How Does Light Actually Work?

Get Surfshark VPN at surfshark.deals/universe - Enter promo code UNIVERSE for 83% off and three extra months for free!
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If you like this video, check out writer Geraint Lewis´ excellent book, co-written with Chris Ferrie:
Where Did the Universe Come From? And Other Cosmic Questions: Our Universe, from the Quantum to the Cosmos
www.amazon.com/Where-Universe...
AND check out his KZread channel:
/ alaslewisandbarnes
Incredible thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza, the GOAT: ettore.mazz...
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Music from Silver Maple, Epidemic Sound and Artlist.
Stock footage from Storyblocks and Artgrid, images of galaxies from NASA and ESO/Hubble.
World line animation By Cyp - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
00:00 Introduction
05:18 What Is Light?
12:58 An Invisible World
21:11 An Impossible Particle
30:54 Both And Neither
46:52 The Life of a Photon
#quantum #relativity

Пікірлер: 3 800

  • @HistoryoftheUniverse
    @HistoryoftheUniverse Жыл бұрын

    Get Surfshark VPN at surfshark.deals/universe - Enter promo code UNIVERSE for 83% off and three extra months for free.

  • @Angl0sax0nknight

    @Angl0sax0nknight

    Жыл бұрын

    Always love your videos, some I’ve watched multiple times…..

  • @liqd

    @liqd

    Жыл бұрын

    I assume you're seeking to earn a coin on your hard work, which I am very interested in supporting. Do you offer an alternative to buying products or services I am not interested in? Direct monthly donations etc.?

  • @Donnirononon

    @Donnirononon

    Жыл бұрын

    How did the universe look like before atoms formed?`Like was it like today just only plasma or was it really plasma everywhere so no false vacuum?

  • @smlanka4u

    @smlanka4u

    Жыл бұрын

    Newly Born western fake science tries to make a new universe with a fake Big Bang theory.

  • @PetraKann

    @PetraKann

    Жыл бұрын

    Good video - pity about the glaring 5 errors. It would be good if you corrected these 5 errors - it would certainly improve the presentation and limit confusing viewers. There is no need to apologise at this point in time.

  • @leahime
    @leahime Жыл бұрын

    i’m still so amazed i get this for free while im sitting on the toilet. thank you.

  • @jhwheuer

    @jhwheuer

    Жыл бұрын

    TMI, you know.

  • @mikeoxmall69420

    @mikeoxmall69420

    Жыл бұрын

    The creation of the pooniverse

  • @keanureeves4025

    @keanureeves4025

    Жыл бұрын

    Reading this while sitting on the toilet xD

  • @rodrigoodonsalcedocisneros9266

    @rodrigoodonsalcedocisneros9266

    Жыл бұрын

    I feel you xD

  • @warpdriveby

    @warpdriveby

    Жыл бұрын

    Quality going in, waste going out, you're definitely doing that exchange right! All the poor people in their crazy echo chamber threads have exactly the opposite arrangement! 😥...🤔...🤣🤣🤣

  • @CallmeKenneth-tb1zb
    @CallmeKenneth-tb1zb Жыл бұрын

    I'll tell you what I think, I think this series is better than anything the BBC, Discovery, or anyone else on the internet is putting out right now. High quality coupled with a knack for making incredibly complex subjects easy to understand by the laymen. I also think the more we learn about Quantum Mechanics the more bonkers it gets.

  • @CarlosLopez-wq8oi

    @CarlosLopez-wq8oi

    Жыл бұрын

    @@FooodConfusion it's this channel. On youtube

  • @MorganSullivan

    @MorganSullivan

    Жыл бұрын

    Especially Discovery... Everything is an action movie for them, insufferable!

  • @jeremyt7722

    @jeremyt7722

    Жыл бұрын

    This channel, SEA and Kosmos tend to have very subdued narration, no sports arena type announcer. Also a very chill soundtrack.

  • @chriskelly6574

    @chriskelly6574

    Жыл бұрын

    and then all of a sudden it isn't bonkers but, still completely abstract.

  • @pathic2449

    @pathic2449

    Жыл бұрын

    Facts on all accounts

  • @jimmoore6033
    @jimmoore6033 Жыл бұрын

    Thanks! As an 80 y/o graduate in Physics and life-time science nerd, I enjoy learning about discoveries that reveal the complexities of our wondrous universe with its two trillion galaxies. Viewing videos such as this is a mind expanding joy. Your explanation that a photon sees neither time nor distance in its journey has helped me finally accept quantum entanglement.

  • @HistoryoftheUniverse

    @HistoryoftheUniverse

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for your support Jim!

  • @kounkieinc3714

    @kounkieinc3714

    11 ай бұрын

    i have been trying to wrap my head around quantum entaglment for a while now without much improvement but the moment the pieces connected bcs if this video was pure bliss

  • @kristinessTX

    @kristinessTX

    11 ай бұрын

    Like many religious fanatics, I blindly accept it because it feels right. You guys helped my connect his information to understand more of the “why”. Edit: it may feel right because I have a psychic connection to my mother, son, and my father to some extent. My son has type 1 diabetes and that connection saved his life more than once.

  • @wicked1172

    @wicked1172

    11 ай бұрын

    @@kristinessTX We must not ask Why, instead we must ask How in order to understand.

  • @BoB-Dobbs_leaning-left

    @BoB-Dobbs_leaning-left

    10 ай бұрын

    I'm with you buddy, ten years ahead in time but... Share this photon. 🎇

  • @mikenccc1955
    @mikenccc1955 Жыл бұрын

    John Rendle below put it perfectly. This is stunningly well done. I first was taught physics at this level 51 years ago and this, is the single clearest, best written, most approachable / comprehensible documentary on quantum science & field theory that I have ever seen. How CAN this only have 0.5m views. BRILLIANT.

  • @Swanwgm

    @Swanwgm

    5 ай бұрын

    High school physics in 1957 still defined the aether (sp?) as: "Light is a transverse wave motion in a hypothetical medium called the aether."

