The Story Of Electric Vehicle Batteries
The Tesla 2170 Lithium-Ion battery cell and other high capacity lithium-ion battery cell technologies all represent the first hopeful steps in transitioning society towards a new standard in practical and economical transportation via electric vehicles.
HOW BATTERIES WORK
The modern incarnation of the electrochemical battery is credited to the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta, who put together the first battery in response to the misguided findings of his colleague, Luigi Galvani. Volta suspected that the electric current came from the two dissimilar metals and it was being transmitted through the frogs’ tissues, not originating from it. Volta had developed the first electrochemical battery, known as a voltaic pile.
Individual cells can be combined into configurations that can both increase the total voltage and current capacity. This is known as a battery. On primary batteries, the electrodes become depleted as they release their positive or negative ions into the electrolyte, or the build-up of reaction products on the electrodes prevents the reaction from continuing. This results in a one-time use battery.
In secondary batteries, the chemical reaction that occurred during discharge can be reversed.
FIRST RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
In 1859, the French physicist Gaston Planté would invent the lead-acid battery, the first-ever battery that could be recharged. By the 1880s, the lead-acid battery would take on a more practical form with each cell consisting of interlaced plates of lead and lead dioxide.
In the early 1900s, the electric vehicle began to grow in popularity in the United States, after thriving in Europe for over 15 years. Within a few years, most electric vehicle manufacturers had ceased production.
NiMH
In the late 1960s, research had begun by the global communications company COMSAT, on a relatively new battery chemistry called nickel-hydrogen. Designed specifically for use on satellites, probes, and other space vehicles, these batteries used hydrogen stored at up to 82 bar with a nickel oxide hydroxide cathode and a platinum-based catalyst anode that behaved similarly to a hydrogen fuel cell. The pressure of hydrogen would decrease as the cell is depleted offering a reliable indicator of the batteries charge.
Though nickel-hydrogen batteries offered only a slightly better energy storage capacity than lead-acid batteries, their service life exceeded 15 years and they had a cycle durability exceeding 20,000 charge/recharge cycles. By the early 1980s their use on space vehicles became common. Over the next two decades research into nickel-metal hydride cell technology was supported heavily by both Daimler-Benz and by Volkswagen AG resulting in the first generation of batteries achieving storage capacities similar to nickel-hydrogen, though with a 5 fold increase in specific power. This breakthrough led to the first consumer-grade nickel-metal hydride batteries to become commercially available in 1989.
REVIVAL OF ELECTRIC CARS
Almost 100 years after the first golden age of electric vehicles, a confluence of several factors reignited interest in electric vehicles once again. This initiative intersected with the recent refinement of nickel-metal hydride battery technology, making practical electrical vehicles a viable commercial option to pursue. By the late 1990s, mass-market electric vehicle production had started once again. Taking a more risk-averse approach, many automakers started to develop all-electric models based on existing platforms in their model line up.
MODERN ELECTRIC CARS
Despite lithium-ion batteries becoming a viable option for electric vehicles, the second half of the 1990s into the mid-2000s were primarily dominated by the more risk-averse technology of hybrid-powered vehicles. And even these successful early models such as the Toyota Prius were generally still powered by Nickel-metal hydride battery technology.
At the time lithium-ion batteries were still relatively unproven for vehicle use and also cost more per kWh. Around 2010, The cathode material of lithium-ion cells would once evolve with the advent of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathodes or NMC. Curiously, Tesla is known for being the only manufacturer who does not use NMC cell technology but rather much older lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide cathode, or NCA.
COBALT
With the surge in consumer adoption of electric vehicles, comes a rise in the demand for the lithium-ion batteries that power them. While roughly half of the cobalt produced is currently used for batteries, the metal also has important uses in electronics, tooling, and superalloys like those used in jet turbines. More than half of the world’s cobalt comes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With no state regulation, cobalt mining in the region is also plagued with exploitative practices.
