In today’s world we need more Carolyn’s and less Kardashians! I love how much I learn from your videos. Thank you for sharing your knowledge!

@ownandbehappy

Жыл бұрын

Here here!!

@miriba8608

2 ай бұрын

It's up to the public to choose to watch this instead of the Kardashians.

When I was little, the milk man came via horse-drawn carriage. Raw milk with cream on the top. The horse knew the route & timing of deliveries. If the milk man got chatty at any house, the horse would move to the next without him. LOL My nan had a motorized jar for butter making.

@mycrazyfamilyid

3 жыл бұрын

Cute story! Thanks for sharing!

@Marylmac

3 жыл бұрын

One thing when churning the cream in the butter churner...do not ever open the lid while still churning...sepecially in your father's humungeous impeccablly organised workshop! Disaster...when they sold the property 15 years later...the jolly wooden walls were still oily ...and lumpy...!

@karenwilson5320

3 жыл бұрын

I grew up in East Orange, NJ and a man would come with milk cream and eggs. Wow things where so different then.

@hazelvenom88

2 жыл бұрын

That's so awesome! Thanks for sharing!

@bigbird4481

2 жыл бұрын

That reminds me of a Andy Griffith episode lol

My grandmother milked her cow every morning and evening. A bit after the morning milking ( she cooked breakfast for the hands)she gathered the cream from the night before and the morning ( separating it from the milk) and made butter in her wooden churn, she usually added some salt according to how much cream she had, and it didn’t seem like it took very long at all to make, then she washed the butter in cool water, put it and the “buttermilk” in the fridge to cool. This was an every day event, even before church on Sunday. She canned her family’s vegetables and fruits, dried what was feasible, kept chickens in heavily salted butter in the 34degree water in the spring house, it stayed good all through till the following early summer and was delicious. My grandfather slaughtered and butchered hogs and steers in the fall. Salting followed by smoking for the pork, while ageing the beef for 10 days before cutting it and freezing (he got a freezer in 1957, before that he dried all the beef that we couldn’t use fresh.) When I was a young wife I was making whipped cream when my mixer died. I decided my blender should work just fine for it. I got instant butter! I hadn’t put any sugar in yet, so I mixed a bit of salt in and it was great! 2 seconds in the blender and butter! I was amazed, and immediately thought how great it would have seemed to my grandmother!

@Marylmac

3 жыл бұрын

I always made butter really easily back when the kids were young. I'd milk the cow twice a day...then put the milk in the fridge for 2 days, to allow the cream to come to the top, and make butter what the old fashioned hand whisk, the one with the ballbearings on the round thing. It would be ready to wash in a few mins, then I'd get the sliced bread out of the freezer, spread the freshly made butter on it, make the kids school lunches and then if there was any butter left...I'd keep on buttering bread and put it back in the freezer. Then on the weekends, I'd use all the cream to make extra butter for use during the week, on veggies etc.

@saraoum91

2 жыл бұрын

I'm from Morocco and my granma used to do the same 😍

@dioginese7869

2 жыл бұрын

Same with my experience growing up on my grandparents farm in rural Maine. Looking for plans to make a wooden butter churn like Grammy used. 👍😊

@kuzadupa185

2 жыл бұрын

I wish you'd write a book about your grandmother and even your own life. Fascinating to those of us who are interested in these methods and life styles.

@bumbygrl

2 жыл бұрын

What a nice story! Thank you for sharing! I am curious how was the beef cured for ten days without refrigeration? Sounds like a plentiful farm and fond memories.

The appreciation for our great, great grandparents who toiled every day doing these things.

@tional5266

2 жыл бұрын

Because people don’t have a clue what hard work really is, and wouldn’t bother bc they love their convenience with modern technology, I always giggle at the people who are opposed to butchering who say ‘just buy your meat at the store’ 😳

@shelleys.1832

8 күн бұрын

Probably kept them productive and out of trouble.

My grandma used to make butter with a ceramic crock and a wooden dasher. She'd do far more washings until the water was crystal clear. Then, she'd roll it out super thin and sprinkle far more salt than you used. I asked her once about all that salt. She said salt was the most important part because it got all of the water out. From there, she kneaded the butter for what seemed like hours to me (as a small child). I remember being amazed at how much liquid poured out. When she was done, the butter was twice to three times the yellow of margarine or butter you see in the store...almost a canary yellow. It was the best stuff! And, nothing beat the biscuits and cornbread cooked with that buttermilk!

