What Is (Almost) Everything Made Of?

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Written by Colin Stuart
Check out his fantastic astronomy newsletter here: colinstuart.substack.com
Edited and Animated by the legend Manuel Rubio - @ArtandContext
Narrated by David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: ettore.mazz...
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
Further Art by Joseph Ioseliani
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv
and Rami Dahouk (Using Manim - MITLicense, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC)
Huge thanks to Prof. Derek Leinweber for his visualisations at www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/th...
Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESA and ESO.
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist, Silver Maple And Yehezkel Raz.
Stock footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock.
Further Image Sources:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ha...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.researchgate.net/profile/...
www.nobelprize.org/prizes/phy...
www.nobelprize.org/prizes/phy...
polarjournal.ch/en/2022/06/30...
00:00 Introduction
04:31 Rise Of The Field
16:28 The Quantum Atom
30:35 Quantum Electrodynamics
45:21 Quantum Flavordynamics
57:46 Quantum Chromodynamics
1:11:37 Quantum Gravity

Пікірлер: 1 600

  • @HistoryoftheUniverse
    @HistoryoftheUniverse4 ай бұрын

    If you’re struggling, consider therapy with our sponsor BetterHelp. Click betterhelp.com/HOTU for a 10% discount on your first month of therapy with a licensed professional specific to your needs.

  • @p5rsona

    @p5rsona

    4 ай бұрын

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  • @guncolony

    @guncolony

    4 ай бұрын

    the fact that betterhelp is sponsoring this video almost feels like a meme.

  • @babybear0067

    @babybear0067

    4 ай бұрын

    DO NOT USE BETTER HELP THEY CANNOT KEEP DATA SAFE!!!!! I am disappointed. Please refrain from having them as a sponsor in the future.

  • @Benson_aka_devils_advocate_88

    @Benson_aka_devils_advocate_88

    4 ай бұрын

    These videos are like therapy, so relaxing. My mind always starts to wonder which brings me to my question. The two slit experiment, does the change in results (the change in pattern) happen the moment the detector is used? We are always told the outcome is different the moment the rules are changed. But does it happen the moment you start observing, or only after the experiment is restarted? I've never heard anyone go into that level of detail. It is always just that the pattern is different once you begin observing the photons. I'm curious if the change in the results has ever been observed in real time. Hope someone can answer this!!

  • @nulcet

    @nulcet

    4 ай бұрын

    better help is not a good company and its very disappointing they are sponsoring this

  • @timothyodonnell8591
    @timothyodonnell85914 ай бұрын

    I watch a ton of science videos. This is, by far (it's not even close), the best video I have ever seen that explains the standard model as a whole. I am a 100% layman when it comes to science, yet the video explained concepts in understandable ways that, until now, have frustratingly escaped me. Further, as a history nerd, I loved how it traces the evolution of the theories that formed the foundations and progression of the standard model. Even with a length of nearly an hour and a half, I'm sure the editor had to make hard choices. Yet it strikes the proper balance where there is nothing unnecessary, but leaves no holes. That is a sure sign of superior writing and editing. I can't imagine how long it took to create the script and the effort it took to write it. I'm grateful that the editor took the risk of leaving it as one video rather than chopping it up. I will be re-watching this video over again (probably many times) to solidify my understanding of the standard model. This is truly a masterful video! Bravo!

  • @jovetj

    @jovetj

    4 ай бұрын

    Well stated! This video should be able to explain QM to a goldfish!!

  • @rojanthomasjoseph9479

    @rojanthomasjoseph9479

    4 ай бұрын

    Totally 100 percent agree with this comment. This guy deserves an Oscar for these kind of videos that explain science to the rest of humanity. We need that desperately as a species and as humans.

  • @MarinCipollina

    @MarinCipollina

    4 ай бұрын

    Yes, well.. I tried keeping up as best I could, however I don't entirely get all of this. Fundamental conceptualization of this model in its entirety remains somewhat elusive for me.

  • @skullpoker69

    @skullpoker69

    4 ай бұрын

    If you don't want to have to watch it many times, co sidereal that everything in matter is fields, and that classical matter does not effect quantum fields. The average energy density of our galaxy, and universe, is expressed to us as matter has no bearing on the quantum, or energy fields. Gravity is the discrepancy between classical and quantum. It effects us, but we do not effect it. It's lost in translation, so we can only experience a small portion of electromagnetic interaction. Likewise, moving closer to C will slow down the interaction of matter. If matter moves at C, it must disintegrate.

  • @torgenxblazterzoid

    @torgenxblazterzoid

    4 ай бұрын

    ​@@MarinCipollinaKeep watching it, again and again. Take your time, you'll get there ♥️

  • @jasonyee6533
    @jasonyee65334 ай бұрын

    This channel is a gift to humanity. The ability to explain the complexity of the Standard Model without overwhelming the audience (at least me) is truly something special. I thought the pinnacle was achieved with the 2.5 hour episode...but you guys keeping producing masterpiece after masterpiece. BRAVO!

