytime

  • @jedgould5531

    @jedgould5531

    4 ай бұрын

    15:58 Is the actor bellowing (as caustically as the sulfur vapor) because someone was too cheap to give him a mic? Or just showing off, as if he were giving the performance of his life…for the deaf? Royal Institution of London, renowned for lectures by notables and educational laboratory demonstrations for hundreds of years. Why oh why, by this time, isn’t there a permanent ventilation duct leading to the roof? Terminate it on a nearby wall, connect it to a 10m duct extension with a fan (and another fan on the roof). Worth the install if it’s used once a year for the odd mad scientist given to tormenting audiences with noxious fumes. Excellent demo and performance. RI also deserves a modest crew, further multi-cam capabilities, and distribution of these fabulously unique presentations so they can fund these ideas. (the end, dear children).

  • @edgarcastillo2804

    @edgarcastillo2804

    4 ай бұрын

    @@jedgould5531 hahaha more reasons to Not have smoke detectors in this room

  • @RFC3514

    @RFC3514

    4 ай бұрын

    @@jedgould5531 - They tried giving him a mic and he shattered every window in a 4-block radius. He clearly belongs to the Brian Blessed school of acting.

  • @realShadowKat
    @realShadowKat2 ай бұрын

    Today I learned "brimstone" is/was sulfur. Always heard the word but never investigated deeper. Bless Dr Szydlo. I hope the RI passes the comments to the Doctor so he knows how many outside the classroom he reaches, inspires and enjoy his lectures even if we're not compelled.

  • @andrestrujado

    @andrestrujado

    2 ай бұрын

    Trust me he knows! and the amazing Ri people always sends him all the wonderful comments.

  • @mogenscamre3762
    @mogenscamre37624 ай бұрын

    Andrew Szydlo allways delivers

  • @Danny-hb1zb
    @Danny-hb1zb4 ай бұрын

    Such excitement and enthusiasm for a subject he’s obviously studied endlessly. Absolutely brilliant as per by the RI 👏🏻👏🏻

  • @jamesdavison6654
    @jamesdavison66544 ай бұрын

    Andrew, I love your lessons!!! You are awesome!!!!

  • @joshuasukhdeo2498
    @joshuasukhdeo24984 ай бұрын

    Love Andrew! His showmanship and detailed history and explanations are wonderful❤

  • @martincatoniryan1638
    @martincatoniryan16384 ай бұрын

    how much passion! the poems were very nice , too. admirably recited! Long live, Szydlo! Long live Sulphur!

  • @IndyCotton
    @IndyCotton4 ай бұрын

    More...more ...more ! I love Andrew - fantastic!!!!!

  • @fiskurtjorn7530
    @fiskurtjorn75304 ай бұрын

    As always I love Szydlo lectures. However, I'm a bit younger than he is, and with each of his lectures here on KZread I need a break to get my breath every thirty minutes or so. I admire his energy and enthusiasm.

  • @JoshuaKane.
    @JoshuaKane.4 ай бұрын

    Love Dr Szydlo, It's been too long! Thank you🙏

  • @SC-vq4zc
    @SC-vq4zc4 ай бұрын

    Enthralling. Bravo sir!

  • @bertharius9518
    @bertharius95184 ай бұрын

    I couldn't help but feel I was listening to Professor Farnsworth. If he came out with "good news everyone" I'd have melted.

  • @phugoid
    @phugoid4 ай бұрын

    Prof. Breathless :) Quite adorable, his lectures. Privileged to have been able to watch and admire him

  • @user-ur1zd8fe8c
    @user-ur1zd8fe8c3 ай бұрын

    Seeing Dr. Szydlo at RI would be incredible!!

  • @chemsandeep
    @chemsandeepАй бұрын

    Great effort by the great professor and his brilliant team members. It is all awesome. Thanks and regards!

  • @masdevallia1603
    @masdevallia16034 ай бұрын

    I love this guy. I wish my chemistry teacher was half as good.

