Intro: (00:00)
Examples: (48:56)
The morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word. The main difference between them is that a morpheme sometimes does not stand alone, but a word, by definition, always stands alone. Every word is composed of one or more morphemes. A "morpheme" is a short segment of language that meets three basic criteria:
1. It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning.
2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful segments without changing its meaning or leaving a meaningless remainder.
3. It has relatively the same stable meaning in different verbal environments.
Free and Bound Morphemes
There are two types of morphemes-free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Examples:
Simple words: the, run, on, well
Compound words: keyboard, greenhouse, bloodshed, smartphone
"Free morphemes can be further subdivided into content words and function words. Content words, as their name suggests, carry most of the content of a sentence. Function words generally perform some kind of grammatical role, carrying little meaning of their own.
Morphemes that can only be attached to another part of a word (cannot stand alone) are called bound morphemes.
Examples:
pre-, dis-, in-, un-, -ful, -able, -ment, -ly, -ise
pretest, discontent, intolerable, receive
Morphemes are comprised of two separate classes called (a) roots and (b) affixes.
Roots
A root “also known as base” is a morpheme in a word that gives the word its principle meaning. They cannot be further analyzed into smaller parts. They form the base forms of the words. Roots may be free morpheme or bound morpheme.
1. Free roots are free morphemes. They can stand alone to function as words.
Examples:
recollect, bilingual, uneasy, mislead, hardly, attractive, womanly
2. Bound roots are bound morphemes.
Examples:
receive, reduce,
Affixes
An "affix" is a bound morpheme that occurs before or after a base. An affix that comes before a base is called a "prefix." Some examples of prefixes are ante-, pre-, un-, and dis-, as in the following words:
Antedate, Prehistoric, Unhealthy, disregard
An affix that comes after a base is called a "suffix." Some examples of suffixes are -ly, -er, -ism, and -ness as in the following words:
Happily, Gardener, Capitalism, Kindness
Let's examine the word nonperishable, analyze it, and then discuss terms associated with it.
Nonperishable is comprised of three morphemes: non-, perish, and -able. It actually has five syllables though, which is a good example of why morphemes and syllables are not synonymous.
• non- is an example of a prefix, or a morpheme that precedes a base morpheme
• perish is an example of a base morpheme, as it gives the word its essential meaning
• -able is an example of a suffix, or a morpheme that follows a base morpheme
Both non- and -able are examples of an affix, a morpheme attached prior to or following a base that cannot function independently as a word.
The bird-like man hardly touched his food at dinner.
There are total of twelve morphemes, and ten of the twelve are free:
• the (article)
• bird (noun)
• like (adjective)
• man (noun)
• hard (adjective)
• touch (verb)
• his (determiner)
• food (noun)
• at (preposition)
• dinner (noun)
The other two morphemes, -ed and -ly, are types of affixes.
Affixes can further be broken down into two categories, derivational and inflectional Affixes.
Derivational Affixes
"Derivational affixes" create new words. They influence the base word according to its grammatical and lexical class, resulting in a larger change to the base.
Inflectional Affixes
Inflectional morphemes influence the base words to signal a change in quantity, person, gender, or tense while leaving the base word's class unchanged. Inflectional morphemes are considered more predictable because there are only eight in the closed set of accepted inflectional morphemes, which serve a variety of grammatical functions when added to specific types of words.
-s noun plural
-'s noun possessive
-s verb present tense third person singular
-ing verb present participle/gerund
-ed verb simple past tense
-en verb past perfect participle
-er adjective comparative
-est adjective superlative
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