  • @Splitkix

    @Splitkix

    4 ай бұрын

    What’s crazy is I will watch in depth videos about a single aspect of the crazy world of proven physics and then rewatch these and realize that every single minute is true things that are literally mind blowing! Back to back to back lol

  • @pauly362

    @pauly362

    4 ай бұрын

    Debatable

  • @bertdemeulemeester

    @bertdemeulemeester

    4 ай бұрын

    It's definitely still far above the head of many many people

  • @talananiyiyaya8912

    @talananiyiyaya8912

    4 ай бұрын

    You don't understand anything about it though. I hope you realize that.

  • @jasonyee6533

    @jasonyee6533

    4 ай бұрын

    @@talananiyiyaya8912 Absolutely. It’s a humbling thought that we may never fully understand it.

  • @weshoward1984
    @weshoward19844 ай бұрын

    This channel is so refreshing especially among the AI generated cosmology redundancies on KZread... I ordered from the website shop and will continue to support this channel! Keep up the excellent work!

  • @TheKingWhoWins

    @TheKingWhoWins

    4 ай бұрын

    I've seen a lot of the Science/Philosophy/Religion AI videos lately. They are flooding the algorithm with their awful videos.

  • @dagitab6867

    @dagitab6867

    4 ай бұрын

    Ever since getting interested in physics and universe vids in this platform, those horrible AI videos started flooding my feed as well. I try my best not to click them but sometimes I do by mistake. As expected, their content is pure rubbish and you will really get the sense of someone just rambling on and on with no actual perspective nor anything new to add. I want to report them but they seem to multiply so fast. Thus it is a treat to see channels like this one. Great production value with actual perspective. Keep it up!

  • @benahaus

    @benahaus

    4 ай бұрын

    How do you know the videos were AI generated?

  • @bigboicreme

    @bigboicreme

    4 ай бұрын

    Thx

  • @erinmac4750

    @erinmac4750

    4 ай бұрын

    ​@@benahaus Some of them use clickbaity titles, or put pictures of famous physicists in the thumbnails for vids that person wouldn't be doing. Also, they use the artificial voices. I hate that people are doing this because anyone legit just starting out is going to get swallowed up in the garbage. These days, I just basically watch the creators I'm subscribed to, or who are mentioned by them. 🍀

  • @jack.d7873
    @jack.d78734 ай бұрын

    Inital comment of a recent subscriber knowing this channel is of many creators; You people are truly gifted. The visuals, the audio, the script, the content. Another absolutely phenomenal masterpiece of scientific communication for the average person. A God-like presentation.

  • @zeroonetime

    @zeroonetime

    4 ай бұрын

    COLLECTIVELY, HUMANS ARE THE NUTTTS AN BOLTTTS, SPEARHEADING THE CREATION PROCESS...

  • @allessaPacilio

    @allessaPacilio

    2 ай бұрын

    Peccato sia accessibile solo a chi conosce la lingua inglese

  • @clovislyme6195
    @clovislyme61954 ай бұрын

    The style is not identical (of course it should not be - times and the medium change), but these videos remind me (old as I am) of the glory days of the BBC's "Horizon" before it degenerated into CGI fuelled baby food. Brilliant and thank you.

  • @Condorman1
    @Condorman14 ай бұрын

    This video was amazing. I'm an armchair physicist who failed calculus but I am fascinated with the quantum world and you have filled in so many blanks for me Thank you very much. I have already bookmarked it so I can watch it again.

  • @BDB78

    @BDB78

    4 ай бұрын

    Check out his other videos. They’re all absolutely incredible!

  • @Condorman1

    @Condorman1

    4 ай бұрын

    @@RockBrentwood You're a funny guy but I am not sure what you mean that I succeeded to succeed.

  • @kevinsayes

    @kevinsayes

    4 ай бұрын

    @@Condorman1I think he was being encouraging and meant just because you “failed” a course based on a number score, you can still learn the topic the with resources we have for free now. A number saying you failed is just a number, if in the end you learn the subject, who cares what that number said; it’s still success.

  • @Condorman1

    @Condorman1

    4 ай бұрын

    @@kevinsayes I wasn't offended. I was joking. I may try to learn calculus again but after working for 40 years in high tech my brain is tired and I just want to be retired. lol

  • @zeroonetime

    @zeroonetime

    4 ай бұрын

    COLLECTIVELY, HUMANS ARE THE NUTTTS AN BOLTTTS, SPEARHEADING THE CREATION PROCESS...

  • @tylerhagaman1890
    @tylerhagaman18904 ай бұрын

    Phenomenal video as always left a comment on one of your videos @HistoryoftheUniverse a year ago saying how these videos helped me get through the death of my mom and then best friend shortly after life is tough but a year later I’m still here I’m almost a year sober and following my passions like physics and astronomy I have a career now a wonderful girlfriend and dog and we all watch these videos now… it’s the little things like these videos, and this channel…times change life has ups and downs if your struggling right now just know things will get better, there’s always more to enjoy in life…like videos on this channel 😊

  • @erinmac4750

    @erinmac4750

    4 ай бұрын

    This channel and his others have brought me through some tough times, too. I'm especially glad to hear about your sobriety, and it sounds like you have a good relationship/support in your renewed life. As someone who's dealt with family members challenges, I know how important that is. Hope you're enjoying the holidays and have an awesome New Year! ✌️😎🍀