  • @persephone342

    @persephone342

    5 ай бұрын

    Thank you for being a teacher. I went to a fundamentalist Christian school. I taught myself Calculus, Physics, Anatomy and Physiology. I thought my piers Algebra, Geometry, Old Testament, and World Religion. I’m Jewish, and they never could convert me. Because of the classes I taught my peers, my sister and I went for free. I continued teaching after graduating so my sister’s tuition was covered. I graduated at 16, and received a BS with dual majors in Mathematics and Physics. I wanted to be a professor, but my husband developed MS, my father had NH Lymphoma and I spent a year re-learning how to walk after being hit head on at 60mph. I went to Med School instead. It was the right path for me. Teachers are so important yet often overlooked as the humanitarians they are. Thank you for sharing your knowledge with others❤

  • @joshonemoore
    @joshonemoore Жыл бұрын

    “The bizarre world of quantum mechanics never disappoints.” Neither do these videos. Thanks.

  • @einfisch3891
    @einfisch3891 Жыл бұрын

    I've heard this sentiment commented here before, but I have an undergraduate degree in physics and yet these videos give me so much insight into these concepts I've learned. I have learned the formulas of relativity and those which govern photons and light on a classical scale and yet the way you present these concepts is incredibly illuminating and never fails to blow my mind, so thank you for producing such incredibly high quality educational content for free.

  • @deltalima6703

    @deltalima6703

    Жыл бұрын

    Really?

  • @Phdintheory

    @Phdintheory

    Жыл бұрын

    g=9.81m/s2

  • @danielhenderson7050

    @danielhenderson7050

    Жыл бұрын

    @@deltalima6703 really what?

  • @jonnyqwst

    @jonnyqwst

    Жыл бұрын

    It’s like a university textbook

  • @jf5505

    @jf5505

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@Daniel Henderson Delta Lima is a person of very few words

  • @Iveri.REP.
    @Iveri.REP.Ай бұрын

    pre-teen here. i discovered this video after getting inspired after watching the movie Oppenheimer, the process of the Manhattan Project. i’ve watched this a little over three times, wrote four papers about light and gave two to my science teacher which she is planning on hanging up in her class, and i am currently creating an entire journal to organize the information listed in this video, so whenever im bored with no internet, i can easily just pull out the journal and start reading. in addition, i’ve screen recorded this video so again, when i have no internet i can watch this video if i dont feel like reading. thank you for giving me and many others the opportunity to find something they are passionate about! update : my teacher suggested i come up with something to show the class so im currently working on google slides to present voluntarily:)

  • @mxRian4

    @mxRian4

    Ай бұрын

    Keep seeking this kind of knowledge, kid! School isn’t going to teach it, and this is really what life and reality is about! You’re off to a great start ❤️

  • @Iveri.REP.

    @Iveri.REP.

    Ай бұрын

    @@mxRian4 i told my teacher about this and she said that she wants me to make a presentation and talk about light to my class!! 😁😁

  • @eustab.anas-mann9510

    @eustab.anas-mann9510

    24 күн бұрын

    You're twelve and wrote 4 papers!?

  • @Iveri.REP.

    @Iveri.REP.

    24 күн бұрын

    @@eustab.anas-mann9510 11 actually lol

  • @jamyemoreno3877

    @jamyemoreno3877

    12 күн бұрын

    Take this initiative and run with it. I had the same drive as a kid, ended up not doing anything with it until I was 21, I’m in the Navy now training to be a nuclear reactor operator, but I still wish I hadn’t wasted my time not pursuing sciences younger. You’re getting a great start right now, keep going!

  • @nik-btd
    @nik-btd Жыл бұрын

    Alright so I do like this series very much since the beginning, but this one litteraly blew my mind. I'm amazed at the extraordinary quality of both the script and the illustrations - you manage to give a grasp of the madness of quantum physics in an amazingly clear way. I feel smarter with each episode (then I realize I have even more questions, hehe). This is an absolute jewel of a production on KZread, by far the best astrophysics material for laymen out there since Feynman's lectures ;) Outstanding work, can't wait for more.

  • @zactar
    @zactar Жыл бұрын

    opening story of a single photon being detected by a telescope was beautiful

  • @lxathu

    @lxathu

    Жыл бұрын

    As always. Poetry with moving pictures.

  • @Charok1

    @Charok1

    Жыл бұрын

    I could tell it was going there from the start, but the faster than light expansion of the universe part never makes sense.

  • @aaronperelmuter8433

    @aaronperelmuter8433

    Жыл бұрын

    But unfortunately they got it _very_ wrong; at about 2:43 the narrator says that the photons “travelled for nearly 14 billion light years” but this is absolutely incorrect, if they’re referring to us, which obviously they are since they mention the Milky Way, etc. the photons actually travelled about 42 billion light years, that’s not a typo, FOURTY TWO billion! They forgot about this unimportant thing, umm, dark energy, which has been causing the universe’s expansion to accelerate. Actually, they forgot about the universe expanding at all in that statement.😱

  • @Charok1

    @Charok1

    Жыл бұрын

    @@aaronperelmuter8433 Something had to be made up to fit their math and what has been observed. There still isn't a good answer.

  • @aaronperelmuter8433

    @aaronperelmuter8433

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Charok1 Dunno why anyone needs to make anything up. The observable universe is about 92 billion ly in diameter, so I simply halved in and, oops, should have written 46b ly, not 42 - had 92b on my mind when I wrote the comment. Anyway, what do you mean something needs to be made up? What, and for what reason? Not sure I understand…?🤔

  • @ryanbaker7404
    @ryanbaker7404 Жыл бұрын

    Hands down, the best science channel on KZread. I grew up with Carl Sagan's/PBS' Cosmos series on both broadcast and then VHS. This channel and its series are the modern equivalent of that prior gem, and here they are in full modern resolution and quality and essentially made free for all. Amazing. Whoever the creative geniuses are behind this channel, thank you! 👏🙏

  • @xyzzyx7812

    @xyzzyx7812

    Жыл бұрын

    except that he is talking with such a paauseeeeeeeeeee that it comes across as full of crap

  • @swordigo5101

    @swordigo5101

    Жыл бұрын

    @@xyzzyx7812 play ur video at 2x

  • @HowlinWilf13

    @HowlinWilf13

    Жыл бұрын

    @@xyzzyx7812 Yeah, one or two of them could've been edited better, but in the context of the whole beautifully written episode, they fade into nothing at all. Why would that be your immediate reaction to what you just watched, to the mind-expanding subject matter??? Did you even watch it? Maybe you're a failing wannabe competitor to this You tube channel? Otherwise I think you might be missing a large chunk of your personality package. You should ask for a refund - yours sucks.

