Matt: The most expensive substance is not even printer ink. Antimatter Printer Ink: Am I a joke to you?

@IvanKhryapov

3 жыл бұрын

Yes, but what about race stallion semen?

@Cscuile

3 жыл бұрын

Making a prediction now. Antimatter Negative Mass, if it exists, is the most expensive thing you can ever produce.

@eloniusz

3 жыл бұрын

Of course, since it's aniti-ink, it's price is negative.

@thomasfholland

3 жыл бұрын

I thought that was just a bottle of whiteout!! 😂

@benbooth2783

3 жыл бұрын

nice

"The only reason anything exists is because there were some particles that couldn't find a partner." I can relate.

@KevAlberta

3 жыл бұрын

LOL.... Lol.. lol😭😭😭 same😞

@Qermaq

3 жыл бұрын

@@darkstar4048 Finding a mate != findiog a partner.

@stevenmendoza3732

3 жыл бұрын

@Astute Cingulus No, some particles didn't mate and that's why we exist

@harrr5703

3 жыл бұрын

Asexuals enter the chat

@calvinrivera49

3 жыл бұрын

Actually pretty profound. Cause isn't a partner the only reason why we exist?

For those who are wondering where antimatter actually IS: It’s the ink inside printer cartridges. That’s why when it meets your printer, it annihilates itself, and reads empty, despite you JUST buying it.

I really get a kick out of the goofy jokes like “not even printer ink”. Just the right kind of cheesy

@jimmym3352

3 жыл бұрын

ya not cheesy if it's true.

@lc3

3 жыл бұрын

Hahah that got me too

@NatrajChaturvedi

3 жыл бұрын

Me too. These guys always crack me up.

@hirohemrajh7763

3 жыл бұрын

Printer ink is expensive yo #2001

@turgidbanana

3 жыл бұрын

🤦‍♂️

Whoa whoa whoa... Have you seen the price of printer ink lately?

@Awesomesmartness2

3 жыл бұрын

@@lued123 you mean scanner?

@GatorDunnAZ

3 жыл бұрын

Scanner ink is so dang expensive! Even more than headlight fluid!

@chefquin

3 жыл бұрын

Did you consider toilet paper as more valuable than ink?

@kludgedude

3 жыл бұрын

My anti matter printer ink annihilated by home work

@freshoutofcrabs

3 жыл бұрын

@@GatorDunnAZ but not quite as expensive as elbow grease.

I think it's cool that confirming all our existing models and utterly wrecking them are both equally exciting.

@oleksiyalkhazov9201

3 жыл бұрын

Well said

@TheSimplySpace

3 жыл бұрын

True

@altrag

3 жыл бұрын

Definitely not. Utterly wrecking them is way, way more exciting as it means we've found completely new things to learn about.

@semaj_5022

3 жыл бұрын

@@altrag idk, it's pretty exciting when you know you're missing something, but everything you test lines up with current models. So with each test you're narrowing things down and getting closer and closer to the missing piece(s). The next experiment could always be the one that changes everything even without breaking our models to pieces.

"Not gold. Not oil. Not even printer ink." It's toilet paper.

@eruiluvatar236

3 жыл бұрын

Toilet paper that has been printed with antigold based printer ink should be the ultimate expensive.

5000 years from now, mankind has mastered the universe and generates free energy by altering the laws of physics in an area at will, we are capable of traversing galaxies in seconds, and we can instantly fabricate anything from thin air with a mere thought. Somehow, nobody can afford printer ink, still.

@Alex-dr6or

3 жыл бұрын

Zero point energy ain’t that simple, I’m afraid it’s not gonna be cheap either.

@gert-janbonnema

3 жыл бұрын

5000 years from now, mankind destrod itself probably.

@WeebLord69

3 жыл бұрын

@@gert-janbonnema Mankind is better than that.

@Anonymous-sp1zk

3 жыл бұрын

5000 years from now on is too small for that bro,maybe 5-50 million years if we survive till then, besides some thing's which you are mentioning aren't possible by the current laws of universe as we know now so .....

