Brady's skill as an interviewer always amazes me. He always asks questions that I'd never think of but seem obvious after he asks them.

Prof. Merrifield is one of my absolute favorites. I have said if many times and I will say it again. I honestly believe he could teach these advanced topics, to ANY audience. He is just a natural teacher. I have so much respect for him.

@Jeimon2008

6 жыл бұрын

Agreed

@aetherseraph

5 жыл бұрын

I have been saying Merrifield for president for years...

@WreckedRectum

5 жыл бұрын

If he had been my teacher at high school I would most likely ended up an astronomer or physicist. He makes all these things seem so interesting and for some reason genuinely prods my curiosity to know more about this stuff.

@vikranttyagiRN

5 жыл бұрын

This is so tragic that there aren't many teachers like him. He is just phenomenal.

0:15 "So the pinky stuff is what you see if you had radio-eyes, and the grey stuff is what you see with normal optical-eyes." makes you really want to have radio-eyes.

I'm not smart enough to truly grasp everything in these videos but man do I love it when they pop up on my feed

Not taking physics in high school is one of my deepest regrets. I bought a book on physics at 21 and I've never loved a topic more.

@dobiacco4471

4 жыл бұрын

Not having physics ruined for you in high school is likely why you are able to appreciate the subject as an adult.

@patrickcrabb6212

3 жыл бұрын

Regret? No. No, it can't be. That book not only has more information, but is also a better teacher. Every topic in school can not only be self-taught, but can be of a much higher quality if you do it all yourself. The modern American school is a complete joke. Anyone that praises that system is themselves a joke. This should be an achievement, not something to look back on with any-kind of negative emotion.

@legitbeans9078

20 күн бұрын

Yeah you really should have

Professor Mike Merrifield's beard is a MUST KEEP! Makes him look even more distinguished. Keep growing it man!

@steelwarrior105

6 жыл бұрын

gh hg makes him look gruff and grizzled, we just need to get him a nice long clay pipe and bingo

@blanktester

6 жыл бұрын

It's a good look for him.

@coojsta69

6 жыл бұрын

SteelWarrior115 don't forget the grey jacket with elbow protectors

@patrickwienhoft7987

6 жыл бұрын

I think the new glasses change his appearence more than the beard :D

@rebelrunner561

6 жыл бұрын

I think you should shut up.

Step 1: Start video Step 2: immediately check comments Step 3: restart video

@aknopf8173

5 жыл бұрын

You really are paying attention.

It is 01:20 am and was planning to go to bed. But this is way more important

@wlankabel2986

6 жыл бұрын

It's 1:30 here and my name is Rony... Coincidence?

@DrakkarCalethiel

6 жыл бұрын

Ronnie Attema 2:30 here, should sleep but it's just to​ interesting to not watch.

@anudhirrahduin375

6 жыл бұрын

Ronnie Attema I have to leave for and examination in 15 minutes and should be studying for it but nah this is priority

@thericky863

6 жыл бұрын

Yea I have work in a few, I don't think they'll mind if I'm late this is priority.

@1NSHAME

6 жыл бұрын

4 months later, 1:15am here. Also need to wake up early for a trip. Hehe

Well done guys, your passion for the subject means something.

Fantastic channel (and the others too), thank you so much.

Great to have a new video You have amongst other science channels. to study astronomy. Very thanks for you and every proffesor right there.

it makes my day every time sixty symbols relase a new video!

Just a quick note of thanks for doing these. They're wonderful snippets of science, and perhaps more importantly, scientific thinking.

@YodaWhat

6 жыл бұрын

+Loanword Eggcorn -- Do you know of an Eggcorn Loanword?

Great questions from Brady.

Damn that was a good and interesting video as always, thanks.

Great video, interesting stuff.

awesome stuff. thanks guys.

I think that Brady's questions are getting better year by year!

Burridge was an absolute unit, respect

Thank you for this content! Prof. Merrifield is the best!

@legitbeans9078

20 күн бұрын

Copeland vs Merrifield who will win as most interesting speakers on here 😅

In the video the guy who is asking questions; you are awesome, you asked the same questions that I had!!

neat. that was great. i also liked the super fast patron credits. its like when bart simpsons name was shown in that list of names on the krusty the clown show

Whoever made the thumbnail missed a real opportunity here. If you had moved the background image up a few inches, the jet would have been coming out of his ear instead of his neck! :)

Can you do a video on the theories of how neutrinos change flavor and how they can test for that?