  • @Bass0hr

    @Bass0hr

    Жыл бұрын

    You can use the pauses to rethink and understand the meaningful words

  • @JB-db4gf

    @JB-db4gf

    Жыл бұрын

    No offense @@xyzzyx7812 but there are many, many intelligent comments on this channel. And then there's yours.

  • @parallelparkdaudette2863
    @parallelparkdaudette28638 ай бұрын

    Thanks for actually educating us, instead of clickbaiting us like 99% of other space documentary channels.

  • @sweethaven-nc
    @sweethaven-nc9 ай бұрын

    I can't express my awe in this series. My mind is continuously blown even though I have never taken physics! I applaud your presentation and how you can allow me, a simple man, to peak into our amazing universe. Thank you for this gift. I will tear up every time I look to the sky because of you. The revelations at 46 & 54 minutes are just...... amazing...! Thank you.

  • @undeathbysnipe2986
    @undeathbysnipe2986 Жыл бұрын

    as a Physics major in college, i understood many (if not all) of the concepts you talked about in the video/documentary(?), yet i still learned so much in this past hour. in education, we learn all of these formulas and briefly cover the idea where they come from, but you covering the history, the historical figures, and the slow accumulation of collective knowledge taught me so much. the beauty of science and math is what attracted me to pursue physics as a career, and this hour long experience reminded my burnt-out brain of my absolute love for these wonderous concepts!

  • @bostonteapartycrasher

    @bostonteapartycrasher

    Жыл бұрын

    "in education, we learn all of these formulas and briefly cover the idea where they come from, but you covering the history, the historical figures, and the slow accumulation of collective knowledge taught me so much." This is a prime example showing that schooling and education are two completely different things. Education is the process of seeking knowledge, whereas schooling is the process of memorizing what is dictated to you. The only person that can educate you is yourself. You gained more knowledge on your own in less than an hour FOR FREE than in 4 years at a school costing tens of thousands of dollars. Our "education" system is the biggest scam in the history of the universe.

  • @Cornell90

    @Cornell90

    Жыл бұрын

    @@bostonteapartycrasher Underrated comment. Yes you can remember all these things about physics, but to actually understand them and apply them is a total different thing. But I'm a dumdum, I don't believe in the big bang theory, neither do I believe in god. Only thing I believe in, is that we are never going to find the truth. It's designed that way. Science changes all the time. I've paid attention enough to know this. And there are genius people out there who created the world we live in today, many of them are gone. But when it comes down to the big question, how the world started and what we live in, personally I always had the belief it's designed for us to never truly know. You can find smart people in the science world who don't buy into the big bang theory, you can find people who work with stuff like this who believe in a god. I accepted along time ago we will never get the answer. I just think it's troubling when people think the big bang is a fact and not a theory, wish it is. It's great science behind the theory, but were did the fire come from? it's always a question we can't ever answer. Were did space itself come from. How can it be anything. It's an impossible task for us to comprehend. Big bang theory is based upon a "let's say" and what I mean by this, they started the theory on "It was fire" but where did the fire come from? It's no way to explain these things. Space itself, even when it's just emptyness, shouldn't exist. Nothing should exist. It makes no sense.

  • @DrDeuteron

    @DrDeuteron

    Жыл бұрын

    @@bostonteapartycrasher not true. If you can’t solve the homework problems you don’t understand the material

  • @DrDeuteron

    @DrDeuteron

    Жыл бұрын

    If what you didn’t understand was the so-called time ordered virtual particles, then don’t worry. That was misleading at best.

  • @LairdPrydae
    @LairdPrydae Жыл бұрын

    This doesn't even begin to show the worth of this video as a scientific piece, and falls even further away from appreciating it's value as an entertainment piece. Well done on the masterful ability to put those two things together, and bring some semblance of beauty AND knowledge to millions that otherwise would not have experienced it. Well done and thank you, from all of us, somewhere in time.

  • @HistoryoftheUniverse

    @HistoryoftheUniverse

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you, very kind words.

  • @groovergabe

    @groovergabe

    Жыл бұрын

    I would like to add an appreciation for the timelining and historical account of how and when things were discovered and so seamlessly into the science and storytelling

  • @DontHateMeCausImSexy

    @DontHateMeCausImSexy

    Жыл бұрын

    Lol 10 bucks for attention so sas

  • @tomasinacovell4293

    @tomasinacovell4293

    Жыл бұрын

    So... it's really about clickbait?

  • @darkphantom_01

    @darkphantom_01

    7 ай бұрын

    Give to poors instead

  • @jaxwylde2139
    @jaxwylde2139 Жыл бұрын

    Incredible! It's difficult for me to express, in words, how phenomenal these videos are. I'm familiar with many of the topics having an interest in this area and having watched countless other programs on BBC, YT, etc.. BUT, the way your videos are written, presented, and narrated makes everything else pale in comparison. I'm often breathless after watching. I can't get enough. WOW!

  • @RootsMj
    @RootsMj10 ай бұрын

    Can't thank you enough for all the incredible content you put out. Your storytelling and visuals makes complicated topics actually understandable. My absolute favorite channel of all time! ❤️

  • @darkphantom_01

    @darkphantom_01

    7 ай бұрын

    Give charity instead to poors

  • @DimensionalDisorientation

    @DimensionalDisorientation

    7 ай бұрын

    ​@@darkphantom_01why do you care what other people do with their money?

  • @darkphantom_01

    @darkphantom_01

    7 ай бұрын

    ​@@DimensionalDisorientationwe should

  • @wesleygibson5546

    @wesleygibson5546

    5 ай бұрын

    ​@RoEnlightenEd That's what we pay taxes for. That little bit of money wouldn't do shit to help any of us poor folk anyways...we need socio-economic reform and a reasonable maximum wage for the rich and for them to pay their fkng taxes, not random little handouts. And every charity on earth is a joke. Most are just money laundering schemes and/or tax write-off generators, and donate around 10% of incoming donations to people in need.

  • @darkphantom_01

    @darkphantom_01

    5 ай бұрын

    @@wesleygibson5546 true, like American taxes going for genocide in Gaza. 270b+ 😨 donation to only Israel 😆

  • @-AndAllThatJazz..
    @-AndAllThatJazz.. Жыл бұрын

    To the team who produced this one : You have outdone yourselves this time. In theory content, visuals and as usual . . the most compeling storytelling way of how to explain it . General audience that lives and dies on the arena . . We salute you .

