There's plenty of Hollywood embellishment in this movie, but John Glenn did specifically ask for Johnson to verify the IBM calculations, but in real life she had a couple days to do the work ahead of time.

@mnomadvfx

5 ай бұрын

Embellishments are just the start of it. They denigrate almost the entire structure of NASA and IBM into abject idiots just to make 3 people look better. If their achievements were worth making a film about then such deceptive and unjust storytelling methods should not be necessary at all. I mean seriously - they literally have the staff that deliver the IBM machines wandering around as if they have never seen the damn things before, just how stupid do they think the audience is that such a business would send people who know nothing about it to a massive potential new customer like NASA?! They only add to this problem of severe suspension of disbelief by making out that there is a book on this exact subject in the local library. It makes it even worse that they threw this completely undue shade at IBM when there was actually a woman called Lois Haibt on the development team that originally invented FORTRAN at IBM in the first place. So the film skips REAL achievement by Lois Haibt in the field of computer science in favor of patting someone on the back simply for reading instructions on how to use it simply because the former is white and the latter is black...... Orbital maneuver mathematics is an achievement. Spacecraft engineer is an achievement. Being a staff supervisor reading an instruction book on the other hand is hardly blowing my eyebrows off compared to the storytelling alternatives they could have taken. They could have just had Lois Haibt come in with the IBM engineers and not acted like they were all flat footed morons so that she could train Octavia Spencer's character rather than taking this horrifically dishonest 'blackwashing' approach.

@cajunsushi

5 ай бұрын

She was the genius among the geniuses.

@calmnrelaxed

4 ай бұрын

Plenty?! Lol

@conniegaylord5206

4 ай бұрын

John Glenn became Ohio's Senator. So proud! Watch the Right Stuff and the Movie by Neil Armstrong. What I am sick of are those who believed we didn't go to the moon. Let me ask you if we didn't do you think the Soviet Union would let that slide? Talk about ignorant people. Also flat earth? But you allow for nuclear energy? Talk about LaLa Land!

@MegaBay101

3 ай бұрын

I don't know about embellishments but they sure left out the lynchings.

Mary, Katherine Johnson was still alive when Hidden Figures was released. She died in 2020.

@transitengineer

5 ай бұрын

Yes, you are correct. Picked-up a copy of her autobiography fresh off the press and, I almost got her to sign my copy (smile...smile).

@Blazingstoke

5 ай бұрын

Died at 101 years old, no less. She was such a badass mathematician that she went out once her age was a prime number

The word "Computer" came from people who worked on or "computed" mathematical calculation's, hence the word Computers.

@transitengineer

5 ай бұрын

Yes, this is true. Today, I normally use the term persons who do computations (smile...smile).

@TimStCroix

5 ай бұрын

And then *ELECTRONIC* computers came and that is what they were called, to distinguish them from human computers. When the machines became common 'electronic' was dropped.

@grichard1585

5 ай бұрын

@@TimStCroix Women were also programmers on the ENIAC...Marlyn Meltzer, Betty Holberton, Kathleen Antonelli, Ruth Teitelbaum, Jean Bartik, and Frances Spence.

Astronaut John Glenn actually DID ask Katharine Johnson to compute his coordinates right before his launch at the end of the movie. That wasn't made up by Hollywood. Astronaut John Glenn (later a U.S. democratic senator from Ohio) was a very progressive figure at that time. :)

I was just wondering today about why so few "Reactors" have done "Hidden Figures"!!! and Here You Are!!! Thank you!

Before the month is over, I'd strongly recommend the classic "To Kill a Mockingbird." It's a very truthful picture of southern life and relationships that was still the case in the early 60s in the south (which included the Virginia location of "Hidden Figures"). Lt Col Johnson's badges indicate that he was Army Artillery. I'm surprised he didn't know that women (including black women) were being used as human computers, because women had been employed for artillery ballistics calculations since WWII. Women were on the ground floor programming the "big iron" mainframe computers. Computer programming was a woman's job until the PC era when someone started telling girls that computers were for boys. I was in elementary school during that period. I had never met a white adult or child, had never been in a movie theater or swimming pool or even a playground with a white child. I was an adult before I was able to watch any of the Disney classics because they were only shown in the white theater. When it was clear the city was going to be force to integrate the community swimming pool, instead of integrating it, they closed it, filled it in, and put a strip mall on it. There were few blacks on television (playing only servants or entertainers, if anything), and no black children in children's television program until I was in high school. But I had it easy. At the same time, black Sunday Schools were being bombed...and you should Google "Freedom Riders" of the same time. Those were astonishingly courageous young black and white men and women.

