I would love a video about how corals survived past mass extinctions. Given how sensitive they seem to changes in ocean conditions, it seems almost miraculous that any varieties made it through the K-T extinction.

@TSZatoichi

8 ай бұрын

This is just my speculation, but I would imagine they just moved to cooler more oxygenated waters near the north/south poles.

@poop696969poop

8 ай бұрын

It's a shame we can't get DNA from fossils lol, I'd be curious if corals just repeatedly re-evolved to fill the niche? (as basically calcified cnidarians)@@TSZatoichi

@jimthain8777

8 ай бұрын

Even today there are varieties that live in warmer conditions than most of the ocean. If we aren't careful, those will be the only corals left alive.

@christianhunt7382

8 ай бұрын

Yeah they're just like every other animal, like sharks. When the water becomes inhospitable, they slowly move where the conditions are right.

@debbiehenri345

8 ай бұрын

Maybe what we have now are the descendants of the 'few' stronger species that made it. Quite possibly, there were many, many more somewhat sensitive species that just didn't make it. It's sad to think that we may have missed out on some truly exotic shapes and colours, that may have existed prior to extinction events - however, it's nowhere near as sad to think that we are 'knowingly' denying our distant descendants a great many animals we are wiping out simply by 'not doing enough.'

That ending reminds me of a George Carlin quote, "The planet is doing fine; the people ... are f----ked."

@nunyabusiness9013

Ай бұрын

Our legacy will be a thin layer of plastic in the geological record. Less than a millimeter thick.

Kallie is such a gem of her host. I can always count on a fascinating episode

@zedkaay

7 ай бұрын

she is the only reason i watch eons 😭😭😭

@thezellman

7 ай бұрын

So much wonderful teacher energy. I laughed harder at her "round of applause" than the joke itself.

@fox70907

3 күн бұрын

​​@@thezellman She honestly reminds me of one of the biology teachers I had in 9th grade. She has got that kind of positive energy that make everything interesting.

I have heard of ocean anoxic events before, but you've explained it better than most. Thanks.

@johnwt7333

8 ай бұрын

How do you know she explained it better than most if you had never heard about ocean anoxic events before?

@johnwt7333

8 ай бұрын

Your comment makes absolutely no sense

@chansesturm7103

8 ай бұрын

@@johnwt7333 I think you either misread their comment, or they simply made a typo and then edited it after realizing their mistake. I suggest you read their comment again to see what they mean.

@fixjustin2699

8 ай бұрын

@@johnwt7333id suggest u reread because what

Because of this carcharodontosaurids, spinosaurids, pliosaurids, few of pterosaur families and etc. started to dying out😥

@stonefish1318

8 ай бұрын

We should Start a memorial for this event instead of morning the Asteroid impact 😥 So sad! So true!

@rileyernst9086

8 ай бұрын

And rebbachisaurids. Don't forget the rebbachisaurids.

@TyBortis

8 ай бұрын

Ichthyosaurs were pretty important though

@yonghwanchoi4212

8 ай бұрын

But due to that event, tyrannosaurid, raptors, ceratopsians, hadrosaurs, abelisaurs, megaraptorans, pteranodon, azdarchid, mosasaurs, and lamniformes could diverse and take the place. The world actually had its golden age in terms of biodiversity from 90 to 66ma. Search Cretaceous terrestrial revolution.

@user-lq4ct6dr5m

8 ай бұрын

All toothed pterosaur went extinct after the event

Seeing how it took around 40,000 years for earth to fix itself….hurts

@disdehcet

8 ай бұрын

she just like me frfr

@retrogradevector

8 ай бұрын

It took much longer than 40'000 years, that was just the time needed for the temperature to drop 4 degrees C ... the full recovery took about 500'000 years.

@tylerdurden3722

8 ай бұрын

The Earth started out with no oxygen at all. For the first 2 billion years of life on earth, there was no oxygen. Then came a lot of oxygen released by a new creature as a byproduct. You see, oxygen is very reactive. It's corrosive. This caused a mass extinction like no other, terraformed the Earth, and caused a Snowball Earth. People are still not sure how life survived. And the Earth still hasn't fixed itself as there is still lots of the extremely corrosive stuff called oxygen in oceans and the atmosphere. Luckily, the earth has ways to remove that oxygen and return to normal (oxygen is very reactive). Hopefully, the earth will be fixed soon and all that oxygen removed.