  • @MrEvers
    @MrEvers Жыл бұрын

    I love how this series is not only a history of the universe, but also a history of physics itself.

  • @sootuckchoong7077

    @sootuckchoong7077

    Жыл бұрын

    How did the first heat or whatever begin?? 🤔🧐

  • @system0fadowner251

    @system0fadowner251

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@sootuckchoong7077 well that's one of the, if not the biggest, mysteries of physics. What caused a sudden expansion of energy and space that led to existence? We'll likely never know, but it's amazing to ponder.

  • @RT-qd8yl

    @RT-qd8yl

    4 ай бұрын

    @@system0fadowner251 I think my biggest personal questions are: -What brought the initial singularity before the big bang into existence? -What was beyond that, and what is outside the boundaries of our current universe (observable and unobservable) if there is one? I think I'm just baffled by the actual idea of nothingness, I confuse myself even thinking about what I'm trying to wonder about and that's why I LOVE this stuff.

  • @LandonBell11
    @LandonBell11 Жыл бұрын

    There is a perfect amount of awe and wonderment in the narrator's tone. The writing and production are also top tier. Gold star 🌟

  • @farzadgarmiani3653
    @farzadgarmiani365327 күн бұрын

    Not only the best science channel currently on youtube, but also the best narrator of all time including BBC. You tell the story like you've been there and take us into your journey. Keep up the best work man!

  • @brianmangan2459
    @brianmangan2459 Жыл бұрын

    One of the best documentaries on light that helped me finally understand wave to particle.

  • @antonystringfellow5152

    @antonystringfellow5152

    11 ай бұрын

    If you think you understand, you haven't understood. Light and all matter is made up of quantum particles. All quantum particles have wave-like properties. All quantum particles have particle-like properties. No quantum particle is either. Clear now? The terms "wave" and "particle" can be used as analogies to describe certain properties of quantum particles but they are just that... analogies. These are not realities. Electrons have spin states too, yet they do not spin. It's called spin because it is angular momentum. Like a spinning ball, they have angular momentum yet they do not spin. Unlike a spinning ball, this angular momentum is both up or down and left or right. So, here we have yet another anology which is not reality. Nobody understands quantum particles nor what a quantum particle is. Most likely, none of us have that ability. It is unlike anything we can directly observe in just about every way it could be. Not a single anology actually fits any properties of a quantum particle. And the "fields" that these "waves" and "particles" exist in.... most particle physicists don't believe they actually exist. These are just another analogy, a useful construct that enables them to do calculations that make predictions. So, the next time you think you understand, think again.

  • @easley421

    @easley421

    11 ай бұрын

    @@antonystringfellow5152 I bet you're fun at parties. Joking. I get it. I like to take a more optimistic look at it. We've only just begun. Instant access to information will have a profound effect on our evolution and understanding. I, for one, am pretty happy with what's capable with our current "understanding" of quantum physics. Whatever analogies we needed to get a super computer in our pockets that's letting me talk to you from a mountain top in the desert, half way around the world, is OK by me. It's fascinating we can even ponder it, let alone build kilometers long, underground colliders to find them.

  • @darkphantom_01

    @darkphantom_01

    7 ай бұрын

    Give to poors instead

  • @johnrendle1303
    @johnrendle1303 Жыл бұрын

    This must be one of the most beautifully presented episodes in an almost poetic series. Incredibly produced and written with superb delivery. Wow!

  • @robertgoss4842
    @robertgoss48429 ай бұрын

    I'm just a bohunk from south Georgia, USA, but I must say that this video is the finest presentation of some very complex ideas that I have seen. Superbly written, expertly presented. This is some very tough stuff, but I relished every frame.

  • @LisaPalumbo-sq5qc
    @LisaPalumbo-sq5qc4 ай бұрын

    "A photon is a quantized version of light." Thank you so much for this one line. This whole series is just absolutely exquisite, and this is exactly the description of a photon that I needed. Thank you to every single person involved in making this wonderful series.

  • @natjonestower3035
    @natjonestower3035 Жыл бұрын

    This is one of the most digestible bits of physics i've ever seen. Well done.

  • @Anon-xd3cf

    @Anon-xd3cf

    Жыл бұрын

    Digestible? It's full of inaccuracies and falsehoods. It's based on out of date information and lacks understanding of human history while claiming to understand the complexities of the universe. It's well produced and easy on the ears... But it's mostly nonsense.

  • @Warpded
    @Warpded Жыл бұрын

    I watch a lot of videos about these concepts through a plethora of channels, but your work here captivates me by far the most and it's not even close. I love to discuss these ideas with my friends and family. The complexity tends to ruin discussion because it can all be nigh impossible to visualize these concepts. Your analogies clear up the confusion. I thank you for that. Wonderful video, wonderful channel. Keep up the good work, please.

  • @thomasmartin7524

    @thomasmartin7524

    9 ай бұрын

    @@simonebest6013no. this is not helpfull.

  • @DL-iq5zo
    @DL-iq5zo7 ай бұрын

    Have watched this numerous times and enjoyed it every single time 🙂

  • @joer.6458
    @joer.6458 Жыл бұрын

    For the (idea of) electrons agreeing to swap the photon, over the vastness of space-time, they had to know it would get there (the photon would cooperate and so would everything else [including the stuff we're still not certain of]).

  • @melissachristensen614
    @melissachristensen614 Жыл бұрын

    I’ve been studying light and gravity for a while, and this is the most complete and succinct explanation of its mysteries I’ve come across

  • @heracles5766

    @heracles5766

    Жыл бұрын

    You need to study The Electric Universe by the Thunderbolts project . This rubbish is the very definition of Psuedo science. Something , a proton , can not be both a particle and a wave , nor can you manipulate a construct or perdibation , bending of spacetime . Modern theoretical physics is a non science , it is a religion .

  • @timwalsh6283

    @timwalsh6283

    Жыл бұрын

    Maybe you could help. I don't understand. How are we measuring this in years? What is a year?

  • @heracles5766

    @heracles5766

    Жыл бұрын

    @Tim Walsh we measure galactic scaled distance in light years , which represents the distance light in a vacuum travels in one year , which is roughly 58000000000000 miles . We do this mainly because Einstein wrongly assumed light travels, and it travels at a constant speed, therefore making it , not the aether the constant frame for reference in the universe . As most PHD level theoretical physicists know , Einstein was wrong about light and relativity.