@TheManWithTheFlan

3 жыл бұрын

@@Anonymous-sp1zk 'Twas a joke.

"Annihilation partner" will be the name of my punk rock band

@alexandertownsend3291

3 жыл бұрын

I would definitely listen to that.

@manjsher3094

3 жыл бұрын

Punk died long time ago

@camramaster

3 жыл бұрын

Punk rock cowboy?

@krakx2052

3 жыл бұрын

"Charged conjugation" will be my DJ name

@skyz

3 жыл бұрын

Babe, are you my annihilation partner? Because when we come together it's pure energy.

Not being able to find an annihilation partner to smash with. Story of my life.

@MS-il3ht

3 жыл бұрын

back in the days nobody wanted me on their soccer team either. And now not even the universe wants me to reach Nirwana anymore... damn :-)

@fvckyoutubescensorshipandt2718

3 жыл бұрын

/shrug smashing is overrated anyway. I quit doing that 15 years ago, a few minutes of fun isn't worth many months of drama.

@brian1206

3 жыл бұрын

@@fvckyoutubescensorshipandt2718 what do you mean

@andrewburnett8743

3 жыл бұрын

😂😂😂 find a girl that isn’t like this dudes past experience, they’re out there

@DankstaTV

3 жыл бұрын

Virgin Baryon: has mass because his existence is heavy, experiences time as an arrow Chad Photon: already annihilated, chilling at the speed of light in an eternal present, only experiences time moving forward when he interacts with something

"Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing?" No, antimatter anti-explains why there's something rather than nothing.

@Alex-dr6or

3 жыл бұрын

Well yes, but actually yes.

@cherrydragon3120

3 жыл бұрын

Well that discussion got anihilated quickly.

Matt, would you mind going deeper on why CPT transformation changes a particle into its anti particle. On the surface it would appear that would result in the same particle, since C transformation would flip the sign. And then T transformation would flip the sign once again, since a positive particle moving forward in time should behave just like a negative particle moving backwards in time.

"You can't be made of antimatter because obviously you matter very very much" Nice cheesy pickup line 🤣

@rockhound3.14

3 жыл бұрын

Your fired

@rockhound3.14

3 жыл бұрын

@@SF-tb4kb bro wtf is your prob lmao

@rockhound3.14

3 жыл бұрын

@@SF-tb4kb you are not cool. YOU.

Could the apparent dominance of "regular matter" in the universe be just a local phenomenon? Like, it just so happens that there was more matter than anti-matter "here", and elsewhere in the universe there is a local surplus of anti-matter? Could very distant galaxies be "anti-galaxies"? Would we even be able to tell?

@tomf3150

3 жыл бұрын

Nope because the universe is postulated to be isotropic.

@Vamutus

3 жыл бұрын

@@tomf3150 theres decent new evidence against it

@Sam-iu8nb

3 жыл бұрын

I remember an explanation that this is unlikely, as there would have to be some delineation between matter and anti-matter galaxies, and at this boundary the small number of particles drifting across would produce detectable photons. But I've been out of academia for years and the the universe is big and weird, so take my comment with a pinch of salt.

@MrRolnicek

3 жыл бұрын

I think the rough explanation is that empty space is not empty enough to be hiding antimatter galaxies. There's enough junk in the void that you'd be able to see some evidence of annihilations.

@ekki1993

3 жыл бұрын

@@tomf3150 What does that mean? CMB radiation can be explained by small variations amplified by inflation, why wouldn't the same work for matter-antimatter proportion? It's even proposed to be a one in a billion variation, which sounds like plausible for expanded noise.

Anti-matter: "So..." Matter: "So what?" Anti-Matter: "ARE WE NOT GOING TO EXPLAIN THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM?" Matter: "What, I don't see anything?" Anti-Matter: "ITS LITERALLY THE BIGGEST THING HERE!!" Dark Matter: "Who, me?"

@imadetheuniverse4fun

3 жыл бұрын

What about the Dark Anti-Matter? Or is it Anti Dark-Matter?

