Mourning dove doesn't play well with others

Үй жануарлары мен аңдар

So cheeky!

Пікірлер: 437

  • @vertigooey
    @vertigooey7 ай бұрын

    The amount of rage that dove was holding back when the red-winged black bird showed up lmao

  • @obihieleuchendu8243

    @obihieleuchendu8243

    5 ай бұрын

    😂 True, the Dove's body language tells it all

  • @man4772

    @man4772

    Ай бұрын

    Red-winged black bird?

  • @dragonking8479

    @dragonking8479

    Ай бұрын

    ​@man4772 1:57 it's called a red winged black bird haha found that out when I seen my first one

  • @man4772

    @man4772

    Ай бұрын

    @@dragonking8479 thank you!

  • @ProfessionalBugLover

    @ProfessionalBugLover

    Ай бұрын

    @@dragonking8479ornithologists are so good at coming up with names

  • @farahfroggit1228
    @farahfroggit122811 ай бұрын

    i love that the bluejay just screamed in the doves face

  • @musicalhearts2879

    @musicalhearts2879

    11 ай бұрын

    The way the dove looked at the camera like, “did you just hear what he called me?”

  • @Sea_Leech

    @Sea_Leech

    8 ай бұрын

    I saw this comment just as the bluejay was jaying

  • @daphne4983

    @daphne4983

    8 ай бұрын

    Beep beep

  • @KCGAMING20

    @KCGAMING20

    7 ай бұрын

    Ironic

  • @lefandepoireau768

    @lefandepoireau768

    7 ай бұрын

    Woooooooooo

  • @simonyate9871
    @simonyate98713 ай бұрын

    1:54 I love how after the Blue Jay jumpscares the Mourning Dove, the Dove just looks back at the camera for a moment, looking for answers “What Is This Man Even Talking About?”

  • @meyague

    @meyague

    Ай бұрын

    this made me laugh so hard 😆

  • @sleepCircle

    @sleepCircle

    Ай бұрын

    actually since pigeons see things best from the side, the pigeon was turning its head to us, but it was turning its EYE at the bluejay, to get a closer look at the source of this incredible sass.

  • @birthgravy

    @birthgravy

    19 күн бұрын

    Reminded me of Fleabag 😂

  • @firegator6853

    @firegator6853

    18 күн бұрын

    never thought i'd see a 4rth wall break by a real dove

  • @manender1020

    @manender1020

    Күн бұрын

    He wasn't looking into the camera...

  • @BrandNewByxor
    @BrandNewByxor7 ай бұрын

    It's interesting from a human perspective seeing which birds the dove is willing to tolerate or chooses not to confront

  • @Interestingenough4

    @Interestingenough4

    7 ай бұрын

    In this case, the red-winged blackbird was the only one it tolerated.

  • @emiriye

    @emiriye

    Ай бұрын

    I think its just afraid to mess with any corvid.

  • @endeavor1664

    @endeavor1664

    Ай бұрын

    @@emiriye ​​⁠​⁠the red winged blackbird (one at the end) is not a corvid

  • @asmodeus304

    @asmodeus304

    Ай бұрын

    @@Interestingenough4 it makes sense--theyre really mean, I wouldnt want to mess with one either!

  • @Interestingenough4

    @Interestingenough4

    Ай бұрын

    @@endeavor1664 They're still pretty aggressive at times, though. I've been mobbed by males during the nesting season.

  • @TinaMarie-qb5rq
    @TinaMarie-qb5rq8 ай бұрын

    oh, i love it that she liked only the red ringed black bird!

  • @agentblackbird9435

    @agentblackbird9435

    8 ай бұрын

    Probably because it told the blue Jay to f*** off

  • @deltaguy295

    @deltaguy295

    7 ай бұрын

    @@agentblackbird9435don’t forget it was chill with the carrion for a bit

  • @blacksquirrel4008

    @blacksquirrel4008

    7 ай бұрын

    Yes, he chased the jay away

  • @KentonMakings

    @KentonMakings

    7 ай бұрын

    *Tricolored.

  • @ANPC-pi9vu

    @ANPC-pi9vu

    7 ай бұрын

    ​@@KentonMakings ?