@mikealvarez2322

4 ай бұрын

Absolutely agree. To Kill a Mockingbird is a classic.

One of the US cable newscasters has a charity that he does with UNICEF where they have desks built and installed in Malawi schools. After several years, they have added scholarships for girls to attend high school, which is not free in the country. Families usually can only afford to pay for the boys to go to high school. They’ve already had some of the earliest recipients go on to college! Support for STEM in school is so important for children of all sorts, but especially girls, imo.

@ammaleslie509

5 ай бұрын

I contribute to that fund every year

31:59 I'm one of the males in your audience. This movie is a treasure. What an excellent history lesson and uplifting message of endurance, determination, and standing up for what is right. I loved this movie. Don't ever be afraid to watch this kind of movie. No matter your audience, these movies are great.

My father turned 70 last month. He didn't attend an integrated school until his senior year of high school. His children (and my cousins) are the first generation to be BORN with the right to vote. So... it wasn't that long ago.

@keptbygrace6221

5 ай бұрын

Similar story. My dad also went to the white high school his senior year. He doesn't attend his reunions though, because of the treatment. All of the of the kids he grew up with have their own reunion, even though they graduated from 3 different schools (scattered due to bussing.)

@blairhaffly1777

5 ай бұрын

Reports of the last living freed American slaves range their deaths from between 1948 up to 1971. My life could well have overlapped with theirs. That is definitely recent history despite efforts to make it ancient history.

@kirkdarling4120

5 ай бұрын

I'm 70. I went to an integrated middle school, but that was the first time I'd ever met a white person, the first time I'd even interacted with white children. Prior to that, I'd never been in the same movie theater with one, or the same swimming pool, or even on the same playground.

@jamedraa8472

5 ай бұрын

@@blairhaffly1777 There are reports of people being held in slavery in the 60'skzread.info/dash/bejne/aIOMxKyBo66oY6w.htmlsi=RX8S_D0FSHBVN1u0

@jamedraa8472

5 ай бұрын

@@keptbygrace6221 Yes. The Black school has a School Reunion every few years. They even have their "Halls of Fame" for their athletes who didn't get the same recognition before the schools were integrated.

Hey Mary, thanks so much for diving into this story and loving it so much. ------- I'm a men and this movie makes me cry. ------- To have to fight with grace at every turn and not lash out. ------- It really takes some intense inner strength. -------- Keep knocking off the movies in your list. I think I put hidden figures on the Patreon request list you requested in 2023. ------- So glad you got the time to check it out.

You keep reacting to films and shows like this, and those that interest you. Don't let anyone otherwise dissuade you. Keep up the wonderful work.

Watch The Help next. Just as eye opening.

Loved this film and your reaction. Hope a lot of people watch it who need to see it. My first year physics professor at UCSD was Sally Ride, a genius physicist who attended Stanford University for all her degrees. She was the first American woman in space, in 1983, 3rd over all, and the youngest person in space at age 32. Among countless innovations and achievements, she developed the robotic arm for the space shuttle, and went on many shuttle missions, spending over 300 hours in space. She was LGBT, and had to marry a male NASA astronaut to be accepted in that world, while at the same time keeping her lesbian relationship hidden. When she left NASA in 1987, she divorced her husband and came out openly with her lesbian partner, who she was with the rest of her life til she died in 2012. NASA wasn’t exactly the most open-minded working environment, even in the 80s and beyond.

@transitengineer

5 ай бұрын

I too love Sally Ride. However, I would prefer to say she was bi-sexual. She is also featured on a US Postage Stamp and many years ago, I picked-up about five (5) sheets of her stamp and smiled every time, I placed one a a letter (smile...smile).

@canutecupid2621

4 ай бұрын

I didn't know that she designed the "Canada Arm".

Wonderful movie, and wonderful reaction, as always! In general, it's such a fascinating history of computer engineering being "women's work" until it started to become profitable and women got pushed out!

John Glenn was the Man.