@literarynick

8 ай бұрын

@@retrogradevector Sure but like, I've switched my plastic straws for paper straws and I don't flush after peeing anymore. Surely that's knocked some time off that ol' Earth counter.

@EASJR1991

8 ай бұрын

@@literarynicknot flushing after peeing can cause minerals to build up in your toilet, causing issues.

Silicate weathering: don't take it for granite!

@RadeticDaniel

8 ай бұрын

😂 badumtss 🎉

@Mrmike1969

8 ай бұрын

Best comment 🎉

I live for the whole sci channel, eons, and microcosm channels. You all are such an amazing, great, strong, smart, talented, entertaining team. Always bringing your A game to deliver that amazing content. Thanks so much.

For anyone else who loves topics like this one, I HIGHLY recommend the video essay "The DEADLIEST Pattern In Nature" by Gutsick Gibbon! It's over an hour, but details what is essentially the history of life (and death) on Earth, and how Earth rebalanced itself after each cataclysmic extinction event threw the ecosystem out of whack. The part about the End Permian Extinction especially is my favorite. Thank you PBS, and thank you, Eons Team!

@3nthamornin

3 күн бұрын

Great video

@fourleaves6877

3 күн бұрын

@@3nthamornin I'm so very glad you checked it out and enjoyed it!

@3nthamornin

2 күн бұрын

@@fourleaves6877 yeah been following gutsickgibbon for a while, great page

Why do rocks get so big? I blame their sedimentary lifestyle.

@heinuchung8680

2 ай бұрын

Blocked !

Regarding ichthyosaurs, what's perplexing about them is how rapidly they evolved. Whales first appeared in the fossil record ~15 million years after the KT event and weren't fully aquatic until 10 million years later. Meanwhile, Ichthyosaurs appear ~4 million years after the even more devastating PT extinction event and were fully aquatic by that time. It's a bit of a mystery pulses of marine anoxia of a similar scale which caused the PT extinction continued up until the mid-Triassic and the only reason that they didn't cause mass extinctions was because there was nothing left to kill. But when the oceans are anoxic, being able to breathe air would have given ichthyosaurs a decisive advantage and may explain why they were able to colonize the ocean so quickly and long before the ecosystem recovered. If this is the case it would be ironic if ocean anoxia caused their extinction as well.

@earthknight60

8 ай бұрын

If there is no food the species can't survive. Ocean anoxia killed off their food.

@Lucius_Chiaraviglio

8 ай бұрын

I am going to hazard a guess that the icthyosaurs died out not as a direct result of the anoxia, but from losing their food supply due to the anoxia, and that they started out depending upon a food supply that had persisted through the Permian-Triassic extinction event, but then later became dependent upon less resilient food supplies.

@majnuker

8 ай бұрын

@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio This also seems likely to me. Many depictions are of them eating things that are deep sea based, like squid, and as they mention in the video many deep sea species suffered or went extinct during these periods. It'd be a potentially major source of their diet that was lost.

@phyzzx

8 ай бұрын

@@majnuker And they likely preferred the deep water stuff because the prey was safest there in the deep from extinction too.

@davidklein5275

8 ай бұрын

I've heard speculations that competition with mosasaurs drove the ichthyosaurs to extinction. Mosasaurs started to show up in the fossil record predominantly around the same time of the ichthyosaurs extinction.

It's nice to see you Hank! Glad you are feeling a little bit better!!

@johnwt7333

8 ай бұрын

Her name is Kallie

@PainterVierax

8 ай бұрын

It feels kinda weird to see him on Eons after all those years, especially to bootstrap another show.

@JasonMomos

8 ай бұрын

@@johnwt7333 9:21

@drowningcrown2293

8 ай бұрын

@@johnwt7333you’re joking right

I still miss Steve. Wherever he is, i hope he is safe

@driverjayne

8 ай бұрын

Pour one out for Steve 😅

@MossyMozart

8 ай бұрын

@randomstuff6355 - Yes, in my mind's eye, I always see at the end of the list - - - Steve!

The prehistoric past can be a great teacher about high greenhouse gases and its effects on the environment.