  • @sebgillen6256

    @sebgillen6256

    3 ай бұрын

    this is fucking awesome, thanks for sharing :D

  • @Krishna0660

    @Krishna0660

    3 ай бұрын

    @@erinmac4750 This channel is really awesome. I always loved science and astrophysics, as and 18 year old Indian student who is very curious about the universe this channel is a blessing I always sit with a pen and paper to absorb most out of the videos... But seeing people relating these scientific videos to their personal lives and how it affects or helps them makes me really happy... Wishing you all a happy, meaningful and peaceful life ahead😊

  • @drunemeton

    @drunemeton

    2 ай бұрын

    Glad you made it through that, and sober? Monumental fam! ❤

  • @noyfb4769

    @noyfb4769

    9 күн бұрын

    Very coherent presentation, but the plot's still way over my head. Maybe your dog could break it down for me . . .

  • @BDB78
    @BDB784 ай бұрын

    Usually videos like these help me drift off to sleep. With yours, no matter how drowsy I am, I fight sleep in order to watch more. You have a true gift. Thank you for sharing it with all of us.

  • @chriscurry2496
    @chriscurry24964 ай бұрын

    “We are trying to prove ourselves wrong as quickly as possible, because only then do we make progress” - Richard Feynman What a simple yet wonderful quote that represents how science, unlike beliefs or dogmas, improves our knowledge and capabilities regarding the universe.

  • @AnnonymousPrime-ks4uf

    @AnnonymousPrime-ks4uf

    4 ай бұрын

    Look up Copenhagen interpretation and I'm sure that you won't be able to say the same thing afterwards.

  • @mcury85

    @mcury85

    4 ай бұрын

    Hope they did that with vaccines..

  • @bluupadoop

    @bluupadoop

    4 ай бұрын

    Hmmm, saying that science isn't a belief or dogma is a bit questionable, given our current cultural climate. I've seen plenty of evidence that science is misused in much the same way that religion was in days past. Although I'm in no way religious, I would say that one should not discount belief; as it's a fundamental part of being human

  • @chriscurry2496

    @chriscurry2496

    4 ай бұрын

    Sorry, but culture and religion are irrelevant to science. Suggesting that science is being “misused” is not a problem with science, imo. But I would prefer you give some direct indications of what you mean on this point. And in my personal opinion, beliefs are not only not important, but in many cases they are harmful. One should try not to hold beliefs. To suggest that beliefs are fundamental to being human is like suggesting that one shouldn’t wash their hands because dirtiness is fundamentally human.

  • @chriscurry2496

    @chriscurry2496

    4 ай бұрын

    @@AnnonymousPrime-ks4uf I’m quite familiar with QM interpretations. I’m not sure what your point is here. Science is science, regardless of how people interpret it, whether rightly or wrongly.

  • @jeffreymartin8448
    @jeffreymartin84484 ай бұрын

    One of the better episodes lately IMO. Simply superb. Love this channel.

  • @BDB78
    @BDB784 ай бұрын

    I wish there was a dvd collection of your videos with a giant book available. I would shell out the money for something like that. Your stuff is phenomenal!

  • @kevinsayes

    @kevinsayes

    4 ай бұрын

    You can stream the channel playlist on any smart tv. Just a suggestion, not being rude or argumentative. This channel is fantastic right?

  • @Mcbuzzerr

    @Mcbuzzerr

    4 ай бұрын

    You could also make the DVD collection yourself, it's not like we lost the ability to burn data to DVDs

  • @martinrutley-wk5ds

    @martinrutley-wk5ds

    4 ай бұрын

    Dvds are a thing in 2023?

  • @AB-jk8ny

    @AB-jk8ny

    4 ай бұрын

    TMI​@@kevinsayesYour first sentence was all you needed

  • @ericjones927

    @ericjones927

    Ай бұрын

    @@AB-jk8nyyou spend a lot of time on Reddit, huh?

  • @raveon4669
    @raveon46694 ай бұрын

    History of the universe series is so amazing! From the music, voice, cadence, topics, flow, everything. I always look forward to these and the production team does a great job!

  • @idontknowwhattonamemyself.4031
    @idontknowwhattonamemyself.40314 ай бұрын

    I may not understand or retain any of this information, but watching your videos somehow expand my knowledge even without me not knowing. In a way, your videos are refreshing to me. They make me feel so small in the universe and makes me realize how much I don’t know, but in a way, It just makes me want to learn more.

  • @martinrutley-wk5ds

    @martinrutley-wk5ds

    4 ай бұрын

    Sir, allow me to assure you, you have absolutely zero comprehension of just how little you do know.

  • @idontknowwhattonamemyself.4031

    @idontknowwhattonamemyself.4031

    4 ай бұрын

    @@martinrutley-wk5ds exactly.

  • @GIGADEV690

    @GIGADEV690

    3 ай бұрын

    It doesn't make me feel small lol quite the opposite.

  • @daisygrgr7332
    @daisygrgr73324 ай бұрын

    i love this channel, i have watched every single video multiple times, and it is such a treat whenever there is a new one - like christmas morning lol This series is amazing and the content is unmatched - one of if not the best on this topic...truly thank you !