Mary, thank you so much for putting this one on your poll and for sharing all of your personal stories. There is still so much progress to be made. Watching films like this gives me a little hope that it’s still possible.

@mikealvarez2322

5 ай бұрын

So much progress to be made? Where?

@llorona7847

5 ай бұрын

@@mikealvarez2322 Exactly. The fact you decided to chime in with this dumb question proves my point.

@mikealvarez2322

5 ай бұрын

​@@llorona7847 How old are you? I'm 77. I was in college in the 60s when desegregation was in full swing. I taught social studies in NC and actually got a visit from the KKK for reading from the book In Hooded America about the history of the KKK. Where the hell were you and what have you seen and done to better the human condition. I am proud to say that I now live in a country where there is no job and no place where people of any race can go. If you have to lie to prove a point then you have no point to make. When you distort history to the extent this movie does then you diminish the value of historically accurate movies that really portray how bad things were. MISSISSIPPI BURNING is the best movie that shows how bad things were prior to the 1980s, when America underwent a great transformation.

I looked up black women in science to create a calendar. It was so hard to narrow it down to 12. A few of those scientists were other women in that group of "computers" at NASA. Edit: NOTE: That integrating the bathroom scene didn't happen.

A great movie about a great time in history. NASA was based in the South during segregation. I also cut my teeth with Fortran on a mainframe computer when I was a young "rocket scientist". Even as recently as the 1930s, calculator and computer did refer to a human, usually a woman. Admiral Grace Hopper was a computer pioneer from as far back as the 1940s and invented the other major computer language (for business) called Cobol. More lines of Cobol still exist running corporate programs with 250 billion lines and is still growing... Fortran was for us engineers.

For Perspective, While this was happening Mobutu was overthrowing Congo-Léopoldville and establishing the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which was renamed Zaire in 1971.

John Glenn, the astronaut who we see the most here, was a household name even in the 1970s, when I was a kid. He went on to become a senator from Ohio, and even flew on the space shuttle when he was in his 70s!

Yeah "Get the girl to check the numbers" actually happened. As always I laughed and cried with you, thank you for enabling me to feel :D

Beautiful reaction to this wonderful movie. Those ladies deserved the spotlight and so much more. I adore this movie...especially being a space exploration nerd like yourself.

PS: Ive always enjoyed your personality, but this reaction truly moved me. So go girl and deliver much needed passion and love

Im thrilled you finally got to see this film. When i first saw this i was hooked for every minute and how much those ladies had to overcome just so they can do what they do best. This gem should be viewing in schools.

I don't know why i didnt get a notification for this but i clicked so fast when it came out in my feed

I predict you will love this one Mary!

As I watch this it is Valentine's Day here in the United States. I'm lucky enough to be with the love of my life. That's what I wish for everyone. You know I enjoy watching movies with you so much Mary, that I often forget that we are in different countries and from different generations. Thanks for yet another great reaction.

One thing to remember was that discrimination in America was even more open back then. During world war 2 when German prisoners were sent to the US, they were appalled at the level of discrimination that they saw that African Americans received.

@butkusfan23

5 ай бұрын

“Your government has decided to draft you into service to fight and possibly die for someone else’s problem. However, you’re also not allowed to use the same bathrooms or eat in the same restaurant as everyone else. You can die for your government, but if you want hot food you’ll have to pick it up in the alley behind the restaurant. Thanks for your support!”

@theaikidoka

5 ай бұрын

And given what they were doing to Jews, that says a LOT.

@mnomadvfx

5 ай бұрын

One thing to remember is that NASA was not some random wingnut organisation. The conditions and behaviors depicted in the film around NASA are mostly pure drama piled stories high on Margot Lee Shetterly's original novel that this film is based on, as are a greater fraction of the events depicted to make the 3 protagonists look more favorable - some of which are pure fabrication like the IBM engineers seemingly not having a clue how their own machines work when delivering it to a massive new potential customer like NASA, ye I can really imagine IBM thinking that was a great idea.... 😒 The actual behavior and conditions were more like the cop we see at the start of the film who even gives them a police escort all the way to work - the entire attitude in and around NASA was one of national pride rather than insular prejudices. It's basically dramatic rage bait, which is sad because 2 of the protagonists have real landmark achievements worth talking about, even if the 3rd is basically just a surplus side character by comparison that they had to invent a storyline for to make her look comparable to the audience on screen. Also German prisoners really had little cause to be astonished at mistreatment of one group, or even several within a population given what we know of the Jewish holocaust for starters, and much more besides with the disabled and other vulnerable minority groups within Nazi Germany. If they were astonished at all it would simply be because they had not seen so many black African ethnics in Europe prior to capture and imprisonment.