  • @genderconfusedwolffromshre8914
    @genderconfusedwolffromshre89148 ай бұрын

    0:37 i felt that

  • @Pig-casso

    @Pig-casso

    29 күн бұрын

    You can hear the other bird go "ack" when it gets slapped

  • @kaiahosey221

    @kaiahosey221

    20 күн бұрын

    the little smack noise 😭😭😭😭😭😭 heheheheheee, poor bird just wanted some nuts man

  • @avtaras
    @avtaras8 ай бұрын

    Omg as a European this feels so weird seeing all those alien species of birds which ig you’re well versed in

  • @sluttyMapleSyrup

    @sluttyMapleSyrup

    7 ай бұрын

    Birds seen here are: - Mourning Dove - Common Grackle (the one that looks like a crow's idiot cousin and keeps coming back to scare the dove) - Sparrow? (Similar colouring but I'm not sure since it gets whapped and flees so quickly) - Blue Jay (fascinating, hilarious little assholes.) - Red-winged Blackbird (kind of rare to see) Source: I live in the same province and grew up watching these birds.

  • @ConstantlyDamaged

    @ConstantlyDamaged

    7 ай бұрын

    As an Aussie, it's pretty much the same.

  • @Latenivenatrix_Mcmasterae

    @Latenivenatrix_Mcmasterae

    7 ай бұрын

    As a californian, I want to see a blue jay

  • @counterfit5

    @counterfit5

    7 ай бұрын

    ​@@Latenivenatrix_Mcmasteraewait for baseball season

  • @a-a-rondavis9438

    @a-a-rondavis9438

    7 ай бұрын

    ​@@Latenivenatrix_McmasteraeBlue Jays are common where I'm at (SE Oklahoma), and I also like to see the Northern Cardinals in the fall and winter, and those black birds in the video (Common Grackles) are everywhere.

  • @Oboromaru
    @Oboromaru8 ай бұрын

    The blue jay basically went like "YEAH, i took those seeds, what are you gonna do about it?!" 😂

  • @raylopez99

    @raylopez99

    Ай бұрын

    Dove didn't seem to care. Bluejay was all talk and eventually left.

  • @Leomerya12
    @Leomerya127 ай бұрын

    1:53 Even birds think birds are loud.

  • @XenoX101
    @XenoX1017 ай бұрын

    There's something great about a bird that we consider the symbol of peace taking no prisoners when it comes to its food.

  • @av3nger3

    @av3nger3

    19 күн бұрын

    I was thinking along those lines haha.

  • @jango7889
    @jango78897 ай бұрын

    the fact that you see the blue jay flying in the back several times makes his appearance even funnier lol

  • @greenbeans9748
    @greenbeans97488 ай бұрын

    They may be called "Bullies of the Bird Feeder," but they're so cute! 😂 I've only seen mourning doves box each other. Never witnessed them fight outside their own species.

  • @megan8932

    @megan8932

    8 ай бұрын

    same here ours are the bottom of the pecking order where i live, we moved a few years ago and 1 state away almost all of the finches were reversed in the pecking order...

  • @Sekrery073

    @Sekrery073

    7 ай бұрын

    Things going rough out there for a pidge

  • @DaWhiteWolffie

    @DaWhiteWolffie

    7 ай бұрын

    We have them here and several eat peacefully at the bird feeder with the other birbs. *shrugs*

  • @DuskLegend

    @DuskLegend

    7 ай бұрын

    In my experience they’re usually very timid. I thought grackles were the more common bullies

  • @user-kl8lo6rj5i

    @user-kl8lo6rj5i

    7 ай бұрын

    Someone I knew had one for a pet. He would slap you with his wing!

  • @ROYALASPECTS
    @ROYALASPECTS8 ай бұрын

    The blue jay: “did I jump scare you,yeah I bet I did, you coward”

  • @higgsbonbon

    @higgsbonbon

    7 ай бұрын

    complete psychoanalysis of a blue jay right there

  • @zebrahunter6956

    @zebrahunter6956

    Ай бұрын

    Why did I read that in Mordecai's voice?

  • @kellenhayes3628

    @kellenhayes3628

    8 күн бұрын

    “WOOOO YEAHHHH BABYYYY! THAT’S WHAT I’VE BEEN WAITING FOR, THAT’S WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT, WOOOOOOOO!” - The blue jay when it saw seeds, probably.