My father talked about their cow's milk being so fatty, you had to cut off the natural seal of butter off the top to get to the cream and milk. Thank you for sharing this video. It is making me consider getting the old butter churn repaired. Yes, we still have it.

Growing up on a dairy farm we always made our own butter. Most of the milk cows were holsteins for volume but we also kept a few jerseys for cream. The holsteins were machine milked but we hand milked the jerseys and poured the pail into a De'laval hand crank cream separator. Sadly these ingenious machines are mostly gathering rust as lawn art nowadays. The cream was then hand churned in a butter crock, salted to taste. In summer we kept it in a milk can lowered into a hand dug 20 ft. well to keep it cool. New potatoes ( yes in Canada we spell it with an e ) right out of the garden or fresh baked bread with home made butter are some of my best childhood memories

@blacksheep6365

2 жыл бұрын

I'm a US child myself, and I remember in school being very confused about "potatos" vs "potatoes"... with an "e" always seemed more correct to me, and my teachers always marked it wrong! Edit: after writing out both versions of the word, "potatoes" still looks more correct...

@alilawless5866

11 ай бұрын

OMG, I'm drooling! My FAV, is dark yellow butter, esp on a baked potato(e😂) ,baked in hot ashes.Or,as I'm kiwi, Kumara. Mmmm, yum, thick crispy skin, hot melted butter

Thank you! I got a gallon of beautiful raw milk, skimmed the cream off and ended up with 2 pints! It’s sitting in the counter coming up to temp. My first try at homemade butter will happen in just a bit. I’m 61 yrs old, teaching old dogs new tricks isn’t very hard. Thank you again, you’re a wonderful teacher. 🌺

@HomesteadingFamily

10 ай бұрын

Sounds great!

@debbysouthworth5606

3 ай бұрын

You missed out! I grew up with my great grandmother doing all of this. Home preserving is a dying art that I'm trying to pass on to my grandkids.

Making butter was my Saturday chore when we went back to the land as kids in the early 70’s. My Dad rigged one of the big blue water barrels into an old side mounted barrel churn that had an up/down bar handle. It was in the dirt basement and I had my transistor radio playing so that I couldn’t hear the mice. We had a retired purebred Guernsey…that’s a lot of milk and cream for a family of 4. I was thinking last night that Dad would have loved channels like yours. When he died the thing I really wanted was the copy if The Have More Plan. I loved going through that book with him.❤

When I pour off my buttermilk from a shaker jar, I repeat the shaking for a couple more minutes and pour off more buttermilk. You will know when to stop shaking. I then pour cool water into the jar and continue to shake. This is my process of kneading, This helps keep the kids working also. Remember, once you add water to the butter, the milk you generate does not go into the buttermilk jar. You are also not using as much water. Great video. Also, remember you can add flavors to the butter when it is still workable. What flavors? Experiment, at the Iowa State Fair, I made everything from Chocolate butter, Root beer butter, Lemon, Onion, Shichimi and others. Once again, great video.

Helped my Momma churn butter 60 years ago. Our family (10 kids) loved clabbered milk also. Fresh butter and buttermilk are wonderful. Thank you so much.

I made butter from regular cold store bought cream. It took forever to churn in a jar and the flavor was meh. Then I followed your advice for culturing and keeping at room temperature and culturing it (I used a little live culture sour cream I had). It took less than 10 minutes to churn and the flavor was amazing. I'm going to try raw cream next.

@amandacallaway9426

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you for posting this because I thought I was going to have to buy buttermilk and heavy cream when I already have sour cream in the fridge this is so helpful

@DMPB-fi2ir

2 жыл бұрын

you can also use live cultured yogart, set milk out at about 70 to 75 degrees and add 2 tbl yogart pet pint heavy cream when you notice a slight foaming on top and the cream has thickened slightly ( 8 to 12 hrs ) its ready to churn into butter. you may also notice a soft slight sour or tangy aroma as the yogart culture grows. additionally if you can find raw cream good luck unless you can buy direct from farm most states regulate stores cant sell raw milk or cream. if you do buy from store get the heavy cream and look for type that IS NOT ultra-pasteurized they can cause issue making butter. i also took a large diameter rolling pin and made a modified V shape teeth down length to duplicate the old roller grand parents had

@ingridwolf2682

2 жыл бұрын

@@amandacallaway9426 ,

@ford5652

2 жыл бұрын

Can't purchase raw. Not FDA approved... 😩

@smas3256

2 жыл бұрын

@@ford5652 Yes but if a person gets a pimple they are there with the solution so everyone does not catch it. Time to kick them to the curb.