@moahammad1mohammad

3 жыл бұрын

@@imadetheuniverse4fun Anti-dark matter is just white matter, duh

@BigUriel

3 жыл бұрын

@@moahammad1mohammad Negatively wrong.

@Anonymous-sp1zk

3 жыл бұрын

@@moahammad1mohammad wrong

1:40 an annihilation partner - I'm going to use this to describe my toxic relationships to my therapist.

@cherrydragon3120

3 жыл бұрын

Rip

0:33 If we're going to call the antimatter electron a "positron", why aren't we calling the antimatter proton a "negatron"?

@roblaquiere8220

3 жыл бұрын

Wouldn't it be a "negaton"?

@exnihilo415

3 жыл бұрын

You could, but then Megatron might show up unannounced. That's not something you want to risk.

@JayVal90

3 жыл бұрын

A negatron is just the proper name of the electron.

@humanrightsadvocate

3 жыл бұрын

@@JayVal90 You mean _was._

@DERIVATIVES-mh6ej

3 жыл бұрын

Or conton

"Not even printer ink", Oof that's a bold statement lol

@BigyetiTechnologies

3 жыл бұрын

I don't believe antimatter is more expensive

@plutoniumisotope205

3 жыл бұрын

@@BigyetiTechnologies yes but it is less valuable than anti printer ink(antimatter verson of ink)

@Shifter-1040ST

3 жыл бұрын

Stop giving printer makers ideas!

What I'm essentially getting from this is: "If it weren't for an imbalance of matter & antimatter, there wouldn't have been enough matter to have formed the universe that birthed us. Matter-antimatter annihilation releases photons. There are a billion times more photons than matter particles. If the antimatter-matter distribution had been symmetrical then that number would be far far greater, such that the chance that matter particles would encounter each other would be nearly impossible except for in small isolated groups without the gravitational pull to form stars or planetary systems. As the universe expands & cools down, the chances become even less. A perfect imbalance of antimatter allowed us to exist. The entire universe is a lucky Goldilocks Zone. Not just on Earth. If the multiverse theorem is correct, then this is just one version of an infinite number of universe possibilities where only a limited number are capable of forming & supporting life in whatever form it may be.". Any major misunderstandings?

@Primitarian

3 жыл бұрын

But the problem is far worse than an insufficient imbalance to explain the rise of the observable universe. Rather it is this: Why is there any imbalance between matter and antimatter at all? Anti-matter should exist in a quality precisely equal to that of matter, unless they are not perfect mirror-images. So far, though, even to a high degree of precision, they are perfect mirror images. There is a solution but it is theoretical: all violations of charge-parity symmetry are offset by violations of time symmetry (i.e., causation does not run exactly the same in reverse, as seen in experiments involving kaons), and if the offset between the two symmetry violations (CP on the one hand, T on the other) may itself be viewed as a symmetry (i.e., CPT symmetry). This solution has been around for decades , but it seems contrary to traditional physics, right up through the Theory of Relativity and its notion of space-time, which recognizes no asymmetry in time. But if we could find a way in which matter and antimatter were not mirror images, the whole problem would seem soluble. So far, though, no such luck.

@TheChadPad

3 жыл бұрын

@@Primitarian I'd like to know why the possibility that there was simply more regular matter created than antimatter in the first place is off the table. Idk enough about this stuff

@TheJayLorenz

3 жыл бұрын

@@Primitarian I have a theory that can explain why matter and anti matter are exact opposites, but, it requires a different way of thinking. what's going on is beyond us all and may never be proven, When you consider how big the universe is, and how much space you do need to be able to give the universe a place somewhere as existence (matter) but there is actually no possibility at all to create a universe (matter), then you have to assume that the opposite is necessary to give matter (the universe) a place as existence If there is the possibility to create a universe (matter), while there is no need for space thanks to anti-matter, the possibilities are endless as currently the universe is still expanding from the big bang, thus, anti-matter is still present in the same amount as matter to give the universe (matter) an existence in an anti-material enclosure.

