The Evolution Of CPU Processing Power Part 2: Rise Of The x86
SERIES LINK - • Computing Technology
In this multi-part series, we explore the evolution of the microprocessor and its astonishing growth in processing power over the decades. In Part 2, we learn about how the x86 architecture came to dominate the PC world through the trifecta of Intel, IBM, and Microsoft.
As the 1970s progressed, CPU designs grew more robust. Faster clock speeds, larger address capacities, and more elaborate instructions sets were all being leveraged. The next major offering from Intel was the 8008.
One of the more prominent additions to the 8008 feature list was the inclusion of indirect addressing. With direct addressing, a memory location is provided to an instruction, where it then fetches the data contents of that address location. In indirect addressing, the contents of that referenced memory location is actually a pointer to another location - where the data actually is.
The 8008 also implemented mechanism known as interrupts. Interrupts allowed hardware signals and internal CPU events to pause program execution and jump to a small high priority region of code. Example of interrupt events could be a real-time clock signal, a trigger from a piece of external hardware such as a keyboard, or a change in the CPUs internal state. Even program code can trigger an interrupt. After the execution of the interrupt service code, the original program would resume.
Nex next major Intel product was the 8080. The 8080 was the first in Intel’s product line to utilize an external bus controller. This support chip was responsible for interfacing with RAM, and other system hardware components. These communications are commonly referred to as input/output or IO. This allowed the CPU to interface with slower memory and IO, that operated on system clock speeds that were slower than the CPU’s clock speed. It also enhanced overall electrical noise immunity.
The 8080 was considered by many the first truly usable microprocessor, however competing processor architectures were emerging. During the next few years, the rise of desktop computing was being dominated by the competing Zilog Z80 CPU, which ironically was an enhanced extension of Intel's own 8080 and was designed by former Intel engineer Federico Faggin. Intel’s counter to this was the release of the 8086.
Keeping in line with the software-centric ethos, CPU support of higher level programming languages was enhanced by the addition of more robust stack instructions. In software design, commonly used pieces of code are structured into blocks called a subroutine. It may sometimes also be referred to as a function, procedure or a subprogram.
To illustrate this, let's say we made a program that finds the average of thousands of pairs of numbers. To do this efficiently, we write a block of code that takes in two numbers, calculates their average and return it. Our program now goes through the list of number pairs, calling the subroutine to perform the calculation and returning the result back to the main program sequence. The stack is used to store and transport this data and return addresses for subroutine calls.
The notable complexity of 8086 and its success had cemented Intel’s commitment to a key characteristic of its architecture - CISC or complex instruction set computer. Though a CISC architecture was used in the 8080 and its mildly enhanced successor the 8085, the 8086 marked Intel’s transition into the full-blown adoption of CISC architecture with its robust instruction set.
With only a handful of CPU’s employing it, CISC architecture is a relatively rare design choice when compared to the dominant RISC or reduced instruction set computer architecture. Even today, the x86 CPU’s remain the only mainline processors that use a CISC instruction set.
The difference between a RISC CPU and a CISC CPU lie within their respective instruction set and how its executed. RISC utilizes simple, primitive instructions while CISC employs robust, complex instructions.
Aside from adopting CISC architecture, the performance penalty of accessing memory was also combated in new ways in the 8086.
The 8086’s performance was further enhanced by the ability to make use of the 8087, a separate floating point math co-processor
The success of the 8086 processors is synergistically linked to another runaway success in computing history. In the late 1970s, the new personal computer industry was dominated by the likes of Commodore, Atari, Apple, and the Tandy Corporation. With a projected annual growth of over 40% in the early 1980s, the personal computer market gained the attention of mainframe giant IBM lead to the launch of the IBM PC, which also paved the way for Microsoft’s dominance in the software industry, the IBM PC as the dominant personal computer, and the x86 and the primary architecture of PCs today.
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the KZread algorithm finally found out what I like!