  • @cambridgemart2075
    @cambridgemart20752 ай бұрын

    Great to see Andrew back at the RI

  • @mmmhorsesteaks
    @mmmhorsesteaks4 ай бұрын

    That Tyndall effect demo was something special, never seen that one before. Very powerful, I thought. Shame it's not used more.

  • @samakovamk
    @samakovamk4 ай бұрын

    so nice to see Andrew back , cant get enough of his lectures, Sulphur ? try top of Mount Tiede in Canary islands, three hours breathing in that, cleaned me out for two days after...lol

  • 3 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much Royal Institution

  • @phonotical
    @phonotical4 ай бұрын

    Always good to see him again

  • @doverghostcore8523
    @doverghostcore85232 ай бұрын

    Most incredible achievement EVER made by the cosmos is taking a bunch of hidrogen atoms and turning them into something that ALWAYS let me speechless and stunned in awe... Andrew Szydlo. Dear Sir Szydlo, you are the most amazing person I had ever the honor to know. Thank you for spreading your endless wisdom.

  • @Kargoneth
    @Kargoneth4 ай бұрын

    Excellent presentation!

  • @DoucantNevrneir
    @DoucantNevrneir2 ай бұрын

    I've been listening to his lectures for years via youtube. I'd love to hear him teach in person one day

  • @naledikutumela1636
    @naledikutumela16364 ай бұрын

    This is the best Christmas gift! 😊

  • @otilium7503
    @otilium75032 ай бұрын

    Thank you for this lecture, it's so cool♥️♥️♥️

  • @davebewshey1549
    @davebewshey1549Ай бұрын

    I could not imagine how many current and future scientists as well as interest in science this man has inspired

  • @sensualchocolate4928
    @sensualchocolate49283 ай бұрын

    I think this man is one of the best lectures I've ever seen

  • @ThiwankaWimalasuriya
    @ThiwankaWimalasuriya3 ай бұрын

    what a great chemistry lecture. i recommend this this everyone

  • @RippleEffectProductions
    @RippleEffectProductions4 ай бұрын

    You are one of the best i have ever seen till today..

  • @nicksta1056
    @nicksta10564 ай бұрын

    Would have been a funny an interesting density experiment to have used Sulfur hexafluoride.

  • @nathyatta
    @nathyatta4 ай бұрын

    I was just binging Andrew’s presentations, and a new one just appeared! Christmas!

  • @Jethro.Maloku-le.Rey.Kalsitran
    @Jethro.Maloku-le.Rey.Kalsitran4 ай бұрын

    it's cool to see Mr Szydlo back

  • @newklear2k
    @newklear2kАй бұрын

    I'm a simple being. I see "Andrew Szydlo", and I click.

  • @KarldorisLambley
    @KarldorisLambley4 ай бұрын

    Electric vehicles typically include a 12-volt lead-acid battery for auxiliary systems and vehicle control functions. This is a separate component from the main high-voltage traction battery, which is typically a lithium-ion battery or another advanced battery chemistry. so pretty much all cars contain a lead-acid cell, irrespective of their power source.

  • @davidbowman9782
    @davidbowman97824 ай бұрын

    lovely lecture

  • @otisbrown420
    @otisbrown4204 ай бұрын

    Just amazing

  • @tristanfowler4488
    @tristanfowler44883 ай бұрын

    Such an amazing and inspiring guy

  • @brave_new_india_science
    @brave_new_india_science4 ай бұрын

    ❤❤❤❤great lecture 😊

  • @RWBHere
    @RWBHere4 ай бұрын

    Andrew is my favourite Stinks. A brilliant teacher and entertainer, who brings Chrmistry to life for children of all ages. Thank-you all. Wishing everyone all the very best for 2024. 🙂👍

  • @IndranilBiswas_
    @IndranilBiswas_4 ай бұрын

    I dedicated a whole afternoon to Sulfur and I am so happy that I did!

  • @ianmasters4225
    @ianmasters42254 ай бұрын

    Nice touch to include literature.

