" I like to be in the mountains" Yes, we can tell.

“no one is going to listen to me talk about this for ten hours”... well, i mean, i would.

Thou speakest well. Oft doth my choler rise when I do see -eth ill-usèd thus, with little care and less sense. God's body! he that speaketh so is, I'll warrant, naught but the basest jemble.

@genghisgalahad8465

Жыл бұрын

Gadzooks! Zounds! Wherefore art though well learned!

In other words, "she cometh quietly, cat-like, in the night..." or something like that.

@Tina06019

4 жыл бұрын

Sir Percival the Gallant Hi, Sir Percival. Fancy meeting you here!

@colinp2238

3 жыл бұрын

@Sir Percival the Gallant I prefer Bravely Bold Sir Robin.

I think my fantasy is to have a cowboy take me to the mountains and tell me about germanic languages and old english&norse for hours lmao

Thou hast blessed us on this fine day, Crawford.

@thorr18BEM

4 жыл бұрын

He blesseth us, indeed.

@DarkrarLetsPlay

4 жыл бұрын

Thou is the informal pronoun for the second person singular. If you don't call him Jackson, you have to use "you" (or with the older distinction "ye/you" just like in "I/me") to adress him. It was seen as formal to address one person in the plural. This is how "you" displaced "thou" in English.

@DarkrarLetsPlay

4 жыл бұрын

@@albertito77 It's more likely that he wanted to sound like an old noble man, but yes, I agree.

@redere4777

4 жыл бұрын

DarkrarLetsPlay I used it mainly for the 2nd pers. sg.. Though also jokingly used it to associate Crawford with divinity, since thou was also used to address God under T-V distinction.

@punchysonichu5395

4 жыл бұрын

@@albertito77 Wouldn't KZread comments count as vernacular, rather than poetic or hieratic English?

Thank you very much for pointing out the usage and origin of the -eth ending. I find that to be one of the more (if not the most) enjoyable explanations I have had to things I often wonder about, but can't seem to keep my focus long enough to actually look up its use. Thank you again. It was truly my pleasure to see this video.

3:56 smoothest plug i've seen

@faramund9865

4 жыл бұрын

Ye that made me grin

@robinviden9148

4 жыл бұрын

Smoothly, he plugeth.

@LuvBorderCollies

3 жыл бұрын

Yes indeed.! He's holding back a smile while he slides in that little advertisement. :)

My wife is the secretary at an Episcopal church, and has had to learn how to do this in order to make certain prayers suitable for the “Rite One” liturgy when they aren’t found in either the King James Bible or in existing liturgical references. I had to teach her the difference between second person “(e)st” and third person “(e)th”, as well as when not to change the endings. The issue comes up rarely, but I’m glad I had this understanding to share with her.

That was very educational. Thou should'st make more videos regarding old english...

@rationalroundhead6739

4 жыл бұрын

I ƿisc Old Englisc ƿas loved as mucc as old Norse.

@paulaunger3061

4 жыл бұрын

Tut tut! In here, Doctor Crawford’s rank is higher than thine, plebeian - thou shouldeth address him as ‘you’ not ‘thee’!

@oneukum

4 жыл бұрын

@@paulaunger3061 "ye" if you must. Case is important.

@sonnenhafen5499

4 жыл бұрын

@@paulaunger3061 and again wrong: "thou shouldeth"? thats 2nd pers. sing. not 3rd.

"RennFesty" a word for the ages.... X-D

Love this channel, thanks be to the all mighty youtube algorithm!

Thank you for this. Now you just need to explain that thee, thou, and thine are not just interchangeable. I see so many people doing that.

Thanks for this video! I've been writing characters who I intend to speak old english, due to the time period from which they hail.

Handsome, charming, smooth voice, and loves to talk about Germanic language histories ... sign me up!!

Modern West Frisian has (-e)st for 2nd singular, (e)t for 3rd singular: (do) tinkst (you think), hy tinkt (he thinks) etc. Quite like German, in fact.