  • @usefulidiot6148
    @usefulidiot61488 ай бұрын

    0:38 that wack was personal jesus

  • @samkingofthedank
    @samkingofthedank7 ай бұрын

    Birds are goofy and I love it.

  • @DeliahAyala.2.14.91.
    @DeliahAyala.2.14.91.7 ай бұрын

    The dove didnt say shit to the black and red bird at the end. After he slapped off the bluejay she was like "ooh I like your energy"

  • @UnagioLucio
    @UnagioLucioАй бұрын

    Humans: use doves as a universal symbol of love and peace Doves:

  • @Wingedmagician

    @Wingedmagician

    Ай бұрын

    SMACK

  • @ArmoredChocoboLPs
    @ArmoredChocoboLPs8 ай бұрын

    Birds of Peace, my tailfeathers. I got Mourning Doves at my feeder and they're constantly slapping each other. BUT, I also have a gang of Starlings that like that feeder, so a young Starling got fed up with the biggest Dove's attitude and jumped on it's back, bit it in the nape of the neck, and pulled out some feathers. Peck around and find out.

  • @megan8932

    @megan8932

    8 ай бұрын

    birds act differently in different areas, our morning doves our the bottom rung along with the hummingbirds, an example is me moving 1 state away and the goldfinches and house finches reversed their spots from being dominant to submissive and vice versa

  • @megand12345

    @megand12345

    Ай бұрын

    Where u am the starlings are the most brutal birds out there!

  • @linnylinlinlin
    @linnylinlinlin8 ай бұрын

    Bluejay: KAAKAAA *the dove was too stunned to coo*

  • @Gardeningismypassion833
    @Gardeningismypassion8338 ай бұрын

    1:53 jay: NARR Dove: you see that

  • @Sekrery073
    @Sekrery0737 ай бұрын

    Pigeon wing slap should be a meme

  • @bored1ca
    @bored1ca7 ай бұрын

    My dad used to have a tray he'd fill with seeds and peanuts for the birds and squirrels - he'd place it at the far end of the backyard to give the birds/squirrels some space away from us and we'd sit and watch them - every time the mourning doves came around, it was complete anarchy as they would literally knock other birds out of the way to feed - I was shocked - how can a bird known to have been a symbol of peace act so aggressively?

  • @CzechMirco

    @CzechMirco

    7 ай бұрын

    Because them being a symbol of peace is an idiocy formed by ignorant humans based on what they look like to us.

  • @tangentfox4677

    @tangentfox4677

    7 ай бұрын

    The paradox of peace is that it can be achieved in extremely unpeaceful ways.

  • @lutherloser5122

    @lutherloser5122

    7 ай бұрын

    Peace is something we as humans made up peace is an illusion in the real world its survival of the fittest.

  • @Blues2Dark

    @Blues2Dark

    7 ай бұрын

    That's a good point, the embodiment of Peace, with a "Peace was never an option" personality kinda makes you think..

  • @lingy74

    @lingy74

    7 ай бұрын

    Psy - op

  • @PENGUINGIRL1210
    @PENGUINGIRL12108 ай бұрын

    “You’re not yourself when you’re hungry.”

  • @nazek4216
    @nazek42167 ай бұрын

    I love how perpetually surprised grackles look. They're so cute

  • @Human-163
    @Human-1638 ай бұрын

    They are the same everywhere. Here in Chile I feed birds on my balcony and we also have mourning doves. They are honest assholes that hate sharing. Other bird species can eat at the same time but not the doves. Not even with themselves (unless it's with their partner). I love them non the less. They are just so cute!

  • @Harry64278

    @Harry64278

    7 ай бұрын

    Cachai?

  • @ipozow

    @ipozow

    7 ай бұрын

    ​@@Harry64278 sí po

  • @EL-mc3cs
    @EL-mc3cs7 ай бұрын

    Drama in the local bird-on-log community

  • @violettbellerose1173
    @violettbellerose11737 ай бұрын

    Love the idea that the dove only tolerated the blackbird because it scared the blue jay away 🤣

  • @minhbinh4374
    @minhbinh43747 ай бұрын

    1:37 3-hit combo in about half a second, impressive 🕊️

  • @Wingedmagician

    @Wingedmagician

    Ай бұрын

    we need to put a photo realistic version of this dove in a fighting game asap

  • @alexthebored8303
    @alexthebored83037 ай бұрын

    1:57 is pure gold, the smack sound, the finch(?)s small squawk it makes as it gets swatted 😂

  • @ChronoSquare
    @ChronoSquare7 ай бұрын

    I love it when morning doves walk around on our front deck, the way they waddle is so funny

  • @Blues2Dark
    @Blues2Dark7 ай бұрын

    A Grackle steals your food. Mourning Dove: Discombobulate... Blue Jay: Try that on me, I dare you!!!