  • @timwalsh6283

    @timwalsh6283

    Жыл бұрын

    @@heracles5766 so what is a year?

  • @heracles5766

    @heracles5766

    Жыл бұрын

    @Tim Walsh A year represents the amount of time it takes for the stars to make a complete turn over our heads and return to the exact same place in the sky to an observer , approx 365 1/4 Earth days .

  • @828Brian
    @828Brian Жыл бұрын

    This channel and your History of the Earth are putting out some of the best content on KZread! I'm always blown away by your releases! Thank you for sharing your work and I'm looking forward to the next video!

  • @stefanieberg1569

    @stefanieberg1569

    Жыл бұрын

    Watch History Time and Voices of the Past… it’s his brother and him… just as great!

  • @Vanguardw
    @Vanguardw Жыл бұрын

    Honestly, best documentary series on the universe I've ever seen. I absolutely love these channels. You should make some pins for merch

  • @wearemany73
    @wearemany736 ай бұрын

    This is how I view “time” and a photon’s journey is instantaneous 😊 The Surf Shake ad slipped into the narration like a buttered ferret, bravo 👏

  • @Michikatsu_tsugikuni28
    @Michikatsu_tsugikuni28 Жыл бұрын

    I absolutely loved the photon journey to the telescope analogy. Just represents the quality of these documentaries. Can’t believe it’s actually free

  • @ryanhampson673
    @ryanhampson673 Жыл бұрын

    I remember when I was younger I had an epiphany. Time stops at the speed of light. A photon travels at the speed of light. So to a photon it never really exists or it in its own eyes is eternal. The moment of a photons emission up to its absorption, to a photon this happens faster than instantly, no time has passed for it. To a 14 year old it blew my mind, and still does today at 43.

  • @josephhall5681

    @josephhall5681

    Жыл бұрын

    lol making up things doesnt make you sound cool bud.

  • @phunkyjunkee

    @phunkyjunkee

    Жыл бұрын

    @@josephhall5681 he’s not.

  • @BB-pb3hv

    @BB-pb3hv

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@josephhall5681 of course your name is Joseph

  • @coreyc47

    @coreyc47

    Жыл бұрын

    Yes! This is already known!

  • @halsmith7642

    @halsmith7642

    Жыл бұрын

    Probably not related but when I was 6 years old 60 years old I remember asking my 1st grade teacher a question about magnetism. The question; "is the earth magnetic because of all the magnets on the earth in the material have poles or does the earth cause the poles in the material?" She said I don't know and said she would look into it. A few days latter I asked "so what did you find out?" and she just said that doesn't have anything to do do with magnetism". I have remembered this and after hearing about Feynman wanting to travel to Tuva, thought how it would have been great to learn more from someone like him when I was younger.

  • @nikhilashri6615
    @nikhilashri6615 Жыл бұрын

    When will this channel get the support it deserves! Soooo underrated and genuinely brought back my passion for STEM. Genuinely.

  • @roysam-sin5389
    @roysam-sin53896 ай бұрын

    That was a real rollercoaster ride. Photon is a wave, no its a particle, no its a wave acting like a particle. Its neither but both! Yes but its quantum entanglement. I’m beginning to understand, i think. This is science education at its finest. Bravo 👏

  • @yohannesgaim6459
    @yohannesgaim6459 Жыл бұрын

    I'm an accountant by trade, yet I could swim in cosmic and subatomic knowledge thanks to this program's way friendly presentation. As always it was immersing and impressive. I cant wait to watch the next episode!

  • @soosik9494
    @soosik9494 Жыл бұрын

    I always wait for the new video. When it finally arrives, I sit comfortably, grab a cup of tea, turn off the lights, and simply enjoy the journey through space and time.

  • @davidczajkowski5956
    @davidczajkowski59569 ай бұрын

    These are hands down the most educational, well put together, and enjoyable to listen to physics/astronomy videos on KZread. Please keep producing content!!! You are raising the intelligence of every person that finds this channel!!

  • @tjmachaka9023
    @tjmachaka9023 Жыл бұрын

    I am no scientist or physicist, but i follow science, and this documentary is definitely one of the I have EVER come across.

  • @Masoch1st

    @Masoch1st

    11 ай бұрын

    It's definitely one of the documentaries, ever

  • @DeftPol
    @DeftPol Жыл бұрын

    Beautiful episode. Love how you and your writers manage to make science so poetic

  • @JHaven-lg7lj

    @JHaven-lg7lj

    Жыл бұрын

    Perfect description, poetic

  • @stevebrindle1724
    @stevebrindle1724 Жыл бұрын

    I love it when the great Paul Dirac gets a mention, voted by a poll of scientists to be the second-greatest UK physicist ever behind only Isaac Newton. He should be as well-known a name with the public as Einstien! His biography "The strangest man" is a fantastic read that I would recommend to one and all!

  • @ngonzalesiii

    @ngonzalesiii

    9 ай бұрын

    Dirac is one of the most brilliant people ever. My favorite scientist. He never gets enough credit. I wish I could have known him personally. Yeah.

  • @stevebrindle1724

    @stevebrindle1724

    9 ай бұрын

    @@ngonzalesiii Sometimes I imagine who I would choose from History to attend a dinner party with, Dirac is always on my list although I believe he was very pedantic, but so am I, so no problem, if I had to choose 3 others they would be Karl Marx, Richard Feynman, and Aldous Huxley. Who would you choose?

  • @kliersheed
    @kliersheed Жыл бұрын

    i cant for fucks sake get myself to like studying anymore. im so fed up with everything (every single cell inside me hates it while i do it, sadly i have to). but i stumbled about this channel while grinding POE (a game) and watched it on second screen while killing things. i just happened to stop every now and then, intrigued by the video. at some point i was auto-pilot inside the game and full-brain into the video. 1. its just nice to listen to (good voice, nice pacing, nice music) 2. its super well structured. starts small, gets the whole picture, has a nice finish. i hate history but it gets inbetted into everything so nicely i dont even mind. 3. its full of knowledge. many channels always go abit over the top with speculations are just wana bait you with extrapolated ideas etc. but this channel seems really educational and tries to stay with the facts. i love that. 4. IMO people should be forced to watch this. scrap any physics class in school and show children this instead. its beautiful, attantion grabbing in a good way, educational, perfected and thought through. not like some semi-improvised, hectic, overly specific, chaotic lesson in school from a teacher who hates his life and thinks everyone is stupid anyway. (surely, some exceptions excluded)

  • @tlahe2
    @tlahe29 ай бұрын

    Good job explaining a complex subject so that it's more comprehensible. Thank you.