@marcowen1506

4 жыл бұрын

This is not a surprise, Frisian is so close to Old English that it is possible to have a basic conversation in OE and be understood by a Frisian. I had a perfectly good chat with a Dutch woman, once. She was speaking Dutch and I was speaking a mess of Old and Middle English (I'd had a lot to drink). A reminder that our nations are closer than cousins.

@williamfluit6198

3 жыл бұрын

@@marcowen1506 From Roman times for sure the Frisians had a LOT of contact with the peoples of Britain. This continued on through the Dark Ages (Saxons) and into the Viking period. The amount of interaction and the number of centuries was one of the big surprises I got when digging into the history behind my family genealogy. Somewhere in my youth I was told the King James Bible was "biblical English". Well, I never really believed that and any honest researcher of the Bible's history easily blows away that falsehood. But I never had a good simple explanation why all the "eth" stuff existed in the KJV time period. Now I know why. Also, the Vikings had a lot more long term contact with the Netherlands/western Germany region than most people know. Various Viking warlords/jarls had their headquarters in Utrecht and Dorestad. Probably even more but those two I can remember. The history of northwest Europe is one big turbulent arena of people moving around by choice or by force longer than written history tells us.

Love the way you can tell us about language

I really enjoy your mini-lectures.

I think one thing to consider when thinking about how sound changes might have happened is the nature of making the sounds. Modern German doesn't have a -TH sound, which is something most native German speakers struggle with and substitute, in my experience, with a -D sound. I was watching a dialect coach dissect different actors working in different dialects of English, and he noted how the -TH is difficult to form for speakers of languages that don't include it. Notably, it is a sound made by pressing the tongue to the front top teeth, similar to the -S sound (the -D sound is actually just a little higher up rather than directly behind the teeth). I can see how the -ETH could shift to an -S sound, especially if it already existed in some dialects, simply because the -S sound is much easier to form. For example, children should be able to make an -S sound from the age of 3 or 4, whereas making a -TH sound is usually not until 5 or 6, indicating it is a more complicated articulation to learn.

A English lesson for the New Year! Thank you for the information.

Please make more of these older related English videos!!!

As much as I hated School especially grammar I have to be honest here I could listen to your teachings every day. Thank you for showing me that not all Teachers and Professors sucketh !

I wish the writers of the "Kingsmen" movies had listened to Dr. Crawford before they came up with the teeth-on-edge-setting slogan "Manners maketh man [sic]."

Dr. Crawford, sir, I am a graduate student whose work ties the medieval era to the American colonial era. Your work proved very helpful in my research, I had to translate old Norse and listening to your videos made some of it much easier. My main manuscript is Oxford Bodleian Ms 108, the oldest South English Legendary. I hope to one day run into you at a conference so I can pick your brain.

I find the grimfrost ad in the middle of the video very refreshing

7:06 Sounds and looks exactly the 1928 Book of Common Prayer that we use :-P

Fascinating piece of linguistics, thanks !

Now that was an eye-opener

Very informative as always!

Thank you! This hits all the marks: explaining a semi-familiar yet misunderstood feature of language, contextualizing to your established linguistic perspective, and a compelling concrete example. Robinson Jeffers stands up well to your ancient Norse citations. If you do a followup some time, how about thee and thou?

Who would put thumbs down? This guy works hard at each of videos. Good job Crawford. Ignore the haters.

Thank you. A very helpful explanation of a question I never considered -- but am glad it was asked. I also need to see more of Wyoming! (Yellowstone is it)

A new way for me to make my friends groan.

@BerndFelsche

Жыл бұрын

Testeth thy friendship

Very informative video, like always.

I like this video format

I read somewhere that around the era of the English pilgrims to America one would read 'eth' whole pronouncing it as 'es'. Much the same way we read 'ough' and say 'ow' or 'o'. Excellent video. Very educational.

"Appropriate Ren-festy". I dig it. :)

I appreciate this, thank you

Thank you very much.