Girl, you need to be teaching classes on this. I learned SO MUCH!! Thank you, thank you, thank you!

@HomesteadingFamily

Жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

I’ve been making butter for years with my KitchenAid mixer, your little tips today totally sped up the process, thank you

@louisecox9641

3 жыл бұрын

Is your recipe different than hers?

@penelope-oe2vr

3 жыл бұрын

I want to do this with my kitchen aid too! That thing has become like my right arm in the kitchen I cant live without it.

My dad was a good ole farm boy & he always called skim milk "blue john" because it had a bluish tint. He grew up during the Great Depression on that farm. He was a little peculiar about butter... he didn't like butter because it could be made at home. He liked margarine because it had to be bought at the grocery store, making it seem special to him. One of his favorite treats was to crumble a slice of cornbread into a cold glass of buttermilk & eat it with a spoon.

@lpm67

3 жыл бұрын

Oh lord I just remembered my dad used to do that but with a little sugar too...thanks for bringing back that memory

@cjboac9864

3 жыл бұрын

My dad who was a coal miner loved this also!

@Sh4peofmyheart

2 жыл бұрын

My dad and mom were both kids, during the great depression, and they also referred to skim milk as "blue-john".

@kallioperobling3359

2 жыл бұрын

My grandparent ate cornbread and buttermilk every night while watching the news.

@kimberlywoodbury1739

Жыл бұрын

My mother was the same way. She grew up on a farm and they would have bread and butter sandwiches with a lot of butter. She would only eat margarine for years because of all of the butter she ate during the great depression.

Thank you for the little details. This really makes a difference. So many videos rush the process and take shortcuts. A 30 minute video well worth watching! Blessings to your homestead.

@victoriastevens3166

Жыл бұрын

Yes, yes I agree, the time of how long the video is of no matter when you're learning.

@werekief29

Жыл бұрын

Exactly.....the starting temperature makes ALL the difference. I didn't see that point made the the couple other videos I watched....resulting in my initial attempt being a disaster.

Every time I watch one of your videos I get so excited. As a little girl growing up in England we had a milkman bring us fresh milk daily. Soon as he dropped off our two pints I'd take of the lid and spoon out the cream from the top. So delicious and fresh. Thanks for bringing back good memories

Your videos are so calming and relaxing. I plan to live on my own farm some day soon. Your like a virtual mom teaching me haha, thank you 💖 these videos are so helpful

Listening to you and watching the whole process makes the world look a bit more normal again :)

Thank you so much for this lesson, the kneading it in water till it runs clear clear is important.

Carolyn You do such wonderful lessons, I remember when I was a child we was making butter and I got to help shake the jar. Great memories! Thanks again and God Bless

❤hi. My family is from Greece,I'm first generation immigrants. I have memories of my family making butter very old school from goats milk in Greece. The methods you are doing are school much easier. Thank you ❤

mmmmm cleaning a wire whisk of whipped cream or pre-butter is easy! You have a ready made tool for that, it's called a tongue 😁

@jillhumphrys8073

3 жыл бұрын

And if one doesn't want to do that (idk why they wouldn't) hot water works great!

@tional5266

2 жыл бұрын

My daughter sent me a card that read ‘good moms let you lick the beaters, great moms turn off the mixer first’ 😂

@purityshallabide1645

2 жыл бұрын

@@tional5266 🤣🤣

@rhone793

16 күн бұрын

@@tional5266😂😂 😂

Carolyn I enjoy all your videos ! The way you teach us how to do so many things , encouraging us to at least to try preparing butter and all the things is just wonderful. Your knowledge is extensive and I appreciate your dedication and how you think of everything that we should know in order to have success when we go to prepare butter , sour cream , cheeses etc. Thank you so much for all that you do on your channel! Blessings!💕

When I was a child on the farm, my aunt lived about 5 miles away. They had chickens and milk cows. We had pigs and black angus and huge gardens. So we would share back and forth. Every other day she would come by in the evening and drop off a gallon of fresh milk. The next morning Granny had a churn (the old fashion kind with a wooden plunger) set up for me to churn after I ate breakfast and while waiting for the schoolbus. When I got home there was fresh butter for any leftover biscuits or homemade bread to snack on before I started evening chores. I also used to fill up the jar shake it and hand it off to my kids. They loved it and the butter. I also did the jar method with my pre-school class back when I was a teacher. Thanks for the tips. Can't wait to try this in my suburban homestead!