  • @TimTeatro
    @TimTeatro Жыл бұрын

    Stunningly beautiful. I'm a physicist, and many of the visuals in this video are very close to what I see when I close my eyes and think about these things. It's cool to see in on a screen, because my mind has to generate it from the math.

  • @andyfox6023
    @andyfox6023 Жыл бұрын

    You hold a vast and so well researched wealth of knowledge. Your videos are marvelously narrated and make the education that you provide incredibly interesting, holding the listener's attention to the last word! Thankyou very much for all of your hard research and for sharing it freely with everyone!

  • @mack8488
    @mack8488 Жыл бұрын

    Your clear precise relaxed and understandable way of narration ,and no excessive music, make these videoos a great joy to watch!! Thank you.😊

  • @pecfree
    @pecfree8 ай бұрын

    I love this chanbel, its contents and the narrator is great too! Amazing science in a tangible way.

  • @TheScienceOfAdventure
    @TheScienceOfAdventure Жыл бұрын

    This is the most amazingly approachable and well written channel on KZread. Thank you for making my days complete with your kickass work. I watch/listen to your videos a ton and it makes me wish I had taken physics courses when I was young. Epic work sir!

  • @karnovalex
    @karnovalex Жыл бұрын

    Literally the best documentary format ever❤ “Handshake” of electrons is completely mind blowing 🤯🤯

  • @burieddreamer
    @burieddreamer4 ай бұрын

    I thought you were going to show 3d-waves of photons or something. Most of that has already been explained by King Crocoduck and a few documentaries by Jim Al-Khalili. But it's a nice video. Clear and concise.

  • @KipIngram
    @KipIngram Жыл бұрын

    17:00 - Whoa there. When he first set out to study electromagnetic fields moving through the vacuum of space, he *did not know* that light was an electromagnetic field. He realized this when he calculated the speed of his EM waves and lo and behold the already known speed of light fell out of the arithmetic. This was a huge shock to him, and I can only *imagine* the utter joy he must have felt at the discovery. What a moment that must have been for him!

  • @peaceandloveusa6656
    @peaceandloveusa6656 Жыл бұрын

    This is the most well laid out explanation of our understanding of light throughout time I have ever witnessed. Even at about an hour run time, I was thoroughly intrigued and entertained the whole time. Very well done.

  • @kounkieinc3714
    @kounkieinc371411 ай бұрын

    this video has helped me greatly at filling in the gaps in my mental map of physics. Although it has brought on more questions than answers but that is typical in phyics. Truly reawakend my passion and interest for phycics.

  • @geoffreyM2TW
    @geoffreyM2TW Жыл бұрын

    So well put together and so beautifully narrated.

  • @thomass.586
    @thomass.586 Жыл бұрын

    This documentary is amazingly well done - the content, the visuals but to me even more so the beautiful comprehensible narration. It is the first time that I feel I got a little grasp on quantum mechanics and effects. This is on par with expensive BBC productions, thank you for putting high quality content like this on KZread for free.

  • @DW-ng9ke
    @DW-ng9ke Жыл бұрын

    I’m always happy to see that this channel has delivered another video. Thank you for your hard work. They are always masterpieces and although I haven’t seen this yet I’m sure I won’t be disappointed.

  • @BunkyFitches

    @BunkyFitches

    Жыл бұрын

    2 out of 2 D.W.'s agree!

  • @gary8022
    @gary80227 ай бұрын

    Absolutely mind blowing conclusions which puts our perceived reality in question. My mind is racing and am hungry for answers. Great great video - I hope this inspires a new Newton to take us on the next step of our journey to understanding our impossible existence.

  • @danielgogeleien2771
    @danielgogeleien2771 Жыл бұрын

    I love the way the sponsor was presented in this video. Usually I skip the sponsor part, but here I listened, fascinated and smiling 🙂

  • @andrewreeve5537
    @andrewreeve5537 Жыл бұрын

    Brilliant documentary on the toughest of subjects. Probably the best I have ever seen cover such a range in one hour, information, illustration and commentary first class. Thank you. PS. One tiny comment: at 51:13 think you should stop left clock to show time difference and not let it catch up with right, which has already stopped.

  • @chrzan9608
    @chrzan9608 Жыл бұрын

    Wow, this was incredible! The story-telling mixed with a documentary is the ultimate combination. The production value on this is something else. Well done!!!

  • @Ethosan
    @Ethosan9 ай бұрын

    Amazing grafics, poetic telling and research! Masterpiece of a video!!

  • @Bunker278
    @Bunker2785 ай бұрын

    I remember there was a point in my childhood where I wondered "What if there's only one photon?" That thought still pops up occasionally over 30 years later.

  • @jakobfredriksson2272
    @jakobfredriksson2272 Жыл бұрын

    The quality of the content on/of (I'm struggling with English prepositions sometimes) this channel is out of this world.

  • @kadourimdou43

    @kadourimdou43

    Жыл бұрын

    Correct on the first one. _On_

  • @redridingcape

    @redridingcape

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@kadourimdou43 The quality of content on this channel. The quality of content of this channel. The first does sound better, but I'm 80% sure both are correct.

  • @kadourimdou43

    @kadourimdou43

    Жыл бұрын

    @@redridingcape 🤷‍♂️ Maybe. Just thought _on_ sounded less clunky.

  • @redridingcape

    @redridingcape

    Жыл бұрын

    @@kadourimdou43 I agree, just didn't want OP to think wither was grammatically incorrect.

  • @agnosticmuslim6341

    @agnosticmuslim6341

    Жыл бұрын

    Well since you are open to learn, the sentence in the brackets should have been - "I sometimes struggle with English prepositions" or " I struggle with English prepositions sometimes" or maybe remove the sometimes from your sentence if you want to use the word "I'm struggling" but it wouldn't capture the whole picture that you are trying to tell. English is my second language too so if anybody finds this wrong, kindly correct me.