Eleanor Rigby Picketh up the rice in the church where a wedding hath been Liveth in a dream Waiteth at the window Wearing the face that she keepeth in a jar by the door Who beith it for? All the lonely people Where cometh they all from? All the lonely people Where belongeth they all?

So much excellent content in such a short video. And that poem....just wow. On top of all that a recommendation on how to turn this wirebrush on my face to something the wife adoreth(?).

Thank you!

Informative. Though now I want to use eth willy nilly to annoy people.

@punchysonichu5395

4 жыл бұрын

Pleaseth don'teth. He'eth tells us'eth theseth thingseth soeth thateh weeth mayeth doeth goodeth, noteth evileth.

I would love to find some scholarly resources on the verb forms that have fallen out of use & their meanings.

What is it about s and r, that they get treated so interchangeably, at the ends of words? Sanskrit has that, too -- but I have to imagine the reasons for it are quite different, given the broader sound changes between Indic and Germanic, for s/h/k sounds.

"Bray" in that poem is French "broyer", which is (probably though Frankish) from Proto-Germanic *brekaną. I've seen some Proto-West-Germanic words with 'ʀ', distinct from both 'r' and 'z'. There's also a stage of Old Norse when a distinct rune was used to represent this intermediate stage of rhotacism. What did it sound like?

For those who have done some Latin, the -t for 3rd person singular is also a cognate. As in exi-t (pursued by...), transi-t, affidavi-t, and so on. The same is true for Russian, ходи-т, пое-т, лечи-т...

Thank you

Check out also Simon Ropers Anglo Saxon and old Norse videos. He’s a young English guy with an amazing grasp on accents.

That thing with the 3rd person singular ending originally coming from the 2nd person singular ending, does it have something to do with the medieval way to address a person of (much) lower standing in the 3rd person instead of the 2nd? Like "boy, he bringeth me wine" instead of "you boy, bring me wine". Was it even a thing? There seems to be a consens that it was so in German. Although the consens is between RennFair goers.

Any plans to release the Wanderers Havamal in audiobook form? I love having your other two audiobooks for when I am walking several miles.

Thanks for clarifying this. You might enjoy Bernard Cornwells book series "lords of the north" aka the last kingdom series.

I am thankful to ye, Doctor Crawford; ye who doth maketh the educational films of interest to mine pseudo-Shakespearean fancy. Thank ye. Thank ye kindly.

Pretty cool, I never knew that I wanted to know this

I always assumed that the -(e)s ending was just a minor localized consonant shift from -eth. I couldn't find anything to base it on other than experience with dialects of Arabic and Spanish where the line between s sounds and unvoiced th sounds is blurred.

Nice HK pin. Expensive taste.

Thanketh you

Thanks for the video. Obviously there are people that would listen to you talk about it for ten hours. My "pet detail" is the second person singular, "thou" - constantly mispronounced today.

Thank you , that was very interesting. I have question. Does anyone know how the third person singular pronoun es in Proto-Germanic became hann in Old Norse? Es becoming er in modern German and he in modern English makes sense to me but how did es become hann?!

@oneukum

4 жыл бұрын

It didn't really. Proto-Germanic had several pronomina you could use, presumably with slight differences in meaning.. 'Es' and 'er'have cognates in Latin and other languages. "Han" is cognate with adverbes in Latin ("cis") and seen as a demonstrative in Gothic and also very old German. "Heute" for example is a contraction of "hiu tagu". As it has a Hittite cognate we can be sure it is ancient.

@jonko82

4 жыл бұрын

@@oneukum. Thank you for this.

Great vid. Thou couldest have thrown a few 'unto's' into that poem for good measure.

Is there a video explaining how to do the trill used to say those Norse words ending in -ir?

Sir, this is a vendīz

Interesting example towards the end of the video. Though if it were Shakespeare, wouldn't it be in iambic pentameter?

3:48 - Like, how far back did they use the ending "iz"? Like 500-700s?

Ok, now Please clarify Thee, Thou, and Thine thanks. Good video as always, Dr Crawford.