Wait, we didn't confirm how screwed you would be if you were in that galaxy and in the path of that beam.

haha, tight sharpie cap, he had a little hulk moment. Love mike's space videos

When I saw this I couldn't stop thinking about Darker Than Black because of the synchrotron radiation bit.

A video on bosons please or about all the elementary particules please!

@hakongray

6 жыл бұрын

Yes!

@ratatataraxia

6 жыл бұрын

Bastien Lombard there's hundreds of them.

@kapa1611

6 жыл бұрын

i liked this video!

@vladomaimun

6 жыл бұрын

Or QFT!

@frankschneider6156

6 жыл бұрын

+Mark Nicholson Nope, the standard model just knows 6 quarks, 6 leptons their corresponding antimatter partners, the photon, W+, W- and Z-Boson, the Higgs boson and gluons. That's all there is (the hypothetical graviton isn't part of it). All other particles (eg Mesons, Baryons etc) are made up out of these elementary particles. And if we ignore the anti-matter stuff for a moment, and consider that the 2nd and 3rd family of leptons and quarks are just higher-energy incarnations of the corresponding 1st family of quarks/leptons, than we solely end up with the up and down quark, the electron and the electron-neutrino as the fiundamental elementary particles of matter (plus the force-exchange bosons of the 4 forces).

Fascinating!

Wait, you said that the jets are emitting 10^52 J of energy, and it would take the Milky Way 100 million years to emit that much..........but how long does it take the Jet to emit that much energy? I feel like they messed up the units a bit, like the jets at emitting 10^56 J/s of energy, so it would take our galaxy 100 million years to match the output of those jets in 1 second. THAT is a comparison that makes sense, so is that what they meant? They did this again at the end when they said to power that jet the black hole has to eat 100,000 solar masses........but over WHAT time frame? Does it need to eat 100,000 solar masses every second? Every year? Over the entire lifetime of the jet?

@turun_ambartanen

6 жыл бұрын

I have the same question and want to be notified when someone answers.

@David_Last_Name

6 жыл бұрын

+Rob H. "He didn't say the jets are emitting that much energy; he said the jets contain that much energy." HA!! Well I'll be, you're right. This was my mistake, I didn't catch that they where talking about contained energy. That also explains my confusion about the 100,000 solar masses. He meant that is how much total mass energy it would take to create the energy currently stored in those jets. Thanks for clearing that up!

@ghydda

6 жыл бұрын

It would still benefit my curiosity to know at what rate the energy is being produced at. Some energy must dissipate away from this phenomenon, otherwise we wouldn't be able to see it. I gather that equilibrium has not yet occurred, so at what rate is it added and at what rate is some of it lost?

@andrewdillon7837

6 жыл бұрын

a Massive black hole is eating that galaxy,,star after star,,solar sysytem after solar system,,

@shovon9412

5 жыл бұрын

What he meant was that 10^52 j was stored in the jets(just like you can calculate the energy stored in an inductor or a capacitor) and not the rate of energy(like a 500 HP car engine). Now sun will take x years to have its total energy output equal to 10^52J at a rate of doing work(power) of y J/s

Great! Thank you!

Hey I happen on a new video and it's Merrifield too? What a treat

Is it only the electron particle deflection that emits the synchrotron radiation, or is it the magnetic field interaction too, that emits it, so protons would do so too half as much....

10^52 J is the minimum energy. Thermal output for an average star is 10^24 and I can't even wrap my brain around that level of energy. I'd be interested to learn about the galactic monstrosity that produces such a ludicrously large amount of energy.

Galaxys and blackholes! So fascinating objects !!

The fact that blackholes shot out energy is a rather recent discovery (~2015) just worth noting that while the source of the energy on a picture is known - How blackholes shot away energy is still a mystery

I saw in some other videos that latest observations of Saggitarius A* suggest that we may in fact look right down the barrel of Milky Way's jet (which currently is not really active)...so that would in fact be bad news in the long term then?!?

Extra footage from this interview: kzread.info/dash/bejne/l65swdyCmLaXk6w.html Catch more of Mike on Deep Sky Videos: kzread.info

@fahadshafiq7141

6 жыл бұрын

Sixty Symbols Amazing stuff mate.I changed my major to physics partly because of your channel lol. Also; When can we expect something with Prof Ed?