  • @ruththinkingoutside.707
    @ruththinkingoutside.707 Жыл бұрын

    You guys are a gift.. I’m so so glad to have had you to watch or listen to for years now.. you’re amazing.. better than tv could hope to be.. and the effort is seen & appreciated..thank you, for these 2 channels and the History ones..I watch and rewatch again.. Absolutely one of the best anywhere.. 🥰

  • @jacquelinerafferty6071
    @jacquelinerafferty6071 Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much. An extraordinary tour de force. It should be compulsory for all students of physics even at secondary school. I am a fan of Richard Feyman but have some doubts regarding his mathematics regarding the problem of escaping infinities. I think we are only at the threshold of understanding the universe and doubt as finite bei gs we will ever really understand. One thing that I find fascinating is that creation has created a being that looks back at itself. Jacqueline Rafferty

  • @ericericson9282
    @ericericson9282 Жыл бұрын

    Thank you! I am glad to see you avoided getting hung up on the double slit experiment - which I love, but glad you made the assumption that viewers have seen those videos already. Also, great intro to Feynman diagrams.

  • @hypermobilesinger
    @hypermobilesinger Жыл бұрын

    these videos have been so good for my understanding. It’s really difficult to look at something like physics and approach it, with all its broad complexity, when you don’t have a background already. It’s so useful to be able to see the history of the debates and the evolution of the theories, it feels like these ideas are really clicking now.

  • @Rafaga777
    @Rafaga777 Жыл бұрын

    This is, together with History of the Earth the best KZread has to offer. Every single episode is a masterclass of writing and narration. And every episode is a joy to watch. Thanks a lot and please keep on the good work.

  • @kevinsayes
    @kevinsayes7 ай бұрын

    16:57 The song makes everything epic. I want someone to describe anything I did over that song: “he pondered: should or he shouldn’t he have the second piece of cheesecake, and what would that mean?”

  • @mariovillarreal8647
    @mariovillarreal8647 Жыл бұрын

    This video reminds me of "Journey to the Sea" or "The Little Train that Could". "Eternally Youthful". From the light's point of view. Excellent, Professional pod cast/documentary. Thanks, Mario Villarreal.

  • @GM-cf6jv
    @GM-cf6jv Жыл бұрын

    I keep watching this over and over again trying to make sense of what is said. I can’t! I will keep watching it because its so much fun to think about and yet painful to come to any conclusion. To all the great minds that have worked and continue to work on this, I salute you for sharing with this lay person.

  • @ezekielnow425

    @ezekielnow425

    Жыл бұрын

    Satan is the author of confusion.

  • @j.edmondson4927

    @j.edmondson4927

    Ай бұрын

    @@ezekielnow425LOL. This guy 👆👆👆

  • @Chicagoexpat2004
    @Chicagoexpat2004 Жыл бұрын

    This has been the best explanation of this complex subject that I’ve seen so far. Wonderful…… even though I will have to watch it a few times over !!

  • @greenelk
    @greenelk Жыл бұрын

    This is a beautiful exposition of the subject, guiding you gently through to a mind-blowing culmination

  • @seanuk7757
    @seanuk7757 Жыл бұрын

    One of the best vids I've seen on YT. I have one pedantic point though, a planet's orbit is not classed as an oscillation. An oscilation means to swing like a pendulum, it is also a vibration. Light doesn't oscillate or vibrate, but it can oscillate between a particle and a wave.

  • @crayons9120
    @crayons9120 Жыл бұрын

    I love your content. Like a black hole devouring its stellar neighbours, I’ve devoured your content. It’s well researched, well told, well animated, and well spoken. I’m not gonna lie I have fell asleep a few times late at night watching these mind bending, but relaxing videos. I always go back and watch anything I miss. Thank you so much for doing this.

  • @charlievalentine4123

    @charlievalentine4123

    Жыл бұрын

    Io0 no ng

  • @johnpurdy6284
    @johnpurdy6284 Жыл бұрын

    From a channel that consistently produces brilliant content, this video stands out. Telling the story of mankind's understanding of the nature of light, paired with the story of a photon from the early days of the universe, this is one of the very best science documentaries I have ever seen. Entertaining, informative, and authoritative. Bravo.

  • @gannetsquadron
    @gannetsquadron8 ай бұрын

    One of the best explanations I have seen.

  • @dungareekogi2442
    @dungareekogi2442 Жыл бұрын

    I've discovered that the soothing sound of your voice, turned down low enough to just gently caress my eardrums, cures my insomnia. I listen to this every night before bed.

  • @papaspice1248
    @papaspice1248 Жыл бұрын

    I've watched this episode 3 times now and each viewing increases my understanding. I have a maths/physics degree from King's College, London but that was way back in 1973. I subscribe to a lot of similar sites but I've found this series to top the lot. The commentary is excellent as is the content.........and this episode was the best so far, IMHO. Kudos to you all.

  • @3dgar7eandro
    @3dgar7eandro Жыл бұрын

    This channel should be illegal... I'm literally 🙊 speechless... What a remarkable way of depicting the path of a single tinny "Photon" whit such an elegance and simplicity, while casually but rigorously narrating how the brightest minds on our short human history have come to acknowledge what actually 'Light' is, and what are the principales that ultimately make it work that way. I just wanted to thank you for making this topic so accesible and interesting for all KZread viewers out there. Please keep improving, and making us wonder. This channel, Veritasium, and Kurtzsgesat are definitely among my all time favorites 😁👌

  • @prototropo

    @prototropo

    Жыл бұрын

    You sound like my kind of science lover! Have you seen "Cool Worlds?" The Columbia University astrophysics star--David Kipping--is astoundingly charismatic and blistering smart.

  • @3dgar7eandro

    @3dgar7eandro

    10 ай бұрын

    ​@@prototropoyes indeed I have, and yes it is also a wonderful channel 😁👌

  • @davidrichard2761
    @davidrichard2761 Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for that, I’m no scientist and no mathematician but I find this lecture fascinating. Thanks.

  • @Mikehawk-fr8pk
    @Mikehawk-fr8pk7 ай бұрын

    These videos are absolutely wonderful. Thank you

  • @Joeyplanets
    @Joeyplanets Жыл бұрын

    This is such an inspiring video, HOTU. My dream is to become a science teacher and my goal would be to make my students feel the same way your videos make me feel. Awe, intrigue, and overall captivating in the face of the massive cosmos that is our existence.