  • @zeroonetime

    @zeroonetime

    4 ай бұрын

    COLLECTIVELY, HUMANS ARE THE NUTTTS AN BOLTTTS, SPEARHEADING THE CREATION PROCESS...

  • @BORAT_211

    @BORAT_211

    4 ай бұрын

    🥸🥸🥸

  • @ElectronFieldPulse

    @ElectronFieldPulse

    4 ай бұрын

    There are errors in his videos.... Virtual particles are not what he says they are.

  • @novembernight5344

    @novembernight5344

    2 ай бұрын

    @@ElectronFieldPulseWhat are they then?

  • @mcsammyboy3719
    @mcsammyboy37194 ай бұрын

    Absolutely perfect, I honestly can't find the words to express the absolute joy and wonder that I get from all of your videos! This one in particular is one of my favorites, I usually learn at least 1 thing from each episode, but this one has cleared up an overall misunderstanding I had regarding the weak force and Higgs field. Thank you and I can't wait for the next one!

  • @StingrayOfficial
    @StingrayOfficial4 ай бұрын

    This has been my favorite production of yours so far. I absolutely LOVED learning about physicists/scientists I've never heard of. And as others have said, your field(s) explanation will help a ton of people learn about it as it's a very abstract concept.

  • @orbis17
    @orbis174 ай бұрын

    Absolutely fantastic content as always, guys. Please keep it up ❤‍🔥

  • @erhorvik1

    @erhorvik1

    4 ай бұрын

    Is this legit?

  • @IIVYE

    @IIVYE

    4 ай бұрын

    @@erhorvik1not sure what you mean but yes this is how donation comments look

  • @erhorvik1

    @erhorvik1

    4 ай бұрын

    @@IIVYE so I'm donating to you and not the channel/creator themselves?

  • @erhorvik1

    @erhorvik1

    4 ай бұрын

    Seems like a scam. I'd donate, but not to you or orb😉

  • @orbis17

    @orbis17

    4 ай бұрын

    @@erhorvik1 if you want to donate to the channel (this one not mine), use the thanks button under the video :)

  • @Lowenaaa
    @Lowenaaa4 ай бұрын

    This is so well done. Probably one of my favorite video of this whole year.

  • @Chessdegens
    @Chessdegens4 ай бұрын

    Hats off to you good sir, one of the most amazing videos ive seen, the intro was phenomenal. Outstanding narration, editing and story telling, all while teaching us something. Your videos go beyond youtube, they are pure quality and will be around for a long time. The way you can inspire curiousity is amazing and Im stoked to get to witness this beauty.

  • @deepdrag8131
    @deepdrag81314 ай бұрын

    You can’t go wrong when you start a physics vid with Dr. Feynman.

  • @manuagrawal7468
    @manuagrawal74684 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much for making this. I was really looking forward to field theory coming from you :)

  • @bluupadoop
    @bluupadoop4 ай бұрын

    Wow, this is a treat, I was already celebrating today, but now I feel like the universe is celebrating along with me. Looking forward to consuming this treat 👍

  • @TheMasonX23
    @TheMasonX234 ай бұрын

    I was wondering how you regularly made such great long form science content, then I saw you had folks like Paul M. Sutter on your team and it all clicked. Keep up the great work, looking forward to the next one as always!

  • @liamhithersay3120
    @liamhithersay31204 ай бұрын

    So interesting and in depth. Love the understanding it shares. So well done.

  • @SpotterVideo
    @SpotterVideo4 ай бұрын

    Conservation of Spatial Curvature: Both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature. (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. An artificial Christmas tree can hold the ornaments in place, but it is not a real tree. String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What did some of the old clockmakers use to store the energy to power the clock? Was it a string or was it a spring? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with some aspects of the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”, and the work of Dr. Lisa Randall on the possibility of one extra spatial dimension? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if Quark/Gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks where the tubes are entangled? (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Gluons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. ===================== Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length ) The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge. Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles. ----------------------

  • @SUDmotion

    @SUDmotion

    4 ай бұрын

    Why in the universe did I read all of this? and also did someone just post a part of his PhD based on Dirac theory here? anyway was a fun read.

  • @ConsecDesign

    @ConsecDesign

    4 ай бұрын

    Lol no dude

  • @davids9027
    @davids90274 ай бұрын

    Your analogies help clarify difficult to understand concepts. Thank you for producing a well made video.

  • @bretrachelcooper5632
    @bretrachelcooper56322 ай бұрын

    All your videos are fantastic, each better than the previous. But this one may be your magnum opus. The runtime is daunting, but I was blown away with it's deepness and flow, the storytelling and connection to the brilliant minds making the discoveries. Its captivating and I felt myself yearning to go back and finish the video. There is a certain beauty in learning how the real world works, how things actually behave, the complexity and simplicity. This video (and channel for that matter) captures that joy of learning and discovery and brings it to a level that untrained people can understand. A true gem. Its so good i see myself watchig it multiple times and hopefully I'll retain a bit more.