Well I'm smarter than I was an hour ago. I just didn't know there was so much to know about butter. Thank you

I had to click on this! Brings back pleasant memories of my family time on our farm in the 1970's

I used to make butter when I worked at a small boutique cheese factory. We used an old agitator washing machine and made large quantities at a time. It worked brilliantly and the butter formed into big 'marbles'. The enamelled bowl was easy to scrub and drain with boiling water to flush and sanitise the whole machine. I was also great for washing the cheese cloths after making quark.

When we were kids, we had my grand mother’s butter churn that was a big crock with a wooden handle. We would take turns churning butter. Mom had grammas wooden butter stamps too so sometimes she’d press it with pretty patterns in the butter.

An, the memories, my dear. I get raw milk from a friend now and still do this, but watching your video is like working in the kitchen with mama when I was young 🙂

Long video but full of useful info you can’t skip. Watched it till the end.

That was a great piece on making butter. I've been watching a couple other clips from others but yours gave the different options you covered from beginning to end of the butter making to salting and storing. So good thank you. I'm new to cooking (being freshly retired and love eating, I thought next was to enjoy cooking) but now you've opened my eyes to not only cooking but making my own ingredients! You have a new subscriber (from Australia). Looking forward to watching more of your videos.

I made my own butter from store-bought cream. I messed up the washing step. XD But I used the buttermilk to make bread and it was the BEST bread I ever made.

Thank you so much for your video's. Much appreciated and greetings from Holland 🇳🇱

I cultured my cream by leaving it on the counter overnight. next morning, we jarred it, it took about 10 shakes before we had butter!. And it was SO tasty! Had to wait until the bread was done baking before we devoured it!

@rosehuckaba1783

Жыл бұрын

Wow. Im going to try this. I helped my mama make butter from our cow, when i was 15. Havent done it since. Glad for the refresher course. Thanks so much !.

@GoodwinBride

Жыл бұрын

I recently started buying raw cows milk. It's always refrigerated when I get it. I'm really wanting g to learn how to make cultured buttermilk without a storebought starter. Would leaving the heavy cream set out before making butter leave me with cultured buttermilk?

Raw milk, and raw butter how wonderful for you. Thanks for sharing.

THANKS FOR SHARING WITH US.

Love your videos! We used to freeze the cream we where going to use for butter. Then thaw to room temperature. Then it would break faster at least that’s what Mom said. We use a old mix master to churn. It tasted great and we loved it. Your family is a Blessing to all of us KZreadrs.🙏🏻🙏🏻❤️

@katewizer2736

3 жыл бұрын

You're So right about the taste! I'm homesick for home churned butter!

I’m so glad I found this channel thank you for being on KZread love this ! Can’t wait to see more

Thank you so much for this immensely helpful tutorial! I tried butter making once with terrible results and thought I'd never do it again until I saw this video. Tried again today with beautiful results. Much gratitude ❤

Just saw this when I made butter we didnt have a separator so would scald the better at night and let it cool overnight and then first thing in the morning scimmed the cream off, this way got most of the cream, it made the sweetest butter I ever made, this was about 40 years ago, I gave some to an elderly lady 80yo and she made me the greatest complement saying it was the best butter she had ever tasted,even better than her mother's and grandmother. When scalding the milk you have to watch it carefully and as soom as you see the surface moving, just the start of a simmer, you turn it off and take off heat.

I used to make butter from my dad's Jersey cow by shaking it in a jar. The cat was useful and very eager to help with cleanup by licking my fingers after kneading was finished. Thanks for sharing your insights.

@marykater.7169

3 жыл бұрын

Shaking the cow? Just kidding 😂

@lpm67

3 жыл бұрын

Jerseys give the best cream, freshians the best milk imo.