  • @MayaWu44

    @MayaWu44

    Жыл бұрын

    I feel exactly as you feel, trying to look deeper into reality. If it means something;)

  • @joesands8860

    @joesands8860

    Жыл бұрын

    Joey, I commend you for wanting to teach young people about science, but have you seen kids in schools these days? There is no such thing as respecting elders (teachers) anymore and with cellphones that every kid has, they are paying no attention to anyone but the latest stupid little dances.

  • @MayaWu44

    @MayaWu44

    Жыл бұрын

    @@joesands8860 I shall say, it's because Elders try so hard to be that way. Do not expect respect when you give none, do not except understanding when you do not say how nor why, do not expect thinking, if you instead teaching them only how to remember. Working in school do not make you a teacher. Throw away your old books, take this phone you hate to your hand. Show them, how to use it proficiently, show them how fun it can be to use phone to do curious things. That's the way you should teach. If you walk into class and require respect 'on credit' than kids already know you are a fool and will give you none. Kids are smart, remember that.

  • @einfisch3891

    @einfisch3891

    Жыл бұрын

    I wish you the best of luck on your journey. A single, passionate and knowledgeable teacher can really change someone's whole life.

  • @einfisch3891

    @einfisch3891

    Жыл бұрын

    @@user-jo1gy3kx3j you are a robot but you don't know, cut off your own fingers to verify. It's ok, they aren't real.

  • @sherifitzgerald6886
    @sherifitzgerald6886 Жыл бұрын

    Great narration & beautifully rendered graphics makes this channel one of the best for scientific breakdown of processes. The BIG questions are asked and answered. I love it. Thank you for all you do to help us understand this strange universe we live in. ✌🌎💖

  • @araceliav8818
    @araceliav88183 ай бұрын

    I have watched the series in several occasions and every time I find them more and more fascinating. Thank you for creating such wonderful way of learning

  • @mikeegan
    @mikeegan Жыл бұрын

    Thank you for excellent easy to understand physics. just 3 thoughts on this presentation. 1. As it is through Special Relativity (which does not address gravity) you explain why a photon does not experience time, how does General Relativity which includes gravity play out in a photon’s instantaneous life? 2. How does an exchange take place when a photon is absorbed or trapped by a black hole? 3. Similar to point 1, as a photon 'travels' a to b if it is affected by gravity, as in gravitational lensing, surely this changes it's time experience?

  • @jay252589
    @jay252589 Жыл бұрын

    Yay, another video to watch 10 times over, I love watching them.

  • @saltydodger9597
    @saltydodger9597 Жыл бұрын

    Such a wonderful combination of narrative quality, wonder, and scientific rigour. Unparalleled content, thanks.

  • @tasmedic
    @tasmedic5 ай бұрын

    This is a lovely presentation but there is one matter I must take issue with. The Crookes Radiometer has nothing to do with light "pushing". If a good enough vacuum is drawn inside the device, it stops working. It's rotation appears to be caused by differential heating of the small amount of residual gas present in the device, occurring at the edges of the vanes. This has been considered the best explanation of it's operation for a very long time. Also, if a spinning radiometer is moved into a cold environment, it starts spinning in the opposite direction, probably due to black body radiation of the darker sides of the vanes surpassing the edge effect in heating the gas. There's no better way of showing that it's activity has nothing at all to do with light "pushing" the vanes around, but instead is dependent on the presence of a small amount of gas in the tube, which is differentially heated by the edges of the vanes where the black sides are close to the silver or white sides. Counter-intuitively, light has momentum but no mass. Such contradictions are, alas, common in quantum mechanics.

  • @BrandonFifer
    @BrandonFifer11 ай бұрын

    this is some absolutely GOAT youtube science content, thank you for your efforts. I am excited to watch the rest of your work.

  • @Pfhorrest
    @Pfhorrest Жыл бұрын

    Given that from the photon's frame of reference there is no time or distance separating its emission from its absorption, the notion of the emitting and absorbing electrons needing to agree across time to exchange the photon becomes superfluous. The photon *just is* the event of those two electrons interacting at the same place and time, effectively touching each other for an instant. And since fundamentally all particles are lightlike to begin with, massless and moving at c, only slowing down and acquiring mass in the process of interacting with each other, it is that perspective of all time and distance being zero that is most fundamental and true, and the apparent separation of different things across vast reaches of space and time being emergent from the structure of the pattern of interaction between the various fields, which interactions just are the particles of the universe. (Because even zero-extension objects can still have an order between them, so there's still a sequence where first these fields interacted this way, then those fields interacted that way, etc, in order, even if each interaction and so the sum of all the interactions adds up to zero time elapsed).

  • @robertpotvin8872

    @robertpotvin8872

    Жыл бұрын

    I WENT OUSTSIDE AND SHOOTED MY LASER AT MY NEIBOURGS WINDOWS ,NOTHING HAPENNED BECAUSE LUCKYLI NO ELECTRONS IN IS HOUSE AGGRED ,OTHERWISE HE WOULD HAVE CALLED THE POLICE LOL, 😂👽

  • @arsenusthearsenalswagus4200
    @arsenusthearsenalswagus4200 Жыл бұрын

    Professor Geraint F. Lewis' writing is just brilliant.

  • @smoorej
    @smoorej4 ай бұрын

    Thanks! Best science channel on KZread or any other platform.

  • @JimGroser
    @JimGroser10 ай бұрын

    This Documentary should be standard penson in all schools on the world. Amazing. Brilliant.

  • @kawsaralam2411
    @kawsaralam2411 Жыл бұрын

    An absolute masterpiece, I always thought the universe and its inner workings are mostly per-determined but the extent that star's electron handshake with a human's eyes electron and then the photon emitted adjusted its direction and started its journey of thousands of light-years to say the least is exceptionally special and humbling thought. I wonder the reasoning for the mechanism of the universe to treat humans with such dignity.

  • @teddp
    @teddp Жыл бұрын

    To say that this video's notions, concepts and theories are just mind-boggling would be the understatement of the millenia!

  • @antiphlex
    @antiphlex Жыл бұрын

    This documentary was beautiful. Thank you for making it.

  • @catmorganabq
    @catmorganabq7 ай бұрын

    Wow! I didn't even fall asleep to this (seriously!), it was so informative and amusing and entertaining--just, wow! loved it!