  • @AK-vx4dy
    @AK-vx4dy4 ай бұрын

    Clearly one of the best videos on this topic ! saw many videos about this topic but still i discovered here new things and connections. Great work !! At first seemd to me i know many of this but few things struck me. I hear about doublets but i don't know about connection to spin and it role in whole history.

  • @franktothemax
    @franktothemax4 ай бұрын

    This was so incredibly well thought-out and put together. From a visual standpoint, as well as from an audio perspective. I hope the creators of this badass educational feat know that they have helped countless others understand very complex matters that eluded them until they sat down and finally saw this. So many concepts I previously failed to truly understand-that I wanted to understand, but the visual/educational/conceptual framework just wasn’t there for me to grasp it. Thank you, whoever you all are, for being such incredible educators.

  • @ai_is_a_great_place
    @ai_is_a_great_place4 ай бұрын

    I feel so bad - I have no idea the complexity that goes into these videos; I just use them to fall asleep

  • @ashtray0belief
    @ashtray0belief2 ай бұрын

    I'm literally the 'It's beautiful, I've lookied at this for 5 hours now' meme with this video. Can't stop rewatching it.

  • @danielsigursson6215
    @danielsigursson62154 ай бұрын

    The framing and context given to each and every theory explained is so good that even I feel like I understand what is going on. Excellent work!

  • @j.campbell4497
    @j.campbell44974 ай бұрын

    Thank you for another outstanding video. You consistently outshine programs that employ a dozen or more "science communicators" After watching this I feel like I have a better grasp of the standard model and most definitely a better understanding of the conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics. Your hard work is much appreciated and it always brightens my day whenever I see that you have released a new video. Thank you!

  • @seanspartan2023
    @seanspartan20234 ай бұрын

    Thank you for explaining g-factor and how it relates to magnetic dipole moment and the existence of virtual particles. Thanks to you, I finally understand why the new measurements of the Muon moment were such big news in physics a few years back!

  • @GiveMeMyLunchMoney
    @GiveMeMyLunchMoneyКүн бұрын

    I love how simple analogies are used to in these videos. They start out as just that, an analogy, but they keep being repeated and made more profound and meaningful. Better writing than i have seen on other channels, even high production value channels such as MelodySheep, which if you haven't seen, i recommend you watch because it has the best animation on KZread and also has very beautiful music.

  • @markstahl5272
    @markstahl52724 ай бұрын

    There is an error @ 32:31 where 2P energy level is depicted lower than 2S. The 2P is higher energy than 2S and the atomic energy levels shoul be reversed in the diagram.

  • @Pope_Protein

    @Pope_Protein

    4 ай бұрын

    There's no implication of the orbitals being higher energy because they're on top

  • @markstahl5272

    @markstahl5272

    2 ай бұрын

    Its standard to depict higher energy orbitals above lower energy ones in such diagrams especially when the principal quantum value (2) is the same for both orbitals..@@Pope_Protein

  • @CitizenSn1pz
    @CitizenSn1pz4 ай бұрын

    This channel is so good, I’m really lucky I found it and I’m grateful to the creators for taking the time and making the effort to create this quality of content. You are masters at what you do 🙇‍♂️

  • @callumbaker6830
    @callumbaker68304 ай бұрын

    "I'll only watch one" 6 hours later here I am. Cheers for the content, lad. Appreciate it.

  • @lthammox
    @lthammox14 күн бұрын

    Blown away by the explanitory value of this programme. Best explanation of the standard model I’ve ever seen. BRAVO!

  • @user-hr3ix4di3q
    @user-hr3ix4di3q4 ай бұрын

    41:31 I’m just floored. I stopped the video to post my first ever yt comment to express how good this is. I have watched countless yt vids on QM but the level of detail coupled with just visually stunning graphics that helps visualize the quantum world in a way I’ve never seen before

  • @garyeast7259
    @garyeast72594 ай бұрын

    You and your channel are among a small handful of people that can teach me complex things that stick. That's up there with the greatest of gifts in my opinion, and i suspect its why your channel is one of the fastest growing on youtube. Thankyou

  • @hoardroarklaughed
    @hoardroarklaughed4 ай бұрын

    This is one of the most astonishingly well made things I’ve ever had the pleasure of watching. Thank you

  • @zeroonetime

    @zeroonetime

    4 ай бұрын

    COLLECTIVELY, HUMANS ARE THE NUTTTS AN BOLTTTS, SPEARHEADING THE CREATION PROCESS...

  • @RachelsSweetie
    @RachelsSweetie4 ай бұрын

    This brought so much together for me that I didn't know much of except the name, in an easy to follow sequence. Well done.

  • @dennisnicholson952
    @dennisnicholson9524 ай бұрын

    I truly enjoy watching these presentations and I can understand some of what is said. Unfortunately, my memory isn't the best and I'll have to watch it a few more times to get as much as I can.

  • @Biketographer
    @Biketographer3 ай бұрын

    I look forward to every single video on this channel. I must have watched all the videos a dozen times before. By far the best channel on the subject matter. Wish you get a billion subscribers, you're doing humanity a service. I would be really interested in a behind the scenes video to understand what goes into creation of such detailed and beautiful content!