  • @cambridgemart2075
    @cambridgemart20752 ай бұрын

    I feel very old when professor Parmeggiani mentions how old the reagent bottle was because the label is engraved; I recall almost all of the bottles in our school labs had the labels etched or engraved into the glass.

  • @vmb326
    @vmb3264 ай бұрын

    Good job Andrew - super engaging wish I had smell-o-vision 😂

  • @BenTajer89

    @BenTajer89

    4 ай бұрын

    you might be happy you couldn't smell it lol...

  • @alan_wood
    @alan_wood4 ай бұрын

    Christmas isn't Christmas without the RI.

  • @plasmaburndeath
    @plasmaburndeath3 ай бұрын

    I am so glad they got Dr. Oz to do the reading. 🙂

  • @veganbutcherhackepeter
    @veganbutcherhackepeter4 ай бұрын

    What a legend. All teachers everywhere, take note.

  • @WONDERFULREPTILES
    @WONDERFULREPTILES2 ай бұрын

    RESPECT SIR ANDREW GOOD VIDEO

  • @Feanor_Evanstar
    @Feanor_Evanstar3 ай бұрын

    Amazing demonstrations and beautiful passion! Can we please get them a budget that will cover more than one pair of gloves?

  • @halfrhovsquared
    @halfrhovsquared3 ай бұрын

    Apparently, he invited an Australian backyard chemist to give some demonstrations and he responded, "Ugh! No! Not yellow chemistry!!!" ;)

  • @andrestrujado

    @andrestrujado

    2 ай бұрын

    Haha😂

  • @FD-rt3rv
    @FD-rt3rv4 ай бұрын

    perfect for Xmas Day

  • @donaldhoot7741
    @donaldhoot77414 ай бұрын

    Szydlo!!!!!!!! I yelled it so loud my neighbors heard! Szydlo!!!!!

  • @tilethio
    @tilethio13 күн бұрын

    Isn't it amazing we who live in the modern world are doing the same thing today as alchemists used to do back then? In today's fancy words, we call them "Alloys" and add modern techniques and knowledge to them. In today's modern fancy term, we call them "Chemists or Inventors". What the Alchemists trying to achieve was to invent a procedure to develop a substance that has a higher beneficial importance to humans than its constituent parts. Isn't it what we are doing today in the modern day with the benefit of modern techniques, technologies, and knowledge? I am glad Dr. Andrew brought this forward.

  • @CosmicAliveness
    @CosmicAliveness4 ай бұрын

    Awesomeness pure Awesomeness

  • @Jessieduke-mf5lz
    @Jessieduke-mf5lz3 ай бұрын

    I love this guy he's my hero

  • @pattheplanter
    @pattheplanter4 ай бұрын

    I can't find any reference online to the first known recorded example of sulvere in Sanskrit, it is one of over forty different names for sulphur like ghandhakah. I found one version as shulvarih or śulbāri. It is common for Europeans to mistake ś for s in Sanskrit transcriptions. Is it from the Rasashastra chemical treatises of the 5th century AD and after? Sanskrit is an ancient language but not all of its words are. The Latin origin of the word, as sulpureus describing a sulphurous river, is known from before 169 BC as it was used in a poem by Ennius. Proto-Indo-European *sulplós has been proposed as the origin, meaning "burn-stuff". As far as we know there was no contact between Rome and India before the first century BC. A Sanskrit compound word (copper-enemy) seems unlikely to be the origin of the Latin word.

  • @Maaaaaaaaaaaaaaartin

    @Maaaaaaaaaaaaaaartin

    4 ай бұрын

    I had the same reaction when I heard this part, especially when he prefaces it with the statement that Sanskrit is "the oldest language in the world", which is an absurd statement for several reasons. I generally like it when lecturers talk about the etymology unfortunately it's fairly often poorly done, like in this case.