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This is just a consolidated re-upload of my two-part episode on electric vehicle batteries. It was initially supposed to be a single video, but due to it taking a month to produce I was forced to initially split it up in order to keep the algorithm happy with timely uploads. 😛
@AndrewMellor-darkphoton
3 жыл бұрын
hi dude
@salimbenchekroun7543
3 жыл бұрын
I love your series on CPUs and stealth technologies.
@marioghioneto1275
3 жыл бұрын
Salim Benchekroun i love basically all of his series 😂
@haves_
3 жыл бұрын
I see, that's why I feel like I've watched this before
@InvisibleManCZ
3 жыл бұрын
No matter what, I will gladly watch it all again.
2m into video: umm this seems familiar 7m into video: its not that i've heard some of this elsewhere is it 11m into video, sees picture: Hey! This is? a re-release? 12m into video, power tools: This is a re-release! I've seen this vid before, from you. Oh well, still a good video, i keep watching.
@codyrap95
3 жыл бұрын
Exactly!
@Morkvonork
3 жыл бұрын
I had the same feeling :D
@jena4109
3 жыл бұрын
Agree
@simonmaverick9201
3 жыл бұрын
A lot of non-peer-reviewed and recycled data presented in this presentation - nothing new but a good review on basic battery history.
Just a note from an impressed lifepo4 user. I bought a 48V 10Ah lifepo4 battery for my electric bicycle, 16 Headway cells in 38120 format, claiming to hold 80% capacity at 2000 cycles against usually about 500 cycles of regular lithium cells. Had to look the invoice to refresh my memory about the date, because it was in 2012. That bicycle is my only vehicle, well, the type, because it is the second one, and over those years had to endure an average of one recharge a day, sometimes even 3 having to fast charge without let it cool. They are supposed to last about 5 years before aging degrade, but it performed pretty good until just recently. About 5 months ago dropped noticeable in performance and cant deliver more than 50% at the 23Amps the motor demands. Until that sudden drop was capable of delivery more than the 80% frontier. That's 10 years of intense work, about 24A continuous load and they are rated at 30A max sustained and 10A recommended. They are bigger and heavier than lithium ion, but they are also as safe as lithium can get, not causing fire even when punctured or hard shorted. But Men, even that peace of mind gets obscured against that endurance, 10 years of continuous hard service, hot summers, cold winters, and who knows how much it can give, as it still make 1/3 of the mileage, but 3/4 at half the constant load. What a difference, i still remember those poor cheap Pb batteries, what a nightmare. And they get easily more expensive than lithium if you want them to last more than 6 months. I hope the electric car nonsense don't make the batteries unaffordable. An electric SUV is not green, and moving 1,5 tons of metal to transport 80kg of meat doesn't matter if it's petrol or lithium. Ok, it's hard to switch to a bicycle, but please, please, why the growth of electric SUV sales? We want more range, but when improve batteries and motors we make the vehicles even bigger?...
@Aerith17
Жыл бұрын
Because that's where the market is, especially in the U.S. The majority of new vehicle sales are SUV's. People want bigger cars so, from a business perspective, it makes sense to produce electric SUV's.
@shane864
Жыл бұрын
Don’t let perfection be the enemy of progress.
@babygirl8181980411
9 ай бұрын
Not to mention headway is technically a super capacitor, and very affordable.
Goodenough repeatedly looked at the current products and said to himself: "This is not good enough."
@EnvyTheRealest
3 жыл бұрын
And Wellenough was not happy
@exMuteKid
2 жыл бұрын
Lol CURRENT PRODUCTS nice pun
@eSKAone-
2 жыл бұрын
@@exMuteKid 😉
@TheNheg66
Жыл бұрын
The fact his first two names can be written as Johny B. blew my mind. Johny B. Goodenough ... lol
@logank444
Жыл бұрын
Mr. John B said this not Goodenough
Hey, love your videos, they're informative and you pick good subjects and the relaxed use of visuals is nice too. A suggestion, if I may... you have a lot of content to cover and its technical content so its tricky to get it all out without a script to read from, so you're fighting against your VO sounding like you're reading from a script. If you break up your script into small chunks and record yourself delivering those from memory, without reading the script, after a few times, each segment will flow more naturally. This will help the main points that you're trying to convey to stand out, as you'll naturally emphasise what you know is important. Could be an easy win for an already great set of strengths you have. Thanks for the videos and keep up the good work!