@mnomadvfx

5 ай бұрын

@@theaikidoka "And given what they were doing to Jews, that says a LOT" The OP's point is bollocks simply because of that fact. The simple reason for astonishment is that black African population in Germany would have been very low and they were unused to their presence.

A beautiful film, we are truly standing on the shoulders of giants. Thank you for the reaction.

I found it interesting that in that time, they didn't have electronic computers smaller than a large room. These ladies did the computing, so, they were called the computers. It took a minute to catch on.

Hey Mary, I'm so glad this story resonated with you. -------- My dad was a black kid in the 50's and was pulled out of school because he was becoming smarter than his parents. ------- Which is still a problem all over the 3rd world.He would continue with self studying even out of school to become a certified welder at a time when he was the only person taking the AWA certification training -------- I know it's not a case of blatant racism but he had to overcome tremendous odds to achieve professional success.

Im happy this is one you chose. Its a great story and a wonderful watch. Having been born in 1963, i have a deep connection to President Kennedy and the space program of that time. These ladies are hero's who absolutely deserve our praises.

"Queen of Katwe" is another good movie for Black History Month that is based on a true story. It stars Lupita Nyong'o.

Yes, someone who computed was called a computer before the name shifted from the operator to the machine, just like in the early days of typing, a typewriter was the person doing it before the became the typists and the machine acquired the name.

@bobogus7559

5 ай бұрын

In a sense, though, the name isn't what shifted for computers - what shifted was the thing performing the calculations. Human computers were both the operator and the machine at once.

@johnnehrich9601

5 ай бұрын

@@bobogus7559 True, but it takes one aback when hearing these older lost-to-time titles.

1 "GLORY" Ft. Denzel Washington, Matthew Broderick. 2. "HARRIOTT" 3. "RED TAILS"

My wife saw this movie without me, thinking I wouldn't like it. The day I watched it on a streaming app, I watched it a second time as soon as it finished the first time. This is one of my go to movies when I feel I need to be reminded how good I do have it, or just when I need a feel good movie. I think it is a great story that needs to be told. It is unfortunate how these, and many other women, were mistreated simply because of their gender and their skin color. It is even more unfortunate that those things still go on today. I too think about the many kids that don't get to show their intelligence because they do not have the opportunities that other, more privileged kids do. As a future educator, I hope I can help young people do just that.

very nice reaction. I watched this movie a bunch of times. the "I work like a dog" speech is soooo powerful.

If it didn't win for black history month, then it could have been watched for international women's day in March. Either way, it was bound to get a reaction within the month.

might be your best reaction yet. Very heartfelt.

In an interview with the real Katherine, she said she didn’t experience much racism at NASA because everyone was so focused on the work. There certainly was discrimination, but this movie plays it up in this particular situation

Great reaction. You’ll want to watch Green Book for black history month as well. Academy Award winner for Best Picture in 2018. Fantastic film.

@theflyingfisherman7829

5 ай бұрын

Yes, and it's just as crowd pleasing as Hidden Figures!

3:04 Did you really Mary? I love that series. I wish you had reacted to it on KZread. I've been trying for so long to find someone who had done a reaction.

I am happy to hear that you watched From the Earth tor the Moon series. It is lots of fun.

Well, now I need to know more about your grandma 😄. She sounds like a great lady!!!

Have you seen "Coneheads" yet? Started out as a Saturday Night Live comedy skit and became a movie. Dan Ackroid, David Spade, and Chris Farley.

While flying a mission for President Nixon, we stayed at the NSA Holiday Inn. Katherine's photo was on the wall.

Mary, love your reviews. I also recommend "Mississippi Burning" for black history month viewing.

@ripley312

5 ай бұрын

Great suggestion! That film is excellent and based on the a true story.

Great reaction! I knew you would love this movie.

“Well behaved women seldom make history” - Laurel Thatcher Ulrich

Mary, you are just delightful. Thanks for your reactions.

What a great reaction. Loved this movie a lot. I'm a big fan of progressive movies.