@ozdergekko

6 жыл бұрын

failed Kardashow III civilization? ;-)

@ozdergekko

6 жыл бұрын

"Isaac Arthur" -- tx 4 the tip

@starknifez4846

6 жыл бұрын

Sixty Symbols the energy stored by the mag field won't start from the origin? (Given the Ub=B^2 equation)

@tachyonX370

6 жыл бұрын

Sixty Symbols, kinda off topic, but I have a question. If there are extra dimensions like 5,6,7 and others. According to the fifth dimension there are different multi verses or the other possibilities, so all of these are inside the 6th dimension so, is our universe according to this finite IF THE ABOVE CONDITIONS. ARE TRUE ?

The immense scale of the supermassive black holes keeps surprising me.

SUPERB!

I really am paying attention!

Since we are seeing the emissions of electrons spiralling around magnetic field lines, I would have expected a more organized look to the clouds. The jets almost seem to pile up on themselves at the ends like something is slowing the material-front down, similar to blowing smoke.

@iabervon

6 жыл бұрын

It does look that way, but it's also possible that the jets were a bit less focused initially, and that the particles emitted first were never going as fast as the particles emitted later. And, due to relativity, a certain percentage difference in the energy of a bunch of particles has less of an effect on the distance they travel if they're all going faster than if they're all going slower, so slower-moving early particles would spread out more in the direction of the jet than faster-moving later particles. If hundreds of thousands of solar masses were dumped into a black hole over the period of time when that jet was forming, I'd guess that it would make the black hole even more massive and make it do whatever it's doing more, unlike with a human-scale explosion, which tends to break the system up over the time span where the material is ejected, such that it starts slowing down when stuff comes out.

@meepk633

6 жыл бұрын

The magnetic fields also don't have to be perfect, symmetrical, algebraic curves. Look at the Sun's magnetic field lines.

Mediated to center is the Inertial plane/Counterspace. The Space Universe began when Dielectric energy tunneled from Counterspace and emerged off the Inertial plane. Creating Space and this is when Time began, Inflation. Dielectric energy mutated into Dielectric Voidence Field/Magnetism, The Grand Expand. The rate of creation of Magnetism is light's rate of induction. Both transverse waves are needed for EM waves to travel on.

A "Ridiculously Huge" Amount of Fascinating Coolness, too!

Rugor Nass is probably stoked that he got published.

Could you do a video on the Unruh effect please?

If the radio jets were just jetting to vacuum, I would expect them to expand linearly, but they expand in a sort of mushroom shape. Is that because space has a slight viscosity, and the viscous shearing is causing them to mushroom? Or because the jets started off broad but have narrowed over time? But then I'd expect the concentrated jets to be traveling faster and overtake the initial broad jets, making a more pointed mushroom...

@jamescarruthers1967

3 жыл бұрын

Or is it the magnetic field shape?

@toohdvaetihom7088

Ай бұрын

Space is not a perfect vacuum. There's lots of stuff in space.

@jamescarruthers1967

Ай бұрын

@@toohdvaetihom7088 so there is some viscosity

thank you to

So many questions.

Brady, If youlook at the lobes structure, it seems that the galaxy is coming our way. two tail pipes on a truck :-)

Can you do a video on chandrashekhar limit

Galaxy synchrotron radiation: your next solution if your proposal doesn't get accepted at ESRF.

Insane

maybe aliens are having a party. toot toot

Amazing

I keep noticing how high Mike's Myopia is. His vision without glasses would be very bad hehe. Make him try and identify pictures without them it would be fun to see lolololol

Crazy question. Why do the jets disperse (as they would in water or air) as they would in the vacuum of space. Is the jet interacting with itself to do this? Could you measure the density of the material in the space by measuring the width of the bloom at the end of the jets?

Impressive.

I always have one more question after a video - now it is - what is the actual difference between synchrotron radiation and Hawking radiation or are they the same? I thought that Hawking radiation was the only form of radiation which successfully escaped a black hole's event horizon, but I feel like this synchrotron radiation is a larger-than-quantum radiation which also successfully escapes the event horizon. What gives?

@abigailcooling6604

Жыл бұрын

Synchrotron radiation does not 'escape' the black hole, instead, I think it is produced when the charged particles spiral incredibly fast around the black hole just before falling into it, and is not produced by particles that are inside the black hole. Hawking radiation differs in that it actually crosses the event horizon and escapes the black hole, rather than being produced just outside the event horizon like the synchrotron radiation.