@Artaresto
3 жыл бұрын
^Constructive criticism at its finest
@simonmaverick9201
3 жыл бұрын
Excellent advice
@kevinloving3141
2 жыл бұрын
This is what constructive criticism should sound like, my good sir.
@chiefdenis
Жыл бұрын
Wow this is great advice, i know it's not for me but I'm taking it
Battery tech is a really exciting topic to keep track of. Will be seeing massive progress real soon
@garethbaus5471
3 жыл бұрын
We are seeing massive progress right now.
Stellar as always! Do one on radio! And by the way, you're one of the few channels that I must have the bell on
High quality, well researched information.
It's a joy to watch (really nice synchronized pictures and music), and a feast for my curiosity.
Your video was great! It absorbed me as i absorbed the information. However, could you make slightly more detailed description animations for the electrical/chemical/scientific processes you narrate so well? That would literally make this channel pretty much a staple for science based learning!
not forgetting cobalt is also used in the oil refining process where it is consumed and therefore unrecyclable unlike in EV batteries......
@camiemengineer
2 жыл бұрын
Any ideas how it could be made to become recyclable for that application? Could an alternative to cobalt be used?
@automaticprojects
Жыл бұрын
I believe cobalt is only used as a catalyst in oil refining, so it is not consumed. There is only some loss due to erosion. Electric batteries currently use more than half the world’s cobalt. But either way I think we will find solutions to reduce or eliminate cobalt in both applications.
Thank you for this, subscribed. Very good content!
Your work is absolutely amazing! Thank you for the adventure!
A great video. Thank you 💖
Great video/documentary, youtube should put it on featured, deserves more views
Brilliant mate. Please continue to bring sanity to the space.
Your videos are marvelous and inspire me to learn more about the topic ✨✨👌
what I learned on this channel in few weeks is more informative than my 4 years of engineering school... Great content
@davidclements6507
3 жыл бұрын
Should have paid attention at school then
@simonmaverick9201
3 жыл бұрын
Really!!!!
@ML-xp1kp
Жыл бұрын
This is high school science, combined with light factoids and specifics. You have never been to university and have no experience with engineering.
I keep zoning out of this video but I just like to listen to it. Love the sci-fi vibes.
Awesome as always.
Magnificent research! Thanks
"Hey, so I heard someone solved the problems with Lithium Ion batteries. So are they good to use in out new product?" "Ehh... It's Goodenough."
Nice addition of music to your videos! Keep it up!
Nice video... But I would love if you can do a video on different batteries and effects on their performance at different temperatures (especially temperature ranges that they are most likely to work in real world application). Thanks...
Thanks for the video. Around 09:35 you mentioned that the most famous electric vehicle known to date was the lunar lander. You meant to say the Lunar Roving Vehicle, otherwise known as moon buggies. Though I notice others have picked up on this same minor point.
Great video! A very important battery that was missing form the list is the Nickel-iron, with a potassium-hydroxide electrolyte. Quite possibly the best chemistry for stationary batteries. Tho low in density it is very simple, nontoxic, long lasting, no rare materials. Making it an easy and ethical choice for non-mobile storage, but for some reason it hasn't taken off. Maybe due to its longevity its pushed back, because the industry wants disposable things, that's where more money is. These last for decades and when done, it can easily and completely be recycled, and there's nothing toxic.
@dana4261
3 жыл бұрын
iTeerRex very true. They just aren’t very efficient and release hydrogen so you need to deal with venting/safety. I still think they’re cool though,
@simonmaverick9201
3 жыл бұрын
Nickel and potassium hydroxide - non toxic - really!!!
Amazingly interesting!
Great video! Thank you.
I love you, I will plagiarize your work into a ppt for a school group project. Honestly an amazing video.
big respect from MNE
This channel is officially my best
Man, your videos have such a good quality that you should make some documentaries for Netflix or curiosity stream/brilliant, any of those or all of those
@amine7280
3 жыл бұрын
Second that.