@SteelResolve27
4 жыл бұрын
I searched this video while taking apart a old Microsoft gx
@sourcecode6467
3 жыл бұрын
Same story here, this channel looks like geek heaven. I'm all in
@brandonz404
3 жыл бұрын
Yeah this is right up my alley
@josephtww88
3 жыл бұрын
yup too bored of those review stuff from mkbhd and stuff, this content is good
@Frankx520
3 жыл бұрын
Watching other content feels like waisting my life.
Gosh, those 80s ads really overestimated how much people would use pie and bar graphs in this age of computing, didn’t they? 😂
@NewMind
4 жыл бұрын
Hahaha, yep it was the 80/90s symbol of “business being done here”
@bftjoe
4 жыл бұрын
Spreadsheets were the killer app back then.
@soylentgreenb
4 жыл бұрын
IBM PC was a boring business machine. Computer gamers used C64, amiga, atari st etc. PC didn’t become a good gaming platform until the early 90’s.
@patriotbarrow
4 жыл бұрын
Went on the subway to Canary Wharf recently - all business types were paper or laptop in hand, studying bar graphs and pie charts. I think they're still very much alive.
@VapidSlug
4 жыл бұрын
Much like all the "stop drop and roll" training overestimated how often people are on fire
Learned more than during an entire semester of computer science lectures. God-tier education man.
@NewMind
4 жыл бұрын
This made my day! Thanks so much.
@TK-gd9td
4 жыл бұрын
probably cause he's a better explainer than an average CS professor. or at least has more passion to educate than them.
@spyrex3988
4 жыл бұрын
@@NewMind bro u dont know how good u are at explaining things in my college my teacher doesn't know dogshit and getting paid like insane and u should be rich af
@TheUtuber999
4 жыл бұрын
US education institutions are profit centers anymore.
@pakhilnair
3 жыл бұрын
Right there with you!
Now I know where STACKOVERFLOW comes from.
@marcusdurand5387
3 жыл бұрын
Do you understand it?
@DJeimaXe
3 жыл бұрын
@@marcusdurand5387 I did.
@TanmayPatil37
3 жыл бұрын
See logo of stackoverflow
@houseXelectroXco
3 жыл бұрын
So true 🤣
@ACCPhil
3 жыл бұрын
It doesn't really happen these days. There is a mapping layer (paging) between what the program sees as a RAM address and what actually is a RAM address. So what happens is that in the page table, there is a theoretical "page" of memory created called the "guard page". Should the stack try to expand into that, it will generate an interrupt which the OS will handle causing it to map more memory into the stack. Or blue-screen and die. Depends.
Excellent job, man... Nice to see educational videos that go a bit beyond 'grade school level' learning. Keep them coming because I'm looking forward to the next... and the next... and the next...and...
@saltservice4024
4 жыл бұрын
"videos that go a bit beyond 'grade school level' learning." Well said, KZread has a lot of educational content targeted for a 13 year old to understand or a sophisticated group debate or a straight up University lecture. - The 1st is fair but cuts out so many people who know a few things about the world. - Group debate is great for getting opinions and seeing into what other world leading experts think but isn't overly educational and can often go off topic for small periods. -University lectures are great if you're waist deep in a certain topic and have some advanced questions Videos like these provide the bridge to understanding those university lectures a bit better and work well for an informed adult who hasn't got a phd in said topic.
@mlfconv
3 жыл бұрын
no paid vimeo :(
Dude , please keep doing this deep , highly detailed, braingasms. lml
@hu3m4n90
2 жыл бұрын
i came to post this but, same!
I can't believe it took months for this production to arrive in my suggestions!
CISC was mainstream way before the x86 architecture was invented. The 4004 x86 fore-runner was based on DEC designs which were then all CISC. The term CISC was only coined when RISC architectures came along when memory started to get cheaper. The term only came about to contrast with the new RISC, which was generally faster and more flexible than CISC. The underlying architecture of a lot of CISC processors is actually RISC with the microcode implementing the CISC instruction set.