If dropping matter into black holes releases a significant fraction of the energy from the matter in the object, how does this relate to black holes? If a black hole collides with another smaller black hole, is it predicted that it would release more or less energy than a series of collisions with smaller objects with the same sum mass as the black hole? Could these jets be formed as a result of black holes in orbits around the super massive black hole in the center of that galaxy?Perhaps through black hole collisions or perhaps as they orbit their accretion disks interact?

Are the jets spin with the galaxy, or does the galaxy spins on its own and the jets stays the same? Becouse the jets are unusually straight and we do know that galaxies spin.. or are they perpendicular to the galaxy disk maybe, tough it does not look like it?

So Im wondering why there are these irregularities in the distant parts (like the sections that appear more dense with respect to others) of the jet. Are the jets deflected and/ or is the jets production process not steady or are there other reasons why this phenomenon occurs? Would be interesting if there was an answer?

@YodaWhat

6 жыл бұрын

+Hakky -- You have guessed most of it: The jets *are deflected* and/or the jet production process *is unsteady.* Matter can fall into the black hole region from any angle, over a wide range of speeds. Only some small fraction of the possible velocity vectors line up with the black hole spin. Mis-alignments cause the "orbiting" magnetized plasma in the accretion disk to wobble, precess and/or become turbulent, leading some fraction, as it is ejected, to also wobble. And of course, the matter in-fall rate is not constant, causing clumpiness in the jet. Over long periods of time, the spin axis of the black hole may also change gradually, leading to a general drift in the jet direction and the resulting radio lobes. I'm glad they used this quasar as their example, because it looks as though the outermost parts were formed when the jets pointed in a slightly different direction.

Make a link to the image(s) in hd!

it's funny how casually we talk about such enormous monstrosities

"Radio eyes."

The 'jets' arise from a 'blackhole' accretion disc, and they were formerly known as extremely distant "Quasars" before Dr Arp taught better. But since he was an outsider, now the gypsy asstrophysicysts say "oh, we always knew this"

does anyone have a link to that paper? i'd quite like to read it

Wow how many light years is that reaching out to.... kinda makes things feel very small and insignificant doesn’t it .

Questions to anyone: Is is fair to say we are seeing electrons and protons behaving like a gaseous fluid here? _It almost looks like a plasma!_ Finally, is the magnetic field extending out all the way with the particles, or is it more like a short cannon barrel that extends only a short distance from the generating (Black Hole) source? Thanks!

Is that a copy of the Atlas of Creation prominently displayed on his shelf ? Unbelievable.

WhY if it's a magnetar orbiting dangerous close to the super masssive back hole in the galaxies center?

The best part of any Nottingham video is seeing the facial expressions in the thumbnail XD

PLEASE cover how black holes can emit a significant fraction of the mass-energy of whatever it eats. My understanding is that the Hawking radiation accounted for only a small fraction of the total mass-energy of whatever falls in. Is there more to it than that?

@frankschneider6156

6 жыл бұрын

The radiation emitted ist neither Hawking radiation, nor from inside the black hole itself, but from matter located outside of the black hole circulating around at, coming closer and closer. All baryonic matter is not neutral but electrically charged (this only averages out over time), so it is accelerated by the massively, twisted electromagnetic fields generated of the black hole. Charged matter that's accelerated along a non-linear trajectory emits synchroton radiation, that's what you see here as jets.

Doesn’t electricity create magnetic fields? Props for bringing up the genius Burbidge!

So how does this differ from a quasar? I know that we dont actually know whats causing this exactly but it seems to be mostly the same ingredients that cause quasars around Supermassive Blackholes in other galaxies so what makes this different?

@YodaWhat

6 жыл бұрын

TJW595 -- It *IS* a quasar.

Yet another galaxy with no possible life beyond Archaea.

I'm paying attention... :)

@sixtysymbols

6 жыл бұрын

+cssnsm nice one!

@skyepyro7104

6 жыл бұрын

Beat me to it. I'm sad now.

@DavidOfWhitehills

6 жыл бұрын

I fixated on that and missed all the blurb at the end. Which makes me sad because I am a very rich eccentric zillionaire who likes giving enormously on Patreon. So I cheered myself up by giving a like, just like that Black Hole gave itself a like, no big deal.

@misterkefir

6 жыл бұрын

It wasn't THAT hard, to be honest.. :P

@balsoft01

6 жыл бұрын

I'm REALLY paing attention, you know...

That patreon nameslist looked like a sketch from Simpsons..