Oh look, Mother Nature came down from the Apple corporate headquarters to star in a Hollywood movie!

I've loved this movie, I've watched it many times. I wish more reactors would react to this. Great job!!!

This movie goes HAM!!! Love this movie!!

There are 2 other movies you might enjoy as much as this one. The Best of Enemies also starring Taraji P. Henson. And The Green Book starring Mahershala Ali, the love interest from Hidden Figures. I've never gotten emotional just by watching a trailer before. There was so many people talking about the Green Book trailer that I thought the movie was called "The Green Book Trailer"

Awesome reaction of my favorite movie!!!!!!!😊😊😊😊😊😊😊

Yes "Mrs" Mitchell Called her Dorothy throughout the movie but called her "Mrs" Vaughn because she was NOW a supervisor... Honorific? yes... but significant because Mrs Vaughn was always doing supervisor work, but was never credited for it. Mrs Mitchell just recognizing her at last....

Great reaction Mary like always when i saw the poll i voted for this one and hope that it wins, its an magnificent movie, im so happy that this wins the poll and i was certain that you would love it. And its the first reactor that i saw reaction to this movie. Keep up the amazing work.

Astronaut John Glenn refused to go into space unless Katherine Johnson checked all the numbers. Ascent, Trajectory, and re-entry.

There's another wonderful movie about a little girl who does the numbers: GIFTED. Nobody has done a reaction to it, which surprises me, because it's that good. I bought my own copy the moment it was released. Watching it again right now, following your reaction to HIDDEN FIGURES.

I'm terrible at math. Atrocious. But math IS magic. It's a miracle of the UNSEEN. Math is always happening, it's the constant. Words and music and color are numbers emerging into life - the product of the math. It's why they're so important to think about TOGETHER - and why I wish more STEM folks would think of math as the magic that is worked into the things that make life BEAUTIFUL and safe. Math isn't the end game.

Love this movie even as I get mad as to why these important women were hidden. I can't tell you the number of times I watch this movie and tear up all the way through each time. Thanks for your reaction, particularly the long comment section at the end.

@Sandman60077

5 ай бұрын

Maybe you can take some comfort in knowing that the story of these women is hugely over exaggerated, as all movies are.

@johnnehrich9601

5 ай бұрын

@@Sandman60077 I grew up in that era, and even though in the north, it WAS that bad. I heard white people first hand make a lot of similar comments.

@crankfastle8138

5 ай бұрын

​@@johnnehrich9601oh cool, your anecdotal story totally proves this movie wasn't a Hollywood embellishment

@ammaleslie509

5 ай бұрын

​@@crankfastle8138the racism was not an embellishment

For Space Movie/ TV, I highly suggest “The Right Stuff”, “From the earth to the moon”, documentary “When we left earth”

Thank you for a great reaction - I love this movie! And your grandma sounds like an amazing lady 😍🌠

I tear up every time I watch this movie!

I don't recall hearing of this movie. Thanks for sharing Mary.

Absolutely LOVED this movie!!! And the actress that played Mary Jackson is SO fine!!! 😍

@theflyingfisherman7829

5 ай бұрын

She is fine, right? I first saw her in Moonlight and my jaw dropped in the theatre.

Love this movie! Loved your reaction 😊

NASA facilities- restrooms, cafeterias etc.- were all fully integrated at the time- an island of sanity in the South. Many old-time NASA employees were quite upset at this unhistorical depiction.

If you haven't already, check the movie "42". It's the story of Jackie Robinson, the first African-American allowed to play Major League Baseball. Chadwick Boseman (Black Panther), Harrison Ford, and Alan Tudyk.

Also, Katherine Johnson also did the calculations that made GPS possible!

Perfect movie!!!! Shame it took so long for this story to come out!!! Never Knew !!! Wow!!!

I would recommend Glory, but I know you've seen it already. Try these movies... Selma (2014), 12 Years a Slave (2013), 42 (2013), BlacKKKlansman (2018), Judas and the Black Messiah (2021), Loving (2016) Just Mercy (2019), Race (2016), Till (2022), Malcolm X (1992), In The Heat of the Night (1967).