@ross6789

8 ай бұрын

Only for those who choose to listen unfortunately 🙁

@drstone3418

8 ай бұрын

Thinking about the concept of green house gas . Taking into account the glass itself magnifying glass pointed towards each other

@Lilliathi

8 ай бұрын

Of course, but the steps we need to take are debatable. All this effing about with solar panels is a distraction at best, and competition with countries that frankly don't care, means we can't just dive head first into more drastic measures.

@thunderbolts2438

8 ай бұрын

@@ross6789yeah tell that to the citizens in Brazil. Cutting down trees in the rainforest is the culprit. 😔 Sad huh!

@57thorns

8 ай бұрын

@@thunderbolts2438 There is no single culprit, it is a lot of smaller ones and a few huge ones.

Flood basalts are my favorite geologic feature. I remember learning about our local Columbia River Basalts in college. My mind exploded to say the least.

@helloyes2288

8 ай бұрын

I was just thinking about how anoxic events are the coolest extinction event - the shadow biosphere of life that was common before oxygen (which is poisonous to them) rises from beneath the ocean's sediment to fill the ocean and take back the earth.

Loved the joke 😂👌🏾 Especially when Kallie struggled to get it, that made it land much harder 😂😂😂

Kallie is so cool. unicorn status. i love all the eons/ complexly hosts, everyone is great in thier own unique ways, but i really love everything she does.

@johnwt7333

8 ай бұрын

You're a bot

@christianhunt7382

8 ай бұрын

@johnwt7333 No I'm not. Bleep boop beep beep boop

@JavierAnincerJr

8 ай бұрын

Yeah. I couldn't agree more. She is great. I love her energy.

@johnwt7333

8 ай бұрын

@@christianhunt7382 you sound like one. It's easy to tell because your initial comment lacks humanity or purpose. That's still difficult to replicate

@warriorjason2763

4 ай бұрын

@@johnwt7333the fact you're replying to everyone praising her is a sign you're a bot

I love these so much! Thank you Eons crew!

I've never thought about the particulates from an underwater volcanic event. Like super thin toxic mud. Wow. Proves my land bias

The ending corroborates with what George Carlin said. The planet will be fine. We're the ones who are screwed.

So love this series! Thanks.

Alternative title: The Earth sold Ichthyosaurs out to save itself and the other species.

gotta love it when humans can almost rival the global environment impact with the literal earth.

@darcieclements4880

8 ай бұрын

Less impressive when you know bacteria do it all the time

@kaizermengele6669

Ай бұрын

@@darcieclements4880 lemme see bacteria do calculations, create machines and start an Industrial Revolution

Kallie inspired the name I gave to a stray cat that comes around occasionally for food. She's a calico (the cat), so I named her "Callie" :P

@danielszekeres8003

8 ай бұрын

News flash: if youre feeding a cat that you named, its no longer stray!

@thhseeking

8 ай бұрын

@@danielszekeres8003 Hahaha!!

Its nice to see the channel doing well

Thanks for the awesome video! :)

Breathtaking episode. Thank you.

I love the comparisons and visual aids in these videos, they really help with gaining any sort of real perspective of the information

I still mentally add Steve to the list.

Good Videos. keep up the work!

Literally amazing

Excellent video thanks

Fascinating stuff!!! 🌋🌊

One of your best videos, from a long time fan

No one's ever explained to me why the ichthyosaurs checked out mid-Cretaceous before, just that they decided to one day, so thanks for the update.

@maythesciencebewithyou

4 ай бұрын

Did you ever ask somebody about it, or actively seeked out that information before?

great video! I just want to point out that at 8:02, Earth is spinning the wrong way. It looks like the sun is coming from the west and going east.

@padawanporter

7 ай бұрын

you beat me by 2 wks

Any day when PBS releases a video, it’s a good day 😊

Awesome. Eons is a key to knowledge of paleontology

man those animals that lived through it... did they constantly feel on the edge of suffocation? like the first few dozen generations at least?

Excellent video! OAEs are fascinating.

"It was the final nail in the coffin" [7:42] for trilobites which had NOT evolved book-gills, allowing them to process oxygen from air and thus lay their eggs above the high tide line (if they were 'Crabs', Horseshoe Trilobites would not have their ancestors' copper-based blood).

Now consider that this is why we have coal and oil (at least some of it). And we are depleting reserves that collected after not one, but several of these events. And the volcanic eruptions took several centuries to increase CO2 to these levels, the same levels that we will probably reach in about one century.