Matt, great job on this episode. I really liked the background along with showing the current experiments that are in the works to test the theorys!

"ALPHA uses CERN'S proton synchotron to get their anti-protons; The synchotron accelerates protons to 10s to 100s of giga electron Volts of kinetic energy, corresponding to over 99% of the speed of light" is the most amazing sentence I've ever heard on any KZread video ever. It sounds like the most crazy ridiculous scifi nonsense ever, but it's COMPLETELY REAL

@abrahamemrami

3 жыл бұрын

anti protons are notanti matter, anti protonds are just as simple as the opposite poles of a freaking magnet.... and dont be so fond of the 99% of speed of light at cern, it is nothing compared to the 99% of speed of light, in those regions of the universe that are vastly empty... observing the speed of light on earth cpmpared to speed of light there , is as if watching a microbe racing vs a formula 1car.

@DrakiniteOfficial

3 жыл бұрын

@@abrahamemrami What are you even saying

@DrakiniteOfficial

3 жыл бұрын

@@abrahamemrami Like, literally, you just spewed an entire paragraph of nonsense

@abrahamemrami

3 жыл бұрын

@@DrakiniteOfficial Thats becuase You do not know what I do know.

@satviktyagi2284

3 жыл бұрын

@@abrahamemrami God you must be fun at parties. First of all antiproton is an anti-particle, and the fact that speed of light in vacuum is way more doesn't change the fact that reaching 99 percent speed of light here on Earth is absolutely insane and dont get so "fond" of your knowledge there are people out there(mostly in this comment section) who would make you feel as smart as a bag of sand. If its about comparison so much then relatively youre a fkn donkey mate.

please do an episode about the proton spin crisis that is still unresolved to this day

@r2dxhate

3 жыл бұрын

I want to see an episode on the size limit of black holes.

@sociologicals2279

3 жыл бұрын

@@r2dxhate I'd love to see an episode about some fractal theory tbh

"Animatter may experience antigravity" - all I heard was "Scientists are testing for hoverboards" GO you beautiful nerds GO !

@gerardt3284

3 жыл бұрын

Haha using antimatter for hoverboards would be ridiculously irresponsible. The better use would be as negative mass for warp drives. That way towns won't disappear off the map after every hoverboard accident

@alexcoffey1482

3 жыл бұрын

@@gerardt3284 this is exactly how I thought it might be used

@Shane-kw5vc

3 жыл бұрын

@@gerardt3284 Maybe you have a point, I crashed my mountain bike on the weekend into a tree, it was nice that I didn't obliterate myself and Tewantin.

@jojolafrite90

3 жыл бұрын

If you say so... But your overboard would explode the instant you get it out of it's package.

@QuantenMagier

3 жыл бұрын

Just compress the regular Helium/Hydrogen from a weather balloon into your Hoverboard and you're good to go.. :>

One interesting fictional take on antimatter is in Greg Egan's Orthogonal trilogy. Matter that's been round the universe and odd number of times (relative to you) ends up as antimatter. You can, however, safely interact with it if you get your state of motion such that your arrow of time points in the opposite direction to it. Actually, the whole universe of that trilogy is just fascinating, and Egan spends at least as much time on the characters discovering the physics of their universe as whatever human-like conflicts they have with each other.

I wrote a scientific paper on antimatter, but my anti-dog ate it. Then the paper and the dog were anhialated when my containment field collapsed due to an unpayable electric bill. There were no survivors.

@esquilax5563

3 жыл бұрын

No survivors anywhere on the planet, I should think. Where was this exactly?

@adbon6279

3 жыл бұрын

@@esquilax5563 Actually no, an average dog would release enough energy to power norway for a bit over 2 years if it combined with the same mass of antimatter. It will uld make a sizable explosion but we wouldn't all die.

@meson183

3 жыл бұрын

If only it were an anti-electricity bill. They would then have to pay you. LOL

Re: baryon asymmerty: suppose the universe is either infinite or at least 10^large times larger than the observable part. Could it be that we just live in a sector that was randomly antimatter-poor because 10^large particles and their 10^large antiparticles probably won't have identical average momenta? So all the antimatter is just literally outside of our cosmic horizon? Could it be that, like our distant descendants who won't be able to see galaxies or the CMB, we just don't have access to observations that could solve problems like this?