@hoathanatos6179

4 жыл бұрын

Thee is the object, thou is the subject, and thine is possessive, then thy is the possessive adjective. They are all the second person singular, related to Du, Dich, Dein in German; Du, Die/Dii, Dien/Diin in Low German; Du, Dig, Din in Swedish and Danish; Du, Deg, Din in Norwegian; Þú, Þig, Þín in Icelandic; etc...

@valhoundmom

4 жыл бұрын

@@hoathanatos6179 yes, if only that were common knowledge and used correctly. Whom is another, almost always used incorrectly.

Thanks for your clear explanation! There is no accounting for this problem, I reckon but the lack of a specific second -person plural form of a pronoun other than "you" in English is a peculiarity that I may never be able to understand. Any thoughts? I shouldn't think it would be that hard to have introduced one. Why wouldn't "ye" nave worked,, for instance?

@samuelhedengynna5181

4 жыл бұрын

A number of different forms have been innovated, but they mostly haven't spread to other dialects. Like yall or youse. English is very widespread now and it's difficult for grammatical innovations to spread across english speaking countries if they don't get associated with prestige of some sort.

@skyworm8006

3 жыл бұрын

Options pretty much do exist but they're stigmatised as incorrect. Language, regardless of whatever is prescribed, can only be what its speakers do. Besides, it's not even necessary as you can see whenever emphasis or disambiguation is needed, there are variety of ways of saying it. I think yous is grammaticalised because it's just the regular plural ending -s, but I don't think y'all is grammaticalised as it's just a contraction of you all. The difference is that like other plurals yous is always present mandatorily, while y'all occurs when emphasis or disambiguation is chosen by the speaker as needed.

That's really good to know! Thanks as always, Jackson. So when would you say the eth-endings were becoming completely extinct? ... Also when do you use "thine" and "thy"?

@jonstfrancis

4 жыл бұрын

Became completely extinct in everyday usage in the 17th century I believe, and earlier over most of England. And yes, thy / thine is like a / an or perhaps more clearly explained by my / mine.

@jonstfrancis

4 жыл бұрын

@widhbnw efDwdwDW My is the reduced form of mine which is like thy which is the reduced form of thine. My cow / Cow of mine. Thy cow / Cow of thine. The only difference in contemporary speech is that we wouldn't use 'mine' before a vowel as in 'mine apple' whereas it was at one time. I didn't realise that -eth was still used in some English dialect so late, my apologies, there's no need to get angry. At any rate, it was steadily losing ground so I'm sure scholars could debate all day about the whens and wheres of it's gradual demise. Thank you for your information.

You mention [z] > [r] in Old Norse pretty consistently. I would enjoy hearing you discuss rhotacization in more detail. Where does it occur? Why does it occur? Thank you in advance.

What about Icelandic? Is there not an -eth at the ends of some verb forms in that language too?

Robinson Jeffers ...didn’t he build a stone house & tower, and write a poem about how he had chosen where to put his death-bed?

I'm going to say, before I start the video, it reminded me of the Icelandic second person plural ending þið -ið

You mean the IntarWebz have been using -eth wrongly? I am shooketh! 😸✌

I say we should bring back thorn and eth and use them like Icelandic does today for the voiceless and voiced dental fricatives, because using /th/ for both of them is just silly.

It sounds more important with the -eth ending. More religious-like. Does the -f ending in some modern English dialects come from the -eth?

Did you move to Wyoming? Are you no longer with the University in Boulder?

Are you buffalo ranching out in beautiful Wyoming?

Here in Utah, -eth is -st, along with thee/thou/thine is actually pretty commonly used by Mormons in prayer. I suppose it is because of the KJ Bible that has been used for over 170 years in the faith.

Where did thou, thee, thy come from?

I liketh thisith videoth

thanks bro

It sounded more like an excerpt from the KJV old testament or one of those archaic translations of an ancient inscription.

@MatthewDoye

4 жыл бұрын

@@albertito77 oh yes, it just had that feel.