Show a politician how close we are to end-of-the-world levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, and they'll say "oh but that's just 0.7% of the atmosphere" and pretend they aren't boiling their future grandchildren alive while getting a 6-figure position on the board of directors of some petrol corporation 6 months after their term. It's amazing what people keep voting for.

Thank you Eons for yet again for teaching us what we can learn from deep time, and how we can apply those lessons to our modern problems.

“History doesn't repeat itself, but it often rhymes” - Mark Twain

@untergehermuc

8 ай бұрын

So we don’t have to worry about climate change? That’s nice.

@2Fast4Mellow

8 ай бұрын

@@untergehermuc Nature will fix the issue by itself. The downside, it most likely solution is to kill the parasites known as humans...

Thank you.

I love this channel so much.

Hey, Hi Hank. Glad you are in remission and back. Best regards from Mexico.

thanks for yet another interesting video Kallie!

Kallie Moore is back! I love this womsn! Woo hoo! ❤🎉😊

Thank you

Ngl, Hank caught me off guard. Glad to see him! Breathtaking vid, btw. The storytelling is fire, as always.

Very nice sharing. Great video and full watching

I love the eons team

The planet might be able to adapt, but can we?

@JustinMShaw

8 ай бұрын

Especially given our comparatively tiny attention spans. Even our civilizations have much shorter attention spans than many common natural processes.

@useodyseeorbitchute9450

8 ай бұрын

Our ancestors survived some glaciation cycles...

@canchero724

8 ай бұрын

Nope we won't, civilization won't survive this, a return to hunter gatherers seems like the best possible scenario barring extinction.

@magnarcreed3801

7 ай бұрын

F us. What about the other species!

@magnarcreed3801

7 ай бұрын

@@useodyseeorbitchute9450 They were more skilled at basic survival and smaller in number.

LET'S GOOOOOOO!!!!! MORE EONS!!!!!!!

your hair looks amazing!!

My favorite host is back!!!!!!!!! ❤

Wonder if we can use the weathering chemicals to remove our own carbon? Thousands of years are blinks in Geo-time so "industrializing" them might be fairly simple?

@LimeyLassen

8 ай бұрын

People are talking about that, yeah. The problem is that it costs money, and we're burning fossil fuels to make money in the first place.

F for our pals, the trilobites

Fascinating🌟🌟💯💯

A precautionary tale about geohacking like fertilizing algal blooms by dumping iron into the sea. The last thing you want is to create a dead zone.

I miss Hank, good to see him even if it's just a promo!

An ancient catastrophe wrecks havoc on life, only to be quelled after thousands of years by the planet's own natural defenses. Millions of years later, humans, in quest for money and power, dig up the remains of that disaster and foolishly wake the cataclysm once again. If that was the premise for a fantasy novel, it would get written off as trite, but here we are. :P

@NatureGuy18

8 ай бұрын

It's not just about money and power, it's to help our species evolve. Otherwise we would go extinct. Eventually we will solve our energy problem, but for now it's necessary to burn fossil fuels.

@PainterVierax

8 ай бұрын

@@NatureGuy18 we wouldn't go extinct without coal, gaz and petrol. We conquered the globe without all of that during millenniums.

@useodyseeorbitchute9450

8 ай бұрын

What if we add a realistic plot twist? Like unleashing ancient disaster being a side not, while unless civilization collapse due to unrelated reasons, humans go into terraforming business?

@ExtremeMadnessX

8 ай бұрын

​@@NatureGuy18Are you sure about that? Also why is necessary? Who decide that? Governments and mega corporations?

@PainterVierax

8 ай бұрын

@@ExtremeMadnessX Burning fossil fuel is stupid nowadays, especially for heating and personal vehicles (and no, EV is not a real solution). But if we don't want to technologically regress to proto-industrialisation ages, we still need a minimum of diesel and heavy fuel engine for public transportation and backup generators. And things like medicine improved drastically because of the chemistry discoveries resulting from crude oil exploitation.

In short, the Earth will heal from human activity, but it's not likely humans will survive that process.

@silverbackag9790

8 ай бұрын

Speak for yourself. I gotta bunker and my descendants will evolve into large Grays.

@jamesmnguyen

8 ай бұрын

@@silverbackag9790 Don't forget to travel back in time and pretend to be aliens.