@markcummins6571
4 жыл бұрын
I find it amazing how people who now seek to define the path in history of computers so consistently ignore DEC. The PC came directly from PDP-11 and VAX's hardware and software. I was there and saw both arenas
@soylentgreenb
4 жыл бұрын
Not only that; but it was such a smooth gradient. The ALU was defined in concept, before it was implemented in hardware, before there were integrated circuit full adders, then there were IC ALUs, then there were microcomputers built of many ICs, before there was a single chip microprocessor. The microprosessor didn’t just appear out of nothing from a genius at intel; it was bloody obvious that integrated circuits could eventually integrate registers, decoders, ALUs etc into a single chip CPU. Every example I can think of looks not like a step function were something just appeared out of nowhere, but as a very smooth and gradual development with some false starts (too early, not viable yet) and very often slow diffusion from mainframe or flight simulator hardware to minicomputer or professional industry and eventually to home users.
@Chris-ZL
4 жыл бұрын
@@markcummins6571 True. I was quiet comfortable in the PC-DOS environment having come from VMS on a Vax 11-780. - It's not so much they are ignoring DEC though; as they have just never heard of them.
@herrfriberger5
4 жыл бұрын
@@Chris-ZL Tens of architectures and companies are constantly ignored, not just DEC.
@user-eo3kd5sj6k
3 жыл бұрын
a retronym, so.
So I have 16 Million dollars worth of ram in my machine...at 1980 prices :)
@steveskouson9620
4 жыл бұрын
Try 1970 prices. I must have ruined 20 or 40 whole wafers of 1101 and 1301 ram chips. Dad was employee 49 there. I met Gordon (Moore's Law) Moore. I was 12. steve
@retroland9703
4 жыл бұрын
Build a time machine!
@jakefisher1638
4 жыл бұрын
And my phone is worth over 4 mil
@HerrFlachpfeife
4 жыл бұрын
@@jakefisher1638 If you travel back 25 years in time, your phone would lead the TOP500 list of supercomputers.
@testplmnb
3 жыл бұрын
and you use it to watch tide pod challenge xD
Superb content, excellently presented and animated. Binge-watched everything, subscribed. Looking forward to future vids.
@joshuakuehn
4 жыл бұрын
Same. This is scratching an itch I didn't know I had
@wildcatdan5072
4 жыл бұрын
There are truly so many great videos on this channel its incredible.
I really hope you are a teacher somewhere teaching IT/Electronics/Computer Science class. And if you are not, you should go and start teaching asap. Your presentation is absolutely flawless and description of the thing is clear, detailed and yet easily understood with strong emphasis put on history of development and real application. We need more teachers like you for sure. Keep up the good work.
@NewMind
4 жыл бұрын
I am not but I appreciate the kind words :)
This is the most stimulating channel I’ve found in a very long time. Really enjoying your work thank you
This was very instructional. Great work. I've been a professional developer for almost 25 years and yet, these videos actually explains a thing or two. I've been coding in high-level languages from the get-go, so you don't really need to know these things, but it is helpful to get a basic understanding.
the striped IBM logo really sends you back to that time. The first PC we had was an IBM with Windows 95, it was amazingly cool back then...
This is one of the best informative videos I have ever seen on KZread. Lovingly produced and at high quality. Thank you!
That's one of the most detailed series I ever watched on the topic, thank you so much for the effort put on such awesome work
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Great Series I hope it goes into the Statistical nature of modern CPU's and Protected Mode etc... Also hoping for a Series on Packet Based Networks and the Evolution of Ethernet and the OSI model.
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I subscribed almost instantly after watching Part 1. Outstanding content and delivery. It's clear and understandable, stays interesting...I can't stop watching.
Thank you for this series. Love the footage, love the explanations. Learned so much!
I reached my limit half way through the video, so I'm setting an alarm with the video link 1 year in the future, hopefully I will understand by then
Loved it, thank you for doing these
Hi there, I think the production of your Documentary were superb! I really enjoyed both this and the part 1, VERY NICE
Very nice. Especially the reference to C=64 at 20 minutes topped it off nicely.
really like the description too that presents the overview of what i'm watching. time is $ and energy! More youtube vids (esp tech or skill-depth vids) should be like this!