@simonmaverick9201
3 жыл бұрын
Problem there is none of his content is original or new.
@6:45 I believe Henry Ford intended his cars to run on alcohol (because he was a farmer and farmers can make alcohol cheaply) but he made the carburettors so they could run either gasoline or alcohol.
John B. Goodenough helped make a breakthrough that was more than just goodenough.
Great video -Thanks
I was reading a paper but not getting the things properly. This video helps a lot
Great video!!!
Fun fact: the lunar ascent stage could be jump started with the batteries from the rover, that never happened though
@davidclements6507
3 жыл бұрын
WRONG from the descent stage batteries if needed, Apollo's11 12 14 never had rovers
Thanks!
very good
Very well researched piece and factually precise. I found it disappointing, however that the engineering contributions of yoshino were not honored as the were in the nobel prise.
I think that after tesla battery day it need an update 😉 grate content btw love the channel 😊
A great understanding of electric batteries. I have always hoped that transport of people would be more along the line of diesel-electric locomotive energy transfer. A small engine would drive and alternator and it in turn would charge a bank of batteries for bursts of energy when needed and usually drive motion through electric motors at the tires. Incredible rates of economy would result.
Really nice!
Very nice!
What is really needed! A new concept in thinking about stored energy and charges. In all conventional batteries energy is stored on the plates of the battery. The electrolyte is the conductive medium. Now what if we could make an electrolyte in which the charge is stored. The plates act as part medium and charge storage receptacles. What this would mean is that to charge your battery would only need to change the electrolyte, like filling your car with gas now. The old electrolyte would be removed and the new fully charged electrolyte would replace it and you would be on your way. If such a battery could be developed it not only increase the range, speed, versatility of the ev but would also be more economical.
Great documentary 👍 I just wish I could've slowed your voice down 25-50% at times. More pauses to let that info sink in for the listener is something to consider next time round 👍
@Naughty_Squad
2 жыл бұрын
There is a play back speed option and it actually is acceptable and understandable.
25 seconds i m here!
I understand that Volta who taught animal anatomy developed his electric pile after studying a newly discovered electric eel from the Amazon river. The eel has a big stack of striated tissues very similar in form and function to an electric pile.
Loved the video! One point, your chapter about the abundance of Lithium and cobalt was a little ambiguous. Specifically you say that there is not enough Lithium in the world stage but didn't dig into why. Was it because Lithium is not abundant enough in the earth and we will deplete it or because the mining and refining supply is will never meet demand?
Why is 'shelf-lief' misspelled on that one battery? (19 seconds in)
@recessiontwentytwenty3858
3 жыл бұрын
Sharp eye
@recessiontwentytwenty3858
3 жыл бұрын
Oh damn , "sheif" lief ... Now even stranger 😂
@daleolson3506
3 жыл бұрын
China junk
@Allexz
3 жыл бұрын
Also "Envirommental" on the same battery :D
@ClockworksOfGL
3 жыл бұрын
nya_nya_boo - Yeah, I’m sure the quality of that battery is top notch... 🙄
I was impressed by another video on the Duesenfeld recycling method - cold shredded, recovers a lot more materials, and so efficient that the charge left in a battery can power 1/3 - 1/2 of its own recycling! Sad to hear here there may still not be enough Cobalt around for "all the cars", so maybe Na-ion or something else next-gen will be needed, as this video says.
I love this one 😍
@loganschmogan1957
3 жыл бұрын
cool seeing you here
@lw8213
3 жыл бұрын
Some years ago i went to the store and bought my self a 4k tv, Thanks to you :)
Very good video. Thanks for posting. Hopefully the power companies and various governments will get serious and apply a similar amount of effort, innovation, and resources towards clean electricity generation and increases in transmission infrastructure capacity as the people and companies did developing the chemistry and batteries to make this all possible. Otherwise, the growth and adoption of electric vehicles will be hobbled by restrictions on, and rationing of, the ability to charge our EVs.
Great video thank you 👍🚀🚗🚗
Lithium Farrah Fawcetts?! Just kidding. Nice video! Your work is always top notch!