@chinguunerdenebadrakh7022

8 ай бұрын

Human civilization* Isolated groups of humans will survive, living a miserable life not knowing if they'll survive tomorrow.

@carto4028

6 ай бұрын

Cosmic irony it is

Classic episode

I haven't yet been able to watch the video, but this is the best thumbnail ever.

Another excellent presentation of the irrefutable evidence for our planet's complex prehistory!

At least half a mil year to cause near mass extinction event in prehistoric period. But now it only took a couple century to almost reach the lowest number in previous event. Well done 👍

I really enjoyed this! (HI HANK!)

I'm glad Eons is aware enough of YT thumbnails to make the title not overlap with the video time icon

" We have to save the Planet " i always smile when i hear that, Planet will be fine with or without us, we have to do it for our self is a bit more honest approach

@GoofballLOL

8 ай бұрын

Nice original take 🙄 How about we do it for the millions of species that will die if we don't stop what we are doing? Every time I see this take of yours, it makes me groan, because nobody is saying that the planet is going to perish in some Death Star -eque explosion; we are saying that we need to upkeep and maintain the natural balance of the world as we know it. Yeah, we get it, life will rebound and find a way back, but at the expense and casualty of millions of lost species, with trillions of combined individuals. Stop handwaving away conservationist slogans for some pseudointellectual cheapshot point-scoring / one-upsmanship

@JustinMShaw

8 ай бұрын

You have to remember the human perspective. When we say the world we mean the hospitable one that has existed for the last 10,000 years. But it is worth remembering that yes the Earth will adapt, and we may or may not like the adaptations.

@carto4028

6 ай бұрын

​@@GoofballLOLRightfully harshly said.

bruh it's like nobody even thinks that human Co2 production can combine with other castastrophic events that also release Co2 to the ocean

@UnbreakableTaco

8 ай бұрын

Trapped methane erupting from deposited under the seafloor is aggravating it as well, among other things. We're in for a miserable century that will make the 20th Century with all the many atrocities and disasters look like a walk in the park if people don't force the stop of coal and petrochemical burning within the next few years. At least I have hope that, if push comes to shove, the people suffering the most from climate change will cause a big enough push-back to actually force that change. It can't be scapegoated and blamed on the average person forever and corporations and governments will be held accountable. Here's hoping the loss of life and human suffering in the mean time is kept as low as physically possible.

Oh yeah they're back!

The videos you use are beautiful. The one at 6:40 is my favorite in this one

Studying the paleocene-eocene thermal maximum is crucial to understanding just how messed up the coming centuries are going to be IMO.

That herbivore joke also works on another level- meat eaters can't eat until meat is.. made.

Please make new podcast episodes! I miss them!

We ❤ you, Hank!!

Seriously, seeing the title of the video, I didn't realize this wasn't about the Permian-Triassic extinction until I saw the thumbnail with the ichthyosaur. I had no idea extinction (through sucking oxygen out of the ocean) via flood basalts happened more than once.

So good to know that apparently all leaves have tiny creepy little mouths all over them. Neat!

Ichthyosaurs breathed air so lower O2 levels in the deep ocean were not a direct factor for their demise!

@LimeyLassen

8 ай бұрын

The lack of fish probably didn't help...

@fromnorway643

8 ай бұрын

Enough oxygen for you doesn't help much if your food suffocates!

@widodoakrom3938

4 ай бұрын

Cephalopod is icthiosaurus main food

Thank you for such a good explanation of the silicate weathering process! This video really helped deepen understanding of past videos featuring these extinctions 👍🏻

Earth took 40.000 years and some marine sacrifices to bury all that carbon, and now we're digging it all up and putting it back in the atmosphere

Miss you, Hank!

Imagine if something like that happened again in our timeline. We would be unprepared for such catastrophe.

And when the world needed Aang most, he disappeared...