Coming into this video from the first part, I already knew more about how a cpu functions than I already knew before (which was already a fair bit). Bet this part (and 3 and 4) will truly open my mind to how truly amazing these little bits of circuitry are. Your way of describing and detailing how a stuff works is truly amazing and I don’t think I’ve seen another KZread channel describe things in such a way, keep it up
Thank you for such a great series of outstanding presentations on the evolution of digital computing. It took me through my entire career, from a avionics special in the military to a university student to an Electronics c Engineer with a minor in Computer Science. It's unbelievable that I went through so much evolution in a lifetime. Thanks again.
This is by far the most interesting I have ever seen on KZread. I'm trying really hard to understand all this and I'm failing..I will someday understand. I absolutely love this! Thank you so much for this content!
What an amazing job you've done. Informative at every sentence and great visuals. Fantastic education to learn from
This channel deserves more subscribers. It’s a shame that KZread doesn’t promote more quality content like this.
YT suggested feed view here. Subscribed. Good stuff. Don't forget the 68k. Check out the Computer History Museum YT channel's 3 hour interview of the design team behind the 68k. It's a killer upload with amazing context and history from the era. -Jake
@GordonAitchJay
4 жыл бұрын
I'll definitely have to check that out, thanks man!
@NewMind
4 жыл бұрын
68k is covered in part 3
hey this is a nice video and also your speech has greatly improved since the first part of the series. i subbed!
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Congratulations for the video! Your series is very nice. Thanks
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This video series was done so well I had to subscribe 😁
@oniruddhoalam2039
3 жыл бұрын
Same
Excellent video, excellent job! Subscribed.
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Wow. Fantastic explanation of the rise and rise of the cpu and personal computer.
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Would love a series on GPU's please. I have just discovered this excellent channel. Keep up the good work!
Even better presented than the first part. Awesome
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@hariranormal5584
3 жыл бұрын
beautiful :P
Excellent content, well-presented. Watching part 1 where you talked about assembly language brought back memories (no pun intended!). I cut my coding teeth on a 6502 then a Z80 and then a 68000. 9-year-old me would have loved to have seen this! Keep up the great work - looking forward to future content.
@ktriebol
4 жыл бұрын
I appreciate having at least a minor understanding of Assembly Language. It helps you to know just how computers think.
You just boiled down my 3 CS courses into 1 video. Can't thank enough for this quality content
Great job with the video
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great videos man...
Although i would call myself interested in hardware and electronics i find myself overwhelmed by the amount of information packed this series. Its awe inspiring how much knowledge one must have to fully understand everything in between a simple transistor and the stuff that is happening in modern chips. I feel like it would take me a lifetime learning just to fetch up with today. And by that time this will be outdated again. Makes me dizzy :)
Awesome series
Well done and thanks
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13:00 about the stack overflow, they are commonly known to result in an exploit that could result in gaining root priviliges on an operating system like android and ios, i saw a video once that talked about this subject, but this video series is intriging! I learned way more than i could imagine! You gained a sub!
Viewed this video 3 months ago and I understood nothing it was so frustrating it drove me to read an introduction textbook in computer science then I got interested in java " I'm half way through a java textbook by deitel " and now I get your video I guess I have to thank you twice for making this video and encouraging me to learn more about this interesting subject I also like all of your videos and I appreciate the amount of effort you put in them your doing a magnificent work here keep up the incredible work and thank you again
Thank you. Good education. and overview. Very understandable :)
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VERY EDUCATIVE AND CONTSTRUCTIVE TUTORIALS AND ELEMENTALLY UNDERSTANDING...
this was awesome
Great video.
Yepp.... am binge watching this series.... Exams can wait ✋😉👏👏 Thanks for making best and amazing videos 💐🎊
Great series
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You'r grated! Thaaaaaank' U!
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Taking IT classes this is very helpful
This channel is underrated. Way underrated.
I feel like in a couple of years, you can make a Fall of x86 video.
Brilliant I learned good
OUTSTANDING! 👍😎
The best documentary on CPU I've seen.