  • @Beepers559
    @Beepers5598 ай бұрын

    Funny enough the mourning doves by my house just forage on the ground and rarely go up to the feeders, plus they’re usually a couple too

  • @megan8932

    @megan8932

    8 ай бұрын

    and flee from the squirel.

  • @Beepers559

    @Beepers559

    8 ай бұрын

    @@megan8932 yeah, forgot about the squirrel, maybe the occasional chipmunk too. I really do love seeing the doves when they’re around though

  • @dennisnickoloff1723
    @dennisnickoloff17237 ай бұрын

    Toughest bird I've seen at at a feeder was a Red-Shafted Flicker. It nailed anything that came around when it was eating. The only bird it tolerated was a Red-Breasted Nuthatch. They often appeared together. The nuthatch seemed to follow the flicker around looking for leftovers

  • @higgsbonbon

    @higgsbonbon

    7 ай бұрын

    woodpeckers are no joke lol, they know they don't need to hold back on their pecks. If other birds tried to peck that hard they'd give themselves concussions, but woodpeckers have tissues that shield their brain from shock so they can hit as hard as they like. I'd hang around a woodpecker too!

  • @LSkipperGamer

    @LSkipperGamer

    26 күн бұрын

    I’ve only had my feeder for like a week, but I already learned some personalities! 3 blue jays 2 are massive ones and 1 is a one that looks like 20 in bird years that plays aggressive with the cardinals Gray bird makes everyone fly away Cardinal comes for 0.00000000001 nanoseconds Squirrel gets angry because it’s squirrel proof Chickadees have many friends Woodpecker comes often

  • @illiteratefool
    @illiteratefool7 ай бұрын

    This is amazing. I had no idea mourning doves slap everyone else upside the head (except red winged blackbirds??)

  • @myindigoblues5796
    @myindigoblues57967 ай бұрын

    Aw, they seemed to like the redwing blackbird. Giving a bit of an eye. Cute 🥰

  • @letmebeapariah
    @letmebeapariah7 ай бұрын

    pigeons are bigger versions of doves i have three and oh boy do they like to slap when they’re grumpy which is pretty common behaviour they’re territorial and big bullies but they deserve love they’re so sweet when they’re not trying to protect their little area

  • @anthonychihuahua
    @anthonychihuahua7 ай бұрын

    I sure do miss all the mourning doves here in the inner city that were here for decades. They've been "replaced" by the invasive ring necked dove. Not as beautiful sounding as a mourning dove, but I'm still grateful to have wildlife 🙏

  • @celestrio
    @celestrio8 ай бұрын

    Dove at 2:08 is giving that look as if saying, "Come on! I was here first. Lemme eat in peace!"

  • @Cyber_Kriss
    @Cyber_Kriss7 ай бұрын

    0:38 Geez, what a head butt ! 😂

  • @higgsbonbon

    @higgsbonbon

    7 ай бұрын

    that was actually a wing slap! Mourning doves box with their forewings, and it's a good wallop.

  • @JustMaxAsh
    @JustMaxAsh7 ай бұрын

    This should be animated, like a Pixar Short film

  • @n0tk0sher
    @n0tk0sher7 ай бұрын

    Lol. The red-winged blackbird took out the Jay before he went to get food. Smart.

  • @pinkfreud62
    @pinkfreud627 ай бұрын

    Of course it's the high strung Blue Jay that's gotta holler the loudest, lol

  • @keirakeenan4821
    @keirakeenan4821Ай бұрын

    Funny how he didn't kick anyone off after he got yelled at!

  • @Wingedmagician

    @Wingedmagician

    Ай бұрын

    reflecting on himself

  • @stillhere1425
    @stillhere14257 ай бұрын

    He’s pretty macho to fight off that caliber of corvids.