  • @pattheplanter

    @pattheplanter

    4 ай бұрын

    @@Maaaaaaaaaaaaaaartin Sanskrit is perhaps the oldest continuously used language in the world due to its preservation as a liturgical language in Hinduism. It is certainly not as old as is claimed by some Hindu enthusiasts. 3,000 to 3,500 years before the present is the furthest back most legitimate scholars will push the history of Sanskrit. Certainly not the 5,000 years before the present mentioned in this video. It is also like implying that "Internet" is 1,000 years old because it is a word used in English. The Sanskrit for Internet is apparently antarajālam.

  • @garycard1456
    @garycard14564 ай бұрын

    I am very sure that Andrew Szydlo himself could have performed those simple sulfuric acid demos perfectly well; there was no need to fly someone in from Italy to perform the demos, and for commentary on what was happening at a chemical level! Having a BSc in Chemistry, I could have performed those demos myself- it is hardly cutting-edge and ultra-complex Doctorate-level research chemistry! Watching Andrew brew up a cup-of-tea-with-sugar now and again for his medical condition (referring to one of his previous chemistry lectures) is all part of the charm of Andrew's style! The younger guys are too serious in their demeanor, and are as entertaining as watching paint dry! Andrew's old school style of delivery is what we need more of!

  • @martincatoniryan1638

    @martincatoniryan1638

    4 ай бұрын

    I agree, Szydlo's delivery is the best! Maybe they are just nervous, need more practice... the poem reader was very good, also, i think...

  • @awmperry
    @awmperry4 ай бұрын

    What's that? A new Szydlo lecture? Don't mind if I do!

  • @user-ur1zd8fe8c
    @user-ur1zd8fe8c3 ай бұрын

    Legend

  • @GrandadTinkerer
    @GrandadTinkerer4 ай бұрын

    Andrew, brilliant as always. Not too keen on the readings. Poem was pure cheese!

  • @CODA834
    @CODA8344 ай бұрын

    that poor girl on the second row when the dude was reciting John Milton 😆

  • @passtheparcel2024
    @passtheparcel20242 ай бұрын

    Sulphur in modern chemistry is very useful. It's used in matches, insecticides, and fungicides. But the connotations in ancient an even in today's belief systems cannot be underestimated...

  • @babusastry
    @babusastry4 ай бұрын

    Just super

  • @RyanMercer
    @RyanMercer4 ай бұрын

    I wish I had half this guy's energy.

  • @mickeyfilmer5551
    @mickeyfilmer55514 ай бұрын

    If only Andrew had been my Chemistry teacher 50 odd years ago, I would have stuck at it- but alas my teacher was so uninspiring. I am sure any child in Andrew's class would love the subject.

  • @subliminalvibes
    @subliminalvibes4 ай бұрын

    Yes, butane canisters will not operate correctly when tipped more than a few degrees This prevents one squirting liquid butane everywhere. Andres need to be a little more assertive! 👍😎

  • @andrestrujado

    @andrestrujado

    4 ай бұрын

    I know

  • @fburton8
    @fburton84 ай бұрын

    Domaine du Vieux Vauvert Vouvray - a very drinkable medium-dry (actually medium-sweet) wine. Recommended, unless you’re asthmatic and allergic to sulphites. A tenner from Waitrose.

  • @RFC3514
    @RFC35144 ай бұрын

    Hey, Andrew, what has Terry the Plumber been up to?