@jillhumphrys8073

3 жыл бұрын

@@marykater.7169 lolol

@kap849

2 жыл бұрын

@@marykater.7169 yeah, that's what I thought also 😂

I have been making my own butter for a couple years. I use my KitchenAid mixer for doing it. I always use the wisk. Never had problem cleaning it. I just tap it on the bowl a couple times and all the butter falls out. I have to use store bought heavy whipping cream as I don't have a cow nor do I know anyone near by that has one. Would love to make butter from fresh cream! Love your videos! You're such a great teacher!!

I must give making my own a shot. My aunt in Ireland used to make it in her own churn using cream from her own cows - she and my uncle had a farm - and send a block to us every now and then here in Sheffield, England. I imagine the flavour of the butter is determined by the grass the cows eat and the soil it grows in so the country or the area of the country. My aunt's butter was the best ever. Thanks. I have a blender and a food processor so can try making it with either or both.

Very helpful I will show the grandchildren how to make 👍

Thank you and God bless you for the inspiration.... Now I know the rules hopefully next time my butter will come out nice....

Good Knowledge, Enjoyable Sharing, I like it, keep it up

I made butter today with heavy cream loved it the process was very enjoyable. Gets a ten from len. 👍ian from England

I love the majic when the butter milk let's go of the butter and turn into two different things 🤔😛 I'm 58 yo ,in the fifth grade the teacher handed the class 1 jar we passed it around the from kid to the next , NO one dropped the Ball jar and we All had butter on crackers AND no home work that day 🙏 because she said we all worked together for dinner, something I'll never forget I just wish school was still like that 🇺🇸

Hellooo H.Family,God bless you all,i learning so much with you,i just want to tell you "thank you",i wished one day my family and i can get farm off grid.Thanks again.

I’d love to taste that butter. Looks delicious.

I make my own butter with store bought double cream, I love it. I make in a Kenwood mixer, wash it and slap it in to shape, lovely!

@katewizer2736

3 жыл бұрын

My late husband's description of his grandma shaping the churned butter on the round butter dish to look like a turtle was pleasant to hear..

@My2up2downCastle

Жыл бұрын

Exactly the same as me!... I watch for cream being yellow stickered and reduced in price... and use my Kenwood achef to make butter

@daz6637

Жыл бұрын

@@My2up2downCastle it’s trying to get a cost effective deal, however decent butter has gone up to just under £3.50 for about 250g so a saving can be made.

I just want to command you of your genorosity. It is not everyday that you find such a helpful instructional on youtube. Thank you for sharing.

@HomesteadingFamily

Жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

I love your channel! I'm enjoying the refresher of what I learned from my mama when I was young.

@katewizer2736

3 жыл бұрын

Me too!

Wow, that butter is so bright!

Thank you very much! I've made cultured butter for years but my whipping & separating were never consistent. Your tips on the temperature solved that for me. I just finished 2 liters of cream worth, 4 days fermenting behind my wood stove then 4 days tempering in the fridge. I do a lot of curing, fermenting & stuff like that and push the boundaries :)

I felt in love with your videos❤ your voice is so pleasant to listen to and is awesome that you don't deviate from the topic. Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge with the public 🎉🎉🎉

I’ve always shaken butter out in the same half-gallon blue Ball jar since I was growing up on our dairy in Eagle, Idaho, forty years ago, and it always comes out within 15 minutes just fine, regardless of season or temperature. Generally speaking, sweet butter is made in Spring, cultured butters are made in late Summer. When we clabbered milk and cream for culturing, we always left it from Monday to Monday. If your butter is slimy, you have gotten your cream too hot and not pressed it out well enough during washing.

@jessicacanfield5408

3 жыл бұрын

What is clabbered milk?

@katewizer2736

3 жыл бұрын

@@jessicacanfield5408 Clabbered is when the milk, or cream in the jar has grown bubbles throughout.

@katewizer2736

3 жыл бұрын

My momma used chilled water to wash the final butter to remove the buttermilk from the remaining "chunk"

What a helpful and informative video! Thank you Carolyn! In the future could you folks do a video on how you handle your relationship with your milk cow in regards to calf-sharing or pulling the calf of permanently, if you bottle feed (etc.)? Thank you for being an encouragement for those living in and pursuing this lifestyle!