  • @randall9000
    @randall90007 ай бұрын

    Lifeless eyes, black eyes, like a doll’s eye. Doesn’t seem to be livin, until he flies up and bites ya

  • @sherrie6492
    @sherrie64927 ай бұрын

    I raised one from a tiny chick. She was a real sweet girl. But no, she didn't play well with others. And the point on the beak is very sharp They also have pretty rough courtships.

  • @SkarletBloodthirsty
    @SkarletBloodthirstyАй бұрын

    I love how he just stands there and others come and go

  • @fangan4770
    @fangan477015 күн бұрын

    Understandable.I also mourne when others want to take my food away from me.

  • @avengersseven1498
    @avengersseven14988 ай бұрын

    Doves are so cute ❤❤❤

  • @bryanferratt6598

    @bryanferratt6598

    7 ай бұрын

    And delicious 😋.

  • @avengersseven1498

    @avengersseven1498

    7 ай бұрын

    @@bryanferratt6598 😲😯

  • @Aliencar7

    @Aliencar7

    9 күн бұрын

    @@bryanferratt6598they sign of peace

  • @CatNerfer3000
    @CatNerfer30008 ай бұрын

    "WHAT! yeah i thought so"-Bluejay

  • @user-ls8vw7yn8d
    @user-ls8vw7yn8d8 ай бұрын

    0:14 The threat is way too threatening

  • @marcusbullock630
    @marcusbullock6307 ай бұрын

    mourning dove beats grackle, bluejay beats mourning dove, red-winged blackbird beats bluejay.

  • @stopwars8642
    @stopwars8642Ай бұрын

    Usually the doves flee this one just hangs out no matter what bird ,he's king of the wood

  • @xxrazaxx
    @xxrazaxx9 ай бұрын

    He stood his ground-till he was done. In the meanwhile, he was letting them eat. The ones he was annoyed with; treated them, quickly and tersely. 😇

  • @Casual_Crow
    @Casual_CrowАй бұрын

    Love how the first few times the grackle showed up he just raised his wings in preparation like “I wonder if I could take ‘em..”

  • @moosesues8887
    @moosesues888721 күн бұрын

    Blue jay was literally on mordecai timing 😭

  • @thebufoon
    @thebufoon8 ай бұрын

    Fun fact: She learned that slap from Miyagi.

  • @AdamMerlin
    @AdamMerlin7 ай бұрын

    Oh I LOVE those strange black birds with red/yellow spots on the wings, only discovered them 6 years ago when I moved to the more "Nature filled" edge of town since I used to live in the middle of it where there's less nature.

  • @yessumyecrad

    @yessumyecrad

    3 ай бұрын

    Red-winged blackbirds!❤ they're especially common near ponds where there are lots of reeds.

  • @olivernash2240
    @olivernash22408 ай бұрын

    More like…mourning shove!😉

  • @fossilfighters101

    @fossilfighters101

    Ай бұрын

    +

  • @Dracomies
    @Dracomies26 күн бұрын

    The guy at 2:05 is hilarious. He's like, don't mind me NOM NOM NOM and his face is filled with food.

  • @1337fraggzb00N
    @1337fraggzb00N7 ай бұрын

    "OI MATE! OI MATE!" - Bluejay

  • @robertmclean9737
    @robertmclean973729 күн бұрын

    Haven't seen a morning Dove for years just European collared Doves. They took over!

  • @sabihunt3382
    @sabihunt3382Ай бұрын

    Alhamdulillah, such beautiful birds! The dove is the cutest!

  • @neosunrider
    @neosunrider11 ай бұрын

    And that tail hit at 2:31 ^_^' I haven't seen mourning doves like this before..

  • @Claudia-lq3ns
    @Claudia-lq3ns8 ай бұрын

    The wings out represent "BACK da eff UP" in bird street lingo 😂

  • @thecrazycrow
    @thecrazycrow6 күн бұрын

    I didn’t know red winged black birds were almost as big as the doves, ive only ever seen them at a distance

  • @spw5665
    @spw566511 ай бұрын

    King of the peanuts!