  • @robinbrowne5419
    @robinbrowne54193 ай бұрын

    👍 I have learned a lot from Prof. Szydlo. I really enjoy the videos. I think my favourite one was the one where he was explaining that candles burn with a sooty flame and petrol burns with a blue flame in a motorcar engine. 🔥 I was testing that out by holding a tea saucer above a candle and observing the black sooty deposits. Until my wife said "What on earth are you doing? Making a filthy mess." "But the professor says..." said I. "Never mind" said she. "Now do the dishes." 🚙 Whenever we drive around in our Toyota Yaris I often envision the thousands of blue flames in the cylinders, and this is oddly satisfying. But I don't mention it to my wife or she would probably say that It's my turn to pay for gas, and she would probably be right. 🌋 As for the volcanoes, they remind me of an incident that happened with our microwave oven. I saw on KZread that you can boil an egg in a glass of water in the microwave as long as the egg is completely covered in water. Either the video was wrong or I did it wrong because suddenly there was a loud BOOM from the microwave and the bottom of the microwave was covered in eggy water and the walls and ceiling of the microwave were coated in cooked egg. Fortunately my wife was at work. But I spent a miserable hour cleaning out the microwave before she got home from work. From then on I haven't believed everything I see on KZread. But I do believe 99% of what Prof. Szydlo says, with the remaining 1% being that he knows what he has done with his tea 🍵. Cheers from Canada :-)

  • @Jszar

    @Jszar

    3 ай бұрын

    Re: microwave-boiling eggs in the shell: They explode because the water inside the egg boils, yet has nowhere to expand. Either use a lower power setting or salt the water-minimum 1/4 tsp. per 8oz (240mL)-to slow down the heat transfer.

  • @robinbrowne5419

    @robinbrowne5419

    3 ай бұрын

    @@Jszar A good explanation. Thank you. But I think the answer is not to do it. The explosion makes so much mess and it is so difficult to clean up that it is not worth the risk. Especially when there are so many other ways to boil an egg :-)

  • @jkobain
    @jkobain4 ай бұрын

    FFS! I've been longing for a lecture by Andrew!

  • @twocvbloke
    @twocvbloke4 ай бұрын

    I can only imagine the odours in the lecture hall, must have smelled like it was cabbage & sprouts night in the canteen... :P

  • @gazzas123
    @gazzas123Ай бұрын

    my dad told me a story about acid. "Little Willy is gone now Little Willy is no more what he thought was H2O was H2SO4."

  • @cavelinguam6444
    @cavelinguam64444 ай бұрын

    Nice

  • @chipwillman6950
    @chipwillman69504 ай бұрын

    Thanks for using the actor to give emotion to the reading. I appreciated it.

  • @dpagain2167
    @dpagain21674 ай бұрын

    My father, born in 1908, had a Saturday night routine, along with his brothers and sisters. After the weekly bath, everyone was given a spoonful of blackstrap molasses and sulphur. That was supposed to keep them in good health.

  • @rachelabbott236

    @rachelabbott236

    4 ай бұрын

    That sounds like it would taste atrocious! 😮

  • @Tularis
    @Tularis4 ай бұрын

    Little Johnny was a chemists son but Johnny is no more. What Johnny thought was h2O was H2SO4.

  • @Jake-nn2jm
    @Jake-nn2jm4 ай бұрын

    it’s nice that the best potions professor at Hogwarts tried to teach us muggels something

  • @antonylawrence7266
    @antonylawrence72664 ай бұрын

    What do you get if you mix a poet with a chemist, A Szydlo !

  • @RFC3514

    @RFC3514

    4 ай бұрын

    What do you get when you mix Szydlo with a Terry? A very violent reaction! (it's a reference to some of his home videos)

  • @ianmasters4225
    @ianmasters42254 ай бұрын

    He probably is the father some of us wanted.

  • @atomsmurf
    @atomsmurf15 күн бұрын

    Dear children, have a look at my big black monster

  • @CUMBICA1970
    @CUMBICA19704 ай бұрын

    34:37😪😪 😅😅

  • @vansf3433
    @vansf34334 ай бұрын

    H2SO4+Z = H2 + Z(SO 4)

  • @AvindraGoolcharan
    @AvindraGoolcharan3 ай бұрын

    4:02 sanskrit is old but Tamil is older

  • @PureCoKayne
    @PureCoKayne4 ай бұрын

    over an hour and a half long and i'm still hoping for some fast paced andrew action

  • @horsetuna

    @horsetuna

    4 ай бұрын

    I think they switched his tea to decaff

  • @znotch87
    @znotch874 ай бұрын

    18:50 End of the reading.

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