The end video jokes are really good sometimes lol especially when the host has to decipher them to understand em hahaha

I appreciate that yall changed the preview pic and its just a DIFFERENT image of a dazzle camo ichthiosaur, XD

Well I thought it was about the pace of the warming, not the magnitude Anyway, guess we finally have an explanation for this anoxia event and even an extinction event I'd argue; Ichtyosaurs and Pliosaurs went extinct, Nodosaurids became minor players in the environment as Ankylosaurids began to dominate, Allosauroids (I'm leaving Megaraptorans out of this as it's uncertain whether they were Allosauroids or Coelurosaurs even tho more evidence is pointing towards them being Tyrannosauroids, thus Coelurosaurs)) and Megalosauroids went extinct, Ceratopsians and Coelurosaurs began to truly establish dominance, Hadrosaurs pretty much replaced Iguanodonts at the time Maybe we could even consider splitting the Cretaceous up into 2 separate periods (or maybe correct the Early-Late Cretaceous boundary to the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary) @GEOGIRL new video idea maybe? 👀

NGL the thumbnail made this a must watch. I love eons but "too much lava" with a panicked fish? Yes

I think you forgot to mention the TOAE. Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, over 183 million years ago.

Any video on this channel starting with "That time when" is gonna be a good time

EXCELLENT ……….

Mind blown

Thanks as always. I'm glad the Earth can self-regulate. I am concerned that there is too much permafrost and methane clathrates now to be released. I hope we don't have Venus Earth and just have hot Earth then normal Earth.

@huldu

8 ай бұрын

We humans have a way too short lifespan for most to even think about the future in this way. What matters to most of us is how we're doing *today*. It's also why our society looks the way it does and I have a hard time seeing anything really changing. There are way too many factors in play, just because for example Europe does something doesn't mean Asia will and so on. There is just too much money involved and until poverty/overpopulation and things like that are worked out we'll keep going down slow and steady.

@erichimes5042

8 ай бұрын

There's a decent chance that we'll arrive at some sort of halfway point, more like a hothouse Earth than some lifeless hellscape. Think of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, where conditions were warm enough for crocodilians to survive in the high Arctic. Whether humans are around to witness it is anyone's guess. All that is certain is that global civilization will be long gone, and if we survive we will become smaller and stupider from the heat and lack of oxygen. It will be a mass extinction event unlike anything since the Permian, if the worst case scenarios end up playing out.

@Zaxares

8 ай бұрын

​@@huldu Like the Earth, I believe we will eventually self-correct. But it will be a painful and possibly very bloody process. There's been a well-documented correlation between education/standard of living rises and a matching decrease in births. Essentially, as people get richer and more educated, we have less children. This is common across all cultures and nations. The trouble is that our population is large enough that this amount of people consuming resources to live at First World standards is more than the Earth can bear, so we're due for a crash. However, what some have not realized it is that we're also on the cusp of another revolutionary change in human society; the AI/automation revolution. Currently, we're not at the stage where machines can do the vast majority of the work to sustain society without human input, but I'd say we're not that far off given how quickly AI and computing is developing. I probably will not be around to see it, but I suspect in about 50-100 years machines will be smart and adaptable enough to handle basically all types of work society needs doing, with minimal or even no human supervision. This also means that society will need VASTLY less humans around, and the transition to this few humans + many machines society will not come easily. There will be mass unemployment, social unrest, possibly wars or even a world war. But when the dust settles with billions of humans dead, the Earth will essentially be a paradise for those that remain. Humans can live lives of complete and utter leisure, their every whim attended to by their robotic servants. And because there's so few humans left, the demands on Earth's resources will once again diminish. Earth will once again be in balance, but at great and terrible cost. Just as it has always done time and time again throughout history.

@quillaja

8 ай бұрын

@@Zaxares I wouldn't put too much hope in a literal deus ex machina, personally. For that to happen, not only would machine intelligence have to be developed enough, but so would their "bodies" (though the later is clearly the easier of the two). Plus this has to happen _before_ human society enters a dark age. Plus, the machines have to actually care about what happens to us _and_ be willing to be slaves to humanity (a gamble at best). It could be that machine life will actually become an antagonistic competitor for resources, and if so, it'll probably be far more efficient and capable than humans. That's a lot of if. If we want higher odds of success, it's up to us alone in my opinion.

@JustinMShaw

8 ай бұрын

Unless the Earth's orbit significantly expands then it will become like Venus but more extreme, but last I heard that eventuality is at least 600 million years in the future. That threshold is when water stops condensing in the atmosphere. I know that's a lot warmer than it currently is and would be a little surprised if our current mess got us that warm. But if we did that would be a very dramatic point of no return.

I'm always here for the joke at the end. Always!

The Caribbean really had a time of it during the Cretaceous!!

I would like to see maps of the eruptions' areas in the Caribbean.

Oof this episode sent my climate anxiety in a spiral 😵‍💫