@roblaquiere8220

3 жыл бұрын

We usually assume the universe is Isotropic.

@johannesh7610

3 жыл бұрын

I argued about that some time ago and my answer is: No, since our observable universe is isotropic in a large volume. Our existence in a local patch of 'regular' matter would not require that: A far smaller volume of relatively isotropic 'matter' could allow for our existence. Assuming the distribution is like that by chance, the probability of a patch of 'regular' matter with a volume < 1 GLy³ would be extremely much more likely to be where we find ourselves than a patch of isotropic 'regular' matter of the size of our observable universe with thousands of GLy³.

@kindlin

3 жыл бұрын

@@roblaquiere8220 Isotropic on large scales. The earth's mantle and the near void of space of very different, cubic meter for cubic meter. Galaxies and galaxy voids are equally different, 100-cubic light year to 100-cubic light year, and the observable universe is only about 9*10^10 light years across. If this discrepancy only presents itself at scales similar to 10^100 light years, would only being seeing .0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 times thescale necessary to detect this anisotropy. Just saying.

@Mandragara

3 жыл бұрын

@@kindlin It'd be very unlikely that we'd exist in such a large patch though, smaller patch much more likely. The fact our patch is so big suggests that the universe is isotropic at large scales.

@RobinDSaunders

3 жыл бұрын

@@kindlinTo produce a local overabundance of at least ~10^80 matter particles (in the observable universe) by chance, the original number of particles and antiparticles would have had to be around 10^160. This is impossible because 1. the energy released by their annihilation would be far higher than we observe, and 2. annihilation must have ended by about one second after the Big Bang, at which time the observable universe was far too small to contain that many particles (it would correspond to about a million particles per Planck volume).

I love how you casually just go as deep as you can on any subject. Thank you.

Kudos to you for explaining CPT violation in an understandable way, and why it's important

Off topic Do you ever have any outtakes? A semi annual video of them would be nice to see.

@technocore1591

3 жыл бұрын

It might look, a little like this... kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZKmim9SIYr2sZMo.html

@OtherWorldExplorers

3 жыл бұрын

@@technocore1591 I would pay good money if his pants look anything like that!!

@jpe1

3 жыл бұрын

Techno Core Hugh Laurie is such a talented actor, didn’t even recognize him at first! What a wonderfully funny sketch, thanks for posting link.

@technocore1591

3 жыл бұрын

John Early not at all! Stephen Fry is also brilliant and you should definitely check out their old sketch comedy show A Bit of Fry & Laurie.

Imagine seeing a copy of yourself walking backwards through the door, turning around and looking at you, and standing in front of you with its back to you.... knowing your fate is to stand up and walk into your copy... at which point you start to experience time backwards.

@miranda9691

3 жыл бұрын

I tought that ideia would lead to an awesome music video!

@gabor6259

3 жыл бұрын

_Dr. Manhattan has entered the chat._

@Ethan-cz8xq

3 жыл бұрын

There's a scene in this one book (a parody of another one but teaching quantum mechanics) in which the character is walking forward, sees two copies of him/herself appear, collides with and becomes one, goes back in time while still walking forward, and then collides with and becomes the other.

@kadourimdou43

3 жыл бұрын

If you experienced times backwards, wouldn’t your memories be the other way around as well. You would un-remember.

@miranda9691

3 жыл бұрын

@@Ethan-cz8xq damn thats so mind bending that It gave me brain damage

One of my favorite episodes so far. And I've seen them all!

An episode on WHY and HOW matter and antimatter annihilate would be nice.

I'm excited about the rumblings about axions participating in baryogenesis, especially now that we're seeing what could be evidence of solar axions.

@Twitchi

3 жыл бұрын

I've not heard about any detentions.. what dya know?