  • @gamma3319
    @gamma33197 ай бұрын

    the red winged black bird is his homie

  • @abovethestars1519
    @abovethestars15197 ай бұрын

    so many different birds in one video! i had no idea a dove could be such a fighter 😂😂

  • @Spiritueli
    @Spiritueli7 ай бұрын

    too adorable

  • @KyleEvra
    @KyleEvra22 күн бұрын

    This is the Bird 🕊️ that Humans worship as "Peace" and "Love" 😂

  • @Zheltyy007
    @Zheltyy007Ай бұрын

    Surprising how much that dove tolerated, especially with them usually being more timid birds.

  • @verdant2215
    @verdant2215Ай бұрын

    The Grackle really just doesnt care.

  • @cyanalternation4237
    @cyanalternation4237Ай бұрын

    The blue jay was ready to play punchies for the rest of those nuts.

  • @rumbleroller2154
    @rumbleroller21548 ай бұрын

    SO the red winged blackbird gets a pass, but everybody else gotta catch those hands? xD

  • @guffawhyena4831
    @guffawhyena4831Ай бұрын

    That's not wha a Bluejay sounds like, he goes like- "Woooooo"

  • @zk6954
    @zk69547 ай бұрын

    my local mourning dove sits in the middle of the plate of seeds i leave out like a loaf of bread so the other birds wont try to eat with it

  • @English_MoFo
    @English_MoFo7 ай бұрын

    1:37 slo-mo replay would have been great here

  • @Saeed89
    @Saeed895 ай бұрын

    Two cute little dovies who visit my terrace for morning meal almost every day have a smiliar behavior toward other birdies 😄😄😍😍❤❤🕊🕊 Awww my little sweet pretty lovley baby cutoo 😘😘

  • @Two_Teapod
    @Two_Teapod2 ай бұрын

    sharing is caring slapping is dominating

  • @Petequinn741
    @Petequinn7418 ай бұрын

    Oh we had a morning dove with attitude once..chase every bird from feeder

  • @fireaspecter3287
    @fireaspecter3287Ай бұрын

    Pov you open a bag of chips:

  • @LukesMovies
    @LukesMovies28 күн бұрын

    king of the hill: Modern birdfare

  • @tylerwinkle323
    @tylerwinkle323Ай бұрын

    So many different species of birds, only one species of man

  • @68350
    @683508 ай бұрын

    1:54

  • @Zamollius_the_Holy
    @Zamollius_the_Holy11 ай бұрын

    I much prefer morning doves to noisy grackles. Plus in the winter time they seem to thrive here in Ontario.

  • @beergood90
    @beergood908 ай бұрын

    those are such mean babies

  • @bozoforce
    @bozoforce8 ай бұрын

    Battle of the songbirds...

  • @HyperDragoonHx
    @HyperDragoonHx7 ай бұрын

    Never seen a mourning dove this aggressive before. And I think the blue jay was trying to tell it to share the food.

  • @jeepz669
    @jeepz6697 ай бұрын

    That dove had enough of this insolence! Those birbs will pay..

  • @snickerswo1f519
    @snickerswo1f5197 ай бұрын

    doves are agressive but funny😂

  • @Sasser2015
    @Sasser2015Ай бұрын

    EVeryone else: take one and leave Mourning Dove: f**k that, IT'S ALL MINE!!

  • @christinahein8472

    @christinahein8472

    Ай бұрын

    So that's why doves are so fat. 😂

  • @slenderqui650
    @slenderqui65025 күн бұрын

    this is literally me protecting my snack from my mom

  • @kustikflo
    @kustikflo8 ай бұрын

    this looks like a cartoon scene

  • @PorpoiseInATent
    @PorpoiseInATentАй бұрын

    Mourning doves are great there were 4 that liked to hangout in my backyard and they constantly beat each other up, they took turns being the one beat up

  • @21preend42
    @21preend425 ай бұрын

    Man this is so beautiful, the birds and look at that very green environment.

  • @mattshu
    @mattshu7 ай бұрын

    My first memory of birds was the sound of a mourning dove which I thought was a dog down the road for the longest time

  • @katylegend5548
    @katylegend5548Ай бұрын

    Сколько разных красивых птиц в одном месте!))

  • @venkateshp1609
    @venkateshp16096 ай бұрын

    1:55 The Office Moment 2:00 bro just gave up after that

  • @selinnazsur2328
    @selinnazsur2328Ай бұрын

    The doves that visit our window fight each other and smaller birds over the food, but never the crows. Doves probably aren't the sharpest tools in the shed but they seem to be smart enough to not mess with corvids 😂

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