So on average what percentage of the mass that falls in to the black hole is converted into energy. My guess is most of it and black holes grow mostly by colliding with other black holes.

@kukulroukul4698

2 жыл бұрын

bingo !

The struggle to dislike is real . Nice video btw

Can we use this to build a giant radio transmitter?

4:44 Geoffrey Burbidge has a supermassive neck.

Every time i discover a new Brady channel

at 2:42 are "tangled" magnetic fields topologically constrained so they can't simply untangle themselves ?

@YodaWhat

6 жыл бұрын

Tim Preece -- The magnetic fields are inextricably linked to the charged particles in the plasma jets. Tangled streams of fast-moving particles do not spontaneously untangle.

This guy is getting physically older quickly, but his mind is incredibly sharp, like his brain isn't aging. Crazy.

@Homunculas

6 жыл бұрын

Brian Frichette And, are you travelling at the speed of light?

Out of repect, you could show the patreons slower(and I am not one of them)

5 жыл бұрын

The entire outro felt quite cold to me - which is bad for business. The entire point of making custom endings for each video is to get the audience attached to the people behind and to make more people interested in supporting, even if just by showing their name. That doesn't work when you do like this.

I find many explanations to conversation of energy in lectures or also in this video confusing. Those jets are caused by fast accelerated charges in a magnetic field. So the energy in these jets must clearly come from a kinetic and potential energy of the electrons. Now we say that the energy "source" for the process is some massloss in the process of objects falling into the black hole. How is this energy "transported" to the charges?

@CrossingWolfi

6 жыл бұрын

And besides that, great video! :D

@8948380

6 жыл бұрын

because a moving charge produces a magnetic field

@noahwood2394

6 жыл бұрын

As Dr. Emmett Brown would say "You're not thinking 4th dimensionally". The energy radiates out from the black hole at relativistic speeds it takes time for it to travel along the jets. The energy doesn't just transfer instantaneously from the event horizon to the outer lobes of the jets. That would be instantaneous action at a distance.

@ShinyRayquazza

6 жыл бұрын

I think ultimately what you're asking is how do we go from in-falling matter to relativistic jets - which is a really great question! The process isn't fully understood. It's believed to be some sort of magnetohydrodynamic interaction, but the specifics are the subject of ongoing research. It's actually an incredibly complicated field of study. We know the source of the energy, and we know the final result, but what exactly happens in between? Well, we don't know that... yet.

@noahwood2394

6 жыл бұрын

If it is the process by which black holes transfer their energy to particles that you are interested in I suggest reading up on 'the Penrose process' some understanding of Ergospheres and the Kerr metric are probably useful here I don't presume to know how well versed with Astrophysics you are.

What is diffracting the light? How can we see all those radio waves when the beam isn't pointed towards us? Or is it that the speeding electrons make up the beam, and fire photons every which way?

@tommihommi1

6 жыл бұрын

a52Productions electrons that are travelling along a curve emit radiation tangential to their movement. So if it's a spiral, they emit in a cylindrical pattern

@David_Last_Name

6 жыл бұрын

They fire photons every which way. The jet itself isn't made up of light, it's made up of matter. Charged particles. THOSE are the things that are traveling in a straight line and aren't pointed at us. But as they travel through the magnetic field, they emit photons and those photons can fly off in any direction. It's different from a pulsar, because the jets of a pulsar themselves are made up of photons, not charged particles. So for those you do need to be in the line of fire to see them, that is the difference here. Hope that helped! :)

@a52productions

6 жыл бұрын

Yes, thank you! I was wondering if that was the case.

Just a wild guess at what's causing the magnetic fields - an alien superweapon.

I really am paying attention.

So, is this similar to a Quasar?

5:10 hahaha

There must be some significant jump in the maths/estimation to go from 2 proportionalities to a minimum of their sum.

@8948380

6 жыл бұрын

derivatives of an equation?

are this "clouds" turning with the galaxy? or are the different star constellations coming in the way of this beam ass they rotate around the center of the galaxy?

If only Marty could hook that up to the deloren

So maybe some advanced civiliazation would make big rings around those jets to tap into that energy.

the fundamental ideas of physics cause a human being to think its living a dismal life, and it tells an individual that they should forcibly ignore some patterns of information that might actually be useful, mckenna said belief is a dangerous thing because it precludes you from being able to believe its opposite, the idea supports the creative mind set

So it's a boneless magnet

scary, violent thumbnail

The big man on the black and white picture looks like a mafioso. A science mobster :D