Well, that's quite the modern poem....is that about a nightmare of the coming Deconstructionist and Intersectionalist monsters of language and culture? Also, I see a comment here about "when are you going to make your list of Top Ten Western Films"? It's not a bad idea at all, but I'd vote to study similarities or disimilarities in them with Norse Myth characters and themes. That would be fun. Of course, you'd have to avoid showing parts to avoid copyright issues, but it still may be doable, if you ever get time or interest. Enjoy these videos. Thanks.

How long has this bugged you?

What about the name "Kenneth"?

Im going to vendiz later, anyone want anything?

@sarathompson3038

4 жыл бұрын

Yeah gimme some gum thx

I thought this video was going to be about "Ð" in Old English.

@gyulaszabo2652

4 жыл бұрын

Tisztelettel szeretnék tudomására hozni ojan régi írásokat amiket egyedűl nem tudok megfejteni és szívesen el küldeném hogy ha lehetséges hogy segítsen nekem a megfejtésben mivel hogy régi írások még 1994,ben kapttam és az óta bizonytalan vagyok mivel hogy Aráminyelven Urugati és Egyiptomi írások sajnos egyedűl nagyon nehéz nekem a megfejtése. Kérem a vissza jelzést hogy juttasaam el önnek.

@gyulaszabo2652

4 жыл бұрын

Dr.Jackson Crawford részére.

Thank you. Very informative. Would you be so kind as to do a video and explain the proper use of thee, thou, thy and thine in old , say, KJV English? Even the King James uses you and ye. There has to be rules as to which are used when and where and I am sure thou art learned enough to explain the rules. Would also like to know why the t is put to the verb after the use of thou. My Quaker grandparents used thee consistently. Thou was never used. It's my understanding American Quakers eliminated the use of thou in favor of thee at all times. With a singular subject saying "Art thou going outside to play?" Grandma would say, "Is thee going out to play?" The are was always turned to is even when it was plural and she was talking to several children. We would say, are you going out to play? She would say, "Is thee going out to play."

Hello Dr. Crawford - did you miss bring / bringeth in the first line of the poem, or was that intentional? Love your work, thanks.

@LAMarshall

4 жыл бұрын

'to bring' is in the infinitive, not 3rd singular present indicative :) You only need to replace -(e)s with -eth I bring > I bring; to bring > to bring; he brings > he bringeth I walk > I walk; he walks > he walketh; he walked > he walked ^_^

So the northern OE cognates jumped from older ON, rather than contemporaneous ON? How curious. Great topic, thank you for explaining it. I'm curious how linguists foresee English evolving into the future. What would it look like 1-200 years from now?

Wow! That was fantastic! I make thou makeSt he makeS or makeTH S = R I have the impression that Anglo-Saxon was some what of an intermediary between ancient Low German and North Germanic, especially since the Angles inhabited Jutland. Would you agree? It also seems to me that the Angles' speech with -es instead of -eth, was from the continent already even closer to North Germanic. Do you think that perhaps the -gh in original English became silent because northern England was settled by Norsemen who did not have that sound in their speech, so when they took up English, they skipped that sound out, and it spread over the centuries until everybody speaks English with a Viking accent? Also "sing" instead of "zing" and "finger" instead of "vinger." (English used to be a bit closer to Dutch). I think English pronunciation is Vikingized. Would you agree? Old Norse has "er" meaning "that." Yiddish has the same word pronounced "az." Loved that video, keep ĐEM coming!

Апэ́ль астра хачубеек

That was goodeth.

Id like to see a video on the etymology of "hwich" and "hwen," etc :)

@marekskawinski191

4 жыл бұрын

Do a Wiktionary search please.

No all I just needeth is a google translate page that does it automatically.

@johanrunfeldt7174

2 жыл бұрын

Google Translate can't even handle modern languages properly.

I am not a scholar, but my supposition is that the Old English -th held such that -eth was pronounced without the e, at least in the North. So “cometh” was “comth”, with makes more phonological sense in becoming “comes”.