  • @ExplicitPublishing
    @ExplicitPublishing4 ай бұрын

    Who you calling a quantum field?!

  • @m.streicher8286
    @m.streicher82864 ай бұрын

    (paraphrasing) 51:52 "there are more half lives in a second, then there have been seconds in the universe" These channel often trys to make unimaginable things easier to grasp, but this might be the best example.

  • @tiberiusgracchus4222
    @tiberiusgracchus42224 ай бұрын

    Just amazing. One of my favorites yet. A+ A+ A+

  • @Rooln1
    @Rooln14 ай бұрын

    This video is unbelievably good, and it’s by far my favorite video ever on KZread. I just watched it the first time and can’t wait to watch it again and again. I’ve seen almost every PBS space time, fermi lab, etc. they’re all amazing too, but this took all of the pieces of information I knew about QM and put it all together so that I understand it like I never quite could before.

  • @Keithlfpieterse
    @Keithlfpieterse4 ай бұрын

    "The world is strange..." YES INDEED! Thanks for sharing your work. Greatly appreciated and know that I have been following "History of the Universe" for more years than one. Hahaha!. Keep well!

  • @zeroonetime

    @zeroonetime

    4 ай бұрын

    COLLECTIVELY, HUMANS ARE THE NUTTTS AN BOLTTTS, SPEARHEADING THE CREATION PROCESS... FROM 0 WE COME TO 0 WE GO. HAVE FUN.

  • @Cuyut982
    @Cuyut9824 ай бұрын

    There are some truly novel explanations and visualizations for the most cutting edge physics, bravo. This channel is just different.

  • @captainzappbrannagan
    @captainzappbrannagan4 ай бұрын

    Another amazing video. Love the history and emphasis on the amazing discoveries there have been.

  • @artdonovandesign
    @artdonovandesign4 ай бұрын

    Thank you HoTU! The new episode just made my weekend! And Mr. Kelly's iconic narration is a treasure. I can't help but wonder how many viewers were inspired to delve into physics and astronomy because of the script and his narration.

  • @Boneless_Chuck

    @Boneless_Chuck

    4 ай бұрын

    His voice seems to either inspire or lull to sleep, depending on who you are.

  • @PrometheusZandski

    @PrometheusZandski

    4 ай бұрын

    @@Boneless_Chuck I think it's both. To dream, to sleep, to be.

  • @artdonovandesign

    @artdonovandesign

    4 ай бұрын

    ​@@Boneless_Chuck: As for myself, obsessively inspired! I just wish I discovered physics and astronomy in school in the 60's instead of playing in a damn rock and roll band for the next 30 years. Oh, well.... It _was_ fun and there's still lots of time to learn and to know

  • @grindingice
    @grindingice4 ай бұрын

    Ahhh, no better way to start the holidays than a new HOTU video...thanks guys, love your work

  • @Debbie-henri
    @Debbie-henri4 күн бұрын

    Very enjoyable. I won't pretend I understood everything, just a few percent at best (I often have to stop and ponder for a bit), but that part about the tile on the spring setting off a wave opened my eyes completely. No doubt I will have to rewatch this dozens of times before I understand a good deal more of it, but at last I can see how some of this relates to the formation of the Universe from the time of the Big Bang, the initial rapid rate of its expansion then, and why the slower rate expansion of the Universe is said to be speeding up again now. It makes more sense now.

  • @lesking6541
    @lesking65414 ай бұрын

    I've watched a lot of similar videos, usually giving up before the end. This is by far the best I have come across. Well done and thank you to everyone involved in the production of it.

  • @painmt651
    @painmt6513 ай бұрын

    Funny how one dose of certain mushrooms makes most people realize that everything is vibrations pretty quickly.

  • @wafflesthearttoad6916

    @wafflesthearttoad6916

    58 минут бұрын

    You can get similar effects cheaper with enough sleep deprivation, how do you think they made discoveries back then? 😂

  • @rpmexre1003
    @rpmexre10034 ай бұрын

    Thank you for everything you and your team have done on all of your channels. This one is my favourite but all of your work is fantastic. And i’m really thankful you’re providing the chance for people to watch content of this level for free on youtube. Keep up the awesome work and i hope you’re taking enough time for your health as well.

  • @zeroonetime

    @zeroonetime

    4 ай бұрын

    COLLECTIVELY, HUMANS ARE THE NUTTTS AN BOLTTTS, SPEARHEADING THE CREATION PROCESS... FROM 0 WE COME TO 0 WE GO. HAVE FUN.

  • @Circuit7Active
    @Circuit7Active4 ай бұрын

    This is without a doubt, the best video/lecture on particle physics I have ever seen, and I have seen quite a few.

  • @imaginaryphi1618
    @imaginaryphi16184 ай бұрын

    As a being captured by the game of chess I loved how you build upon Feynman his analogy. Cheerio. Beside the form, you managed to bring a cross information in an insightful manner. Not sure if you mentioned Feynman diagrams. Which were to me still a bit complex to comprehend. Whilst watching the part on quarks, somewhere at the point where colours were added to the equation, all of the sudden I experienced such a moment of revelation where one suddenly sees, sees within one's understanding. A bit of an Eureka moment, less embarrassing. though. Kindly thank you!

