Lac Operon & Gene Regulation Made Easy - Best Explanation
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The lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the activity of beta-galactosidase.
Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes for this reason. This lactose metabolism system was used by François Jacob and Jacques Monod to determine how a biological cell knows which enzyme to synthesize. Their work on the lac operon won them the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1965.
E. coli encounters many different sugars in its environment. These sugars, such as lactose and glucose, require different enzymes for their metabolism. Three of the enzymes for lactose metabolism are grouped in the lac operon: lacZ, lacY, and lacA (Figure 12.2). LacZ encodes an enzyme called β-galactosidase, which digests lactose into its two constituent sugars: glucose and galactose. lacY is a permease that helps to transfer lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA is a trans-acetylase; the relevance of which in lactose metabolism is not entirely clear. Transcription of the lac operon normally occurs only when lactose is available for it to digest. Presumably, this avoids wasting energy in the synthesis of enzymes for which no substrate is present. A single mRNA transcript includes all three enzyme-coding sequences and is called polycistronic. A cistron is equivalent to a gene.
A second aspect of lac operon regulation is conferred by a trans-factor called cAMP binding protein (CAP, Figure 12.5). CAP is another example of an allosterically regulated trans-factor. Only when the CAP protein is bound to cAMP can another part of the protein bind to a specific cis-element within the lac promoter called the CAP binding sequence (CBS). CBS is located very close to the promoter (P). When CAP is bound to at CBS, RNA polymerase is better able to bind to the promoter and initiate transcription. Thus, the presence of cAMP ultimately leads to a further increase in lac operon transcription.
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@MEDSimplified
4 жыл бұрын
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@anayakhan626
4 жыл бұрын
Keep it up
@user-wp3mt6rj9u
2 жыл бұрын
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@takemein
2 жыл бұрын
Here are some notes too. kzread.info/dash/bejne/i4eq0cudY9rQksbD.html_THE_LAC_OPERON
@ananya.6911
Жыл бұрын
S sir of course we know all of u r efforts 😇 we always... Support u and ur vedios we all encourage u for still more vedios 😇 tq for all u r vedios.... 🥰
Watching this, I realized the concept isn't even difficult. The textbooks and useless teachers make it hard. Thanks for making this understandable and logical! So happy I found your video.
@takemetothesky1888
3 жыл бұрын
Frrr the textbooks almost made me memorize the stuff without really knowing what is what... now I feel like I've aced the topic😌
@takemein
2 жыл бұрын
Here are some notes too. kzread.info/dash/bejne/i4eq0cudY9rQksbD.html_THE_LAC_OPERON
@Science_Campus
2 жыл бұрын
Yeah. I can even make it simpler
@premkumar.rpremkumar.r3542
Жыл бұрын
Ss
@premkumar.rpremkumar.r3542
Жыл бұрын
Hi
I think the person who teaches this concept had worked a lot to make us understand by relevant pictures a big round of applause and thanks should be said to him. Simple clear and understanding explanation. 👍
This was actually the best explanation!!!
@MEDSimplified
4 жыл бұрын
Thank you
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The best explanation of this topic in KZread. Thumbs up for the immense effort. The two mistakes I found was that 1. You once said DNA polymerase in place of RNA polymerase. 2.The I gene stands for inhibitor, and not, as you said, "inducer". The substrate of the enzyme beta-galactosidase, i.e.lactose or allolactose is the inducer.
This video 100% deserves my like and a comment. An incredible amount of valuable details, and it is so easy to follow along when you have some knowledge of the topic. Best 25 minutes spent on ever! Four hours in class did not provide 1% of what this video gave me! Amazing job! Thank you so much for doing that.
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That was a very helpful explanation of the lac operon and how it works, thank you! The visuals and analogies helped too.
Extraordinarily Excellent Presentation and explanation on the topic of Lac Operon. The best ever detailed description of the concept with amazing animations. Well done. Expecting more videos on AP Biology topics.
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@MEDSimplified
4 жыл бұрын
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on my own, I was failing to understand Gene regulation but thanks to you, I am fully equipped.
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@MEDSimplified
4 жыл бұрын
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@teguhimamsetiawan3489
3 жыл бұрын
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@MEDSimplified
4 жыл бұрын
You are very welcome...
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@filzuhilal3225
2 жыл бұрын
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@MEDSimplified
4 жыл бұрын
You are very welcome🙂
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