I can taste that fresh homemade butter. Thank you for all the tips on making it :)

We're getting out first Jersey girl soon. So excited to make our own butter!

When the weather was bad, and my kids were stuck inside driving me crazy; I used to put cream in a jar and tell them to shake it until it was butter. If they still had energy, then we made bread, too. Lol. Great memories and a way to get all of their wiggles out when they were bored. ❤

@HomesteadingFamily

8 ай бұрын

Thanks for sharing!!

Picking up my first 2 gallons of raw milk today. I've been waiting for a cow share a long time. So excited to get started.

Carolyn this was just a great video... Thank you so much!

You are a fantastic teacher!

@HomesteadingFamily

Жыл бұрын

Thank you! 😃

62-67F are roughly 16-18°C so a cold room temperature

@kazzagreen84

2 жыл бұрын

That's super cold. I'd have to be making butter in Winter in Australia 🤣

@Kayenne54

2 жыл бұрын

@@kazzagreen84 That's what I was thinking. Or chill it in the fridge and start making it straight away. No "leave on the counter and wander off".

This is the best butter making video I've seen. Thank you so much for the information!!!

You have a big family and stay blessed. I always wanted to live in farm house.

Blessed to be getting raw milk here in Michigan. I have two quarts cream in frig right now getting out to warm to room temp fir butter!! Love, love, love the milk...as I milked by hand, starting when I was 11 y.o.

Great video, totally from the heart ❤, butter is a super food 🙂

As a kid, we made some in an old wooden churn and ate it on crackers. Absolutely delicious

That transferring of the leave propagation from a shallow plate is such a great idea! Less work & less stress for the plant. Love your videos!

Excellent presentation. Thank you.

I’ve been making butter from your instructions but recently I’ve been culturing my cream before I make butter. I add a little of my culture buttermilk and leave on counter overnight. Next morning I make butter. The buttermilk is already cultured. To me it seems like one less step. I’ll rotate my buttermilk to always keep it fresh. The butter is absolutely amazing! I’ll never go back.

Thank you so much for taking your time to show us. I really enjoy your videos.

awesome video. We just got our first Jersey cows 6 months ago. I can't wait till we can start milking them and try this out

You sure explain things so well. My brother in law gives us cow milk and I’ve been trying my hand at pasteurizing to butter and cheese. It’s not been anything we want to eat yet, but I keep plugging along. My chickens eat what we can’t 😊

I'm going to try this. Thank you for taking your time to teach this.

Thank you. You are a blessing, your love for family shows.

I love canning. It’s such a treat to see what you created.

such a good teacher, thank you!

Wow! I can't wait to try this. Your videos are so informative and clear. Thank you!

So much useful information! I just made my first batch, thank you for your helpful tips.

Great instructional video! Thanks!

Great demonstration!

That was an amazing video. Thanks so much. I'm sure everyone learned a lot. Please keep the videos coming.

superb! appreciate the clear and specific instructions, best I've seen in English...

I remember sitting on the front porch at my grandmother's house with her churn we would sit there for hours turning cream into butter I sure do miss my grandma

Can I come and spend a week with you? You have got it going on with all the knowledge that you have. I am so impressed.

This is wonderful. I love butter. Thank you for the Farm Fresh lesson.

Thank you! We just made our first tiny trial batch of butter 🧈, all taking turns shaking the jar. My eldest requested to make a ball of butter, Laura Ingalls style… we got very excited!

I love your videos! So informative! I make mine in the food processor. Takes a few minutes and it’s delish! Thank you for sharing your knowledge!

I thoroughly enjoyed this video. Lots of information. I remember my mom talking about her mom making butter and then they drank the buttermilk. She loved it. My only question is - when washing the butter, instead of putting all the water/buttermilk down the drain, why not collect it all and feed it to the animals?

You are very knowledgeable and patient with your teachings! Great for a newbie like myself.

This is so awesome. Thank you so much for sharing.....👏🏻👏🏻

When I make my butter, I freeze ½ of it, and make Ghee with the other ½.

So brilliant, I was so chuffed to get my butter. Thank you

Thanks for the training! Will make it!

Thank you!!! What a thorough explanation 👍

Wow . I had no idea. Very informative. Thanks!