  • @MrEagle8697
    @MrEagle86973 ай бұрын

    Honestly, I cannot finish this episode. I've tried at least 10 times. Fall asleep within 10 minutes every time. So fascinating and so peace inducing.

  • @sorchaazuragaming4765

    @sorchaazuragaming4765

    3 ай бұрын

    I have to listen while actively doing chores. If I’m sitting down, it’s nappy time 😂

  • @SumeriyaYaxlaka

    @SumeriyaYaxlaka

    3 ай бұрын

    That's a strange compliment😅

  • @k.manjericao1583

    @k.manjericao1583

    3 ай бұрын

    I have insomnia, I'll try this. Thanks

  • @_ee75

    @_ee75

    Ай бұрын

    ​@@k.manjericao1583 You should try some PBS space time episodes, I used them for sleeping for years lol

  • @Freelancer.Warzone
    @Freelancer.Warzone4 ай бұрын

    I'm just about to begin another 30 hour weekend in the restaurant kitchen, I can't wait for prep time when I can listen to this beautifully made video in its entirety, thank you HotU, we love every single person that works on this!

  • @markedis5902
    @markedis59024 ай бұрын

    Beautifully done. Your documentaries are as good or better than any on mainstream TV.

  • @shanefoster2132
    @shanefoster21324 ай бұрын

    This is the first time I've been told (that i can recall) about the higgs field and electroweak field symetry combination. It makes so much more sense now as before i never understood how higgs helped with symmetry.

  • @sepiar7682
    @sepiar76824 ай бұрын

    That was an amazing video, I find it so cool that in the time since I started watching these videos until now I've learned so much in school and from other videos that I can understand them so much better!

  • @25myma
    @25myma4 ай бұрын

    As always, yours are the most digestable, comprehensive explanations in the universe, thank you!

  • @jurekm.5858
    @jurekm.58584 ай бұрын

    As always the video was amazing, slow paced and perfectly understable for complete begginners. Thanks!

  • @nancyhope2205
    @nancyhope22054 ай бұрын

    This very cool for me because you are filling in gaps from time to time which is very thrilling. It is like finding that special jigsaw piece you needed. I am having my own physics and cosmology season at the moment .I must thank you very much for your very useful video.

  • @timothyodonnell8591

    @timothyodonnell8591

    4 ай бұрын

    Same.

  • @ScottLovenberg
    @ScottLovenberg4 ай бұрын

    I don't know how to quantify my gratitude for this, dare I say, work of art, but to say, "thank you", because it's "so, so good". This is an understatement.

  • @HuxleyCrimson

    @HuxleyCrimson

    4 ай бұрын

    Quantify it in packets

  • @ScottLovenberg

    @ScottLovenberg

    4 ай бұрын

    @@HuxleyCrimson I did. TCP/IP packets which were acknowledged upon receipt.

  • @ernieblue5307
    @ernieblue53073 ай бұрын

    I had and will have this fascinating video virtually on loop, hoping that eventually I will absorb many of the higher principals and theories through inculcation and osmosis.

  • @spencerholmes7602
    @spencerholmes76024 ай бұрын

    A thoroughly enjoyable, information packed meditation on the complexity of reality. Loved it.

  • @Frecsmou
    @Frecsmou4 ай бұрын

    Thanks you made my weekend! ❤

  • @zeroonetime

    @zeroonetime

    4 ай бұрын

    COLLECTIVELY, HUMANS ARE THE NUTTTS AN BOLTTTS, SPEARHEADING THE CREATION PROCESS... FROM 0 WE COME TO 0 WE GO. HAVE FUN.

  • @KimmiM14x
    @KimmiM14x4 ай бұрын

    Yay, another video! 😁

  • @johnsmolley1941
    @johnsmolley19412 ай бұрын

    This fills an important niche. Like lots of armchair astrophysicists, I watch Brian Greene et al, and am familiar with the current failures in modern physics along with the various approaches and opinions to improve things. Yet I have never taken a course in particle physics, so having a greater appreciation for the barriers and work-arounds that has been so successful in getting us to the Standard Model. So Bravo--I think I'll need to watch it a second time to make sure I got the gist of it, and will look at your other episodes.

  • @Dyna-Mic-Duo
    @Dyna-Mic-Duo3 ай бұрын

    Absolutely perfect. Thank you so much for this gift. I've read numerous other comments and they all express how I felt so it is already written.

  • @user-vn4zo6rc1x
    @user-vn4zo6rc1x4 ай бұрын

    We are all so far removed from reality

  • @FigmentHF
    @FigmentHF21 күн бұрын

    When Feynman said reality was absurd, and Einstein said non-locality was spooky, they misunderstood the problem. It’s not reality that’s absurd, or spooky, it’s us. It’s our smuggled in intuitions about the nature of reality, that is absurd. Reality appears to be spooky and absurd in comparison to a physical, material, mind independent interpretation of 3D space time. I have infinite respect for both of these brilliant men, but I feel I have stumbled on a profound realisation that simply wasn’t easily available to them due to the nature of human intuition and the narrative nature of our subject understanding of reality. I’m fully open to pushback, here

  • @shivalishankersharma1562
    @shivalishankersharma15624 ай бұрын

    You have no idea how obsessively I wait for your videos. I finish my chores, make myself a special coffee (with higher calories than usual) and watch.