I (a white guy) retired from the Federal government after 30 years of service over a decade ago (showing my age). And one of the people I worked with during that time was a black woman who started with the Federal govetnment as a mathematician in the 1950s, before I was even born. And she continued to work long after I retired. She finally retired a couple years ago after 60 years of service! Hoo wee! (By the way, the Federal Govt didn't have separate bathrooms, even back then.)

You would never be mean! Happy Valentines Day! It is Black History month in America too! 😊

Things were very different in those days. Todays young people wouldn't believe it. To see these ladies achieve big things through perseverance and hard work against a stacked deck is just so inspiring.

This is one of the best movies I have ever watched. Im sure you will love the movie 'Gifted'. I need get on your patreon :)

@theflyingfisherman7829

5 ай бұрын

You should, you're missing out. :D

Don't ever be afraid of showing these inspirational stories, real men love real people no matter who they are

Great reaction Mary. 😊👏👏🥰

I loved this movie so much. Gets me choked up every time.

Great Reaction! Another inspirational movie also based on a true story “Men of Honor”😊

Your reaction was wonderful! Thanks!!

In Canada and America, it was just as bad and worse for the Indigenous Peoples who were forced onto small patches of land called "Indian Reservations" and were kept under constant watch by Government Agents called "Indian Agents" especially when Indigenous peoples wanted to leave the Reserve for hunting. The next worst thing was the Indian Boarding and Residential Schools where thousands of children were tortured, molested, raped, and murdered by the school staff, priests and nuns and most of it was covered up. However, eventually, the truth came to light, but there are still a lot of unsolved murders and missing children connected to those places and most school records were deliberately destroyed while the Vatican refuses to release their copy of records of those former schools to this day.

Great pick, Mary!

It's a federal facility so state law didn't matter. It technically shouldn't have been segregated to begin with.

I really love you perspective on this movie & life.

Another great "Black History Month" movie you should check out (although I hate that term) is 'Glory', starring Mathew Broderick, Denzel Washington and Morgan Freeman.

@ammaleslie509

5 ай бұрын

I was just going to ask if she has seen Glory. A great idea for black history month and her male audience may like it

@theflyingfisherman7829

5 ай бұрын

Mary reacted to "Glory" last Black History Month. It's on the channel, great reaction too.

@theflyingfisherman7829

5 ай бұрын

@@ammaleslie509 Mary reacted to "Glory" last Black History Month. It's on the channel, great reaction too.

One of my favorite films!

Love this movie, it's a great story! Great reaction Mary, thanks!

Please react to The Right Stuff. A film about the Mercury space program that the women were doing their calculations for. Amazing 'historical' film.

For black history month, a couple movies you might enjoy watching are Malcolm X with Denzel Washington and The Tuskegee Airmen with Laurence Fishburne.

From the Earth to the Moon is such a wonderful miniseries!! I learned so much about the Gemini and Apollo programs.

@theflyingfisherman7829

5 ай бұрын

She saw it.

Katherine lived to be 101 and was the only 1 of the 3 to live to see the film🎩

28:46 The HAL computer doesn't make mistakes.

Your personal story reminded me of a story Conan O’Brien told on his podcast. (I may be butchering the details) His mom, who is currently in her 90’s, worked at a law firm after graduating Harvard Law school and the place she worked didn’t allow women in the dining room so she would eat lunch in the hallway at a table by herself. Which just boggles my mind.

You have to give it up to the brilliant actor Kevin Costner and how he played his role in this Film.

Beautiful reaction Mary. If you want to continue celebrating Women's History month (here in the U. S.) I recommend the following Amazing documentaries: Joan Jett: Bad Reputation, Kusama: Infinity, What Happened, Miss Simone? , I am Greta, Margaret Atwood: A Word After a Word After a Word Is Power and The Godmother of Rock & Roll: Sister Rosetta Tharpe. Hope you get to watch these some day and be inspired. 🤘

I met the grad niece of one of the “Hidden Figures”. Until the movie came out, she didn’t know how important her great aunt was. She said she was a very cool great aunt. And unfortunately, here in the rural Southern US, there’s still plenty of racism. Maybe not as open as back then, but it’s still alive and bigoted.

Wow, im sorry you had to experience those things at work. I hope its better now. And yea, this movie is amazingg

Look up "Jim Crow" or "Jim Crow Laws" if you want to know more about how things were back then. All the things that were forbidden and the penalties. From misdemeanor to imprisonment.