@josephmalfino7735
3 жыл бұрын
That's what I kept hearing too!!
Great work " professor New Mind "
is it possible to increase the nominal voltage of lithium ion batteries? And how this be achieved? Thank you!
@jimurrata6785
2 жыл бұрын
Different chemistries have different potentials, yes. "Lithium ion" is a class, not a particular chemistry.
26:32 I can hardly hear you, as you've ramped up the 'music' for the Climactic Conclusion... :-/
Hey, love your videos
Great video, what about graphene batteries?
Love ❤️ it /Morocco 🇲🇦
What about Dr. Goodenough's latest batter using glass? Supposed to be up to 2.5 times as efficient as lithium.
I think it's important to add the continued geopolitical instability of the Middle East to the confluence of events in the 1990s to early 2000s to push American attitudes away from oil dependence, and thus more openness to potential EVs. The Gulf Wars helped in easing that transition, as attitudes were pretty dead set against EVs prior to 2003 and 1991.
I've said it a million times, plug-in hybrid is the way to go. At least until we have magic power or perpetual motion.
Batteries are so environmentally friendly. That is until the spontaneously combust! 🔥
Really really great video! Will watch it again. This 65+ old geezer only has about a 12 min attention span.
Do you have a music free version?
@xenonram
3 жыл бұрын
There was a tiny bit of background music. Get over it.
@maxant4285
3 жыл бұрын
@@xenonram and it was annoying
We need to go back to LiFePO4 batteries. It's so much cheaper than cobalt based lithium batteries. It may not have the best energy density and specific energy but it's just good enough.
@simonmaverick9201
3 жыл бұрын
My 89 year old mother swears by zinc-carbon.
@Tore_Lund
3 жыл бұрын
He Also forgot about the successful EVs of the 90' especially in Europe and the fact that Tesla is just a brand name, the research and devellopment was made by AC Propulsion.
@LarsPallesen
2 жыл бұрын
Which is why Tesla will be using LiFePO4 batteries for all their standard range cars going forward.
Many are persuing LFP batteries, and its possible to make Cobalt free batteries. Batteries have infinite chemistries to try, and there are many untapped reserves. A shortage of 1 material is unlikely to be a problem.
The caption should be "The Story of Vehicle Batteries" 😀
In the early 1900s electric and steam power hung on well until the electric starter motor came into popular use.
@simonmaverick9201
3 жыл бұрын
Or the hand crank cars!
What made you rerelease this video?
Here comes a blast of some quality content straight to our faces! Heck yeah!
5:30 I thought lead-acid batteries had a huge internal resistance? Please help me understand
I hope we have infrastructure built up for EVs like not just for charging but a recycling system setup for batteries. I wonder about even consumer electronics if they are going to landfills or what. What would be nice if we could have wireless charging for cars that you could park over rather than plugs
@TheVeryGreatBear
3 жыл бұрын
Interesting fact: In 1899 in New York, 90% of taxis were electric cars. This suggests that they had the infrastructure to support EVs. When we make the transition to EVs we should be able to implement the required infrastructure as well. It will not be easy as it sounds now, but it is possible. But I agree with you about the wireless charging.
John B. Goodenough’s solution was good enough
john b goodenough is a very important figure in battery development hes working on solid state batterys now and it will make a car good from 400 miles to 1500 miles maybe more. i wonder what mileage a hybrid will get with a solid state battery. He is why your phone has a battery, your laptop also and any lithium ion battery.
As current as this is I'm surprised quantum glass batteries weren't discussed as a possible future technology that might bring about substantial improvement.
In a battery electrons emanate from the anode of the battery going to the cathode but in vacuum tubes it is the cathode that produces electrons and they flow to the positive anode ,this seems like a contradiction can anyone explain what I am missing here.
Maybe do an update going into the advance of LFP and upcoming NaIon tech.
2:28 "....fused a sedan with a mini-van" That's called a station wagon junior!
I have always wondered how different our world would be if henry ford developed a cheap reliable electric car rather than gasoline. Assuming that car was popular it would probably be safe to also assume that battery technology would already be at about the point we will hit in 20 to 30 years although emissions technology for power generation might be a bit behind current levels.