  • @SammiCPC79
    @SammiCPC7928 күн бұрын

    Just want to say thanks for a really well put together video. Absolutely the best condensed explanation of QFT for laymen like me, as well as detailing each and every step along the way that led to it.

  • @DJSolitone
    @DJSolitone4 ай бұрын

    As usual a superb video. Your channel is among the very best scientific ones on KZread as it is consistently precise and well documented. Remarkable work on editing and video illustrations. It is quite amazing to be able to deliver this level of quality time and time again.

  • @jaspertuin2073
    @jaspertuin20734 ай бұрын

    Simply amazing. The graphics used are chosen precisely right. As elusive as Gravity is for the moment, that flowing velvet near the end of the video was simply a delight for the mind while pondering the true workings behind it. I always think it's beautiful how gravity is the cherry on top of the whole system and almost acts as an arrow. Like a grand show on a stage that has to face the crowd for it to have a purpose. Time also has it's own mysteries but for some reason makes more logical sense where gravity *feels* more like something. Good stuff!

  • @ambrosia777
    @ambrosia7774 ай бұрын

    My favourite documentary series on my favourite topic

  • @kevinsayes
    @kevinsayes4 ай бұрын

    A masterclass in science communication. HOTU is better than any award-winning documentary series. I look forward to new videos very much; they genuinely excite me. You guys are the best. Thank you.

  • @Rhiannon_Autumn
    @Rhiannon_Autumn4 ай бұрын

    I've never had fine structure explained so clearly before. Well done HOTU and thank you

  • @obee1kanobee
    @obee1kanobee4 ай бұрын

    Just fantastic, only channel in which I've watched every video, some multiple times, the quality is tremendous and the content is excellent

  • @vicfrank
    @vicfrank4 ай бұрын

    The content of this channel is absolutely wonderful. Thank you for telling it like you tell it.

  • @Ken00001010
    @Ken000010104 ай бұрын

    For physicists, you are modeled by quantum fields. It is their job to construct models that give results that match experimental observation. However, although they can predict what will happen from their models, they can never establish what *is*, because observation is limited by being inside the Universe they are trying to observe.

  • @luttman23
    @luttman234 ай бұрын

    Tis channel is sooo great. Keep doing what you're doing!

  • @Foresight-iy3fo
    @Foresight-iy3fo3 ай бұрын

    This video was amazing.Inital comment of a recent subscriber knowing this channel is of many creators; You people are truly gifted. The visuals, the audio, the script, the content

  • @turtle3341
    @turtle33414 ай бұрын

    54:40 that text transition of "Electroweak field" looks so cool

  • @user-gm5lf7qi4l
    @user-gm5lf7qi4l3 ай бұрын

    This show really ties together all the bits and pieces other videos may show. Best comprehensive video on the subject so far!

  • @NICKtheGreenGREEK
    @NICKtheGreenGREEKАй бұрын

    BEST VIDEO EVER! It should be shown and utilized to teach everyone eventually! With so clear explanations, it's really fun to learn through it.

  • @onbored9627
    @onbored96274 ай бұрын

    I have rewatched this 3 times now. Wow... Thank you for this video! I never understood much about the Higgs, no matter how much I tried to learn about it. This video combines everything I've learned before into one complete package. I have never had a youtube channel I was actually excited to get new videos from. Until now, that is.

  • @Necrozene
    @Necrozene3 ай бұрын

    I cannot get enough of these excellent videos on the way mankind discovers how fundamental reality operates. Brilliant minds working together, do brilliant experiments, and a lot of blackboard work.

  • @ryanbaker7404
    @ryanbaker74044 ай бұрын

    I cannot properly express my excitement for this episode! Thank you so much!

  • @oldmandan3758
    @oldmandan37584 ай бұрын

    41:51 I had learned years ago about the fact there is so much space between electrons and protons that it made sense to me that we should be able to walk through walls and fall through objects, but we don't. Why? This moment in the video fully explains why to me. I get it now! Great video. Well presented.

  • @zeroonetime

    @zeroonetime

    4 ай бұрын

    COLLECTIVELY, HUMANS ARE THE NUTTTS AN BOLTTTS, SPEARHEADING THE CREATION PROCESS... FROM 0 WE COME TO 0 WE GO. HAVE FUN.

  • @julyanjohns1237
    @julyanjohns12374 ай бұрын

    great vid. really well written script. clear, comprehensive, and engaging. chef's kiss!

  • @The_Fat_Turtle
    @The_Fat_Turtle2 ай бұрын

    I failed physics in high school, but I find all of these videos endlessly fascinating. I just wanted you all to know how much I love the work you all do. From the script, the editing, the presentation to the narration, it's perfection.

  • @Li.Siyuan
    @Li.Siyuan4 ай бұрын

    Completely and utterly absorbing - as always and easily my favourite channel on KZread. Any chance of a deeper dive into String/M Theory and QLG, please? Thank you.