Awesome. Sooo well presented!
How far along are we in the development of EV batteries that do not include Cobalt?
I wish they would have kept selling the Altra. Something with some more room than the Leaf would be awesome. I don't know the dates of the original release, but as of June 2020 the Tesla model S can get over 400 miles on a charge.
@davidclements6507
3 жыл бұрын
YEP driven at 40 MPH with the AC off maybe
@hondaguy9153
3 жыл бұрын
@@davidclements6507 *shrug* I don't know how they perform their range test. I don't think it's that extreme. It might be 55-60 on flat ground. The AC doesn't really use that much power. Cooling the batteries and heating the cab... That's a different story.
Pretty sure you have anode and cathode reversed. In a vacuum tube at least, a cathode *emits* electrons, and the anode (plate) accepts them.
@Drumsgoon
3 жыл бұрын
depends on where oxidation occurs
Is copper used in a led & silver battery???
13:18 i dont think this man is a real chemist.
@umaikeruna
3 жыл бұрын
He used to be. But he decided to follow his dream of being an actor. Unfortunately, the only role he could land, was that of a chemist.
@morkovija
3 жыл бұрын
shiiiit you guys! Great catch and theories!
@CookieCraftMedia
3 жыл бұрын
"No sir, I assure you I am a qualified chemist!" *shakes hand nervously*
@andonios-hr5qt
3 жыл бұрын
You are right... He's a bartender.
NiFe batteries: weren't they a 19th C answer to NiCd? They are remarkably indestructible. NiFe batts run on KaOH and have been pulled out of the sunken WW1 German fleet Scapa Flow after many decades and still found to be workable when refilled with alkali. They were used as military power supplies and are favoured by off grid people who generate their own power. I don't know if they were any good for vehicle power, but they will have been tried surely around the turn of the 19th/20th centuries. i I had an old miner's lamp run I ran off NaOH as it was all I had. It was rated at 1.5volts and It held a charge for a short period- a few hours, but it had dried out years before so was probably quite oxidised inside- or gunged up generally.
How much silver was in those lunar vehicle batteries?
@barthvapour
2 жыл бұрын
Silver is actually a very recyclable metal, a lot used to be recovered from x-ray film so it's never been in short supply, despite its monetary value. Obviously once it's on the moon, it's not coming back.
I agree 100% that vehicle drive trains of the future will be electric. They're simpler, less costly and easier to maintain. However, I do not think that the energy to power them will come from batteries, as the power to weight ratio is 1:200 of fuel and recharging them does not just take time, it also requires profound changes to the grid to support mass deployment. I suspect the motors will be fed from fuel cells.
The way he pauses slightly to enforce his point😍
@simonmaverick9201
3 жыл бұрын
He pauses to read the script!!!
That should be Silicon Valley when you introduced startup Tesla. Silicone Valley is probably further south, around L.A. or Hollywood.
Good lil firestarters those batteries are.
@oneselmo
3 жыл бұрын
dakkanTM But not as good as the Ford Pintos were...
@garethbaus5471
3 жыл бұрын
Not compared to gasoline.
God damn it man. I have an assignment about batteries for cars. This video would have been great if you just release it a day earlier
@12201185234
3 жыл бұрын
This is actually a reupload of a two-part video he released a month or two back, so...
@tedybear9186
3 жыл бұрын
@@12201185234 *Insert your name here*
No mention of the electric starter motor, which made gasoline-powered cars practical.
Excellent choice of programs. Best if the is no BACK-GROUND-MUSIC. I find, for me, the narrating voice has too much of slow start and slow ending of the words, another way the sound wave is to far from being square waves. However it appears very understandable. For people borne into the English language it’s easier to understand while the learned English has more difficult time with understanding.
Wish it has subtitles by this way foreigners also can understand...
Just one note… 21700 cells aren’t at all new or designed by Tesla. As well as the fact the proper name of them is 21700. Just like 18650, the number indicates the diameter in millimeters, and the length in millimeters * 10. I.e 21700 just means 21 mm diameter, 70 mm long.