@vitorfalcao5969

3 жыл бұрын

Can you explain in your comment as you would to someone not from the field, please? Sounds interesting!

@CraftyF0X

3 жыл бұрын

@@vitorfalcao5969 There is an episode in this series about Axions which were porposed as a solution for the strong CP problem as a consequence of Peccei-Quinn mechanism. Check out the episode so you'll understand how it is relevant.

@Dragrath1

3 жыл бұрын

@Astute Cingulus There has been recent evidence for possible Axion detections the issue is we can rule out minute traces of Tritium contamination and radioactive decay and the detections are still only just over 3 sigma

2:50 I thought CPT sends particles to particles whereas C by itself sends particles to anti-particles.

@patrickbryant_

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah this is a surprising conceptual mistake in the video. CPT is the identity operator by the CPT theorem. T sends particles to their CP conjugate so CPT=CP(CP)^{-1}=I. You also do not need CPT violation for matter-antimatter asymmetry. Many physicists today think that maximal CP violation in the neutrino sector is quite likely to allow for a process known as leptogenesis whereby CP violation in neutrinos combined with a strong first order phase transition sometime around when the universe cooled from the plank scale to the electroweak scale allowed an excess of matter to be generated via B+L number violating processes like sphalerons.

@patrickbryant_

3 жыл бұрын

I think a better explanation for this video would be something like the following: You can think of C, P and T as the sides of a triangle where the vertices correspond to the different states you can get by starting from a chosen state and applying C, P or T. This works because C, P and T are all their own inverses, ie C^2=P^2=T^2=I and they commute with each other. For example, CPC=CCP=C^2P=IP=P. The CPT theorem is a proof that in any locally Lorentz invariant unitary quantum field theory the triangle must be closed, ie CPT=I. If there was CPT violation (meaning CPT!=I) then CPT wouldn't quite take a state back to where it started which can only happen if you violate local Lorentz invariance, unitarity (you can think of this as probability conservation, meaning the sum of probabilities for all possible outcomes of an experiment should be 1) or both.

@sunshinedaniela8572

3 жыл бұрын

@@patrickbryant_ that sounds oddly like group theory!

@patrickbryant_

3 жыл бұрын

Sunshine Daniela yup! I’m a big fan of both finite and Lie groups and their applications to physics :) I highly recommend Peter Woit’s text book “Quantum Theory, Groups and Representations”

@mc_va

3 жыл бұрын

@@patrickbryant_ I wonder if PBS SpaceTime it´s going to see your comment, or if they are going to make any corrections in a future video

2:55 I think you meant that if you apply a CPT transformation to a particle you get itself. For example, if you do just a CP transformation on an electron, you get a positron spinning the opposite way and moving in the opposite direction. Apply a time-reversal transfomation to this and you essentially get the same electron you started with. For another example, if you do a PT transformation on a proton, you get an antiproton going in the same direction and spinning the same way as you started. Flip the charge ans you get the proton you started with.

@RubelliteFae

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you, I thought I was dumb

Thanks to the speaker for slowing down in this episode. I have loved the information in these episodes but the speaker was so fast that I could not understand much. Loving this now

I had no clue we haven't already tested how antihydrogen behaves in a gravitational field. It is absolutely bonkers that we don't know yet and I'm super excited to find out whether or not they go up.

@dailytact1370

3 жыл бұрын

It's obviously going to fall down because reality sucks.. But... If it doesn't...

@volkhen0

3 жыл бұрын

I hope it goes up.

@sobertillnoon

3 жыл бұрын

@@volkhen0 duh. But then again, I really hoped that experiment to test for higher spatial dimensions would turn up a number higher than 3 but that didn't turn out either

@tomf3150

3 жыл бұрын

The problem is antiprotons can be confined with electric & magnetic fields. Antihydrogen on the other hand...

@robertanderson5092

3 жыл бұрын

Space-Time tells antimatter how to travel. But how does antimatter tell Space-time to bend?

I love watching tyrion lannister's taller smarter cousin talk space-time

@davemclaren4836

3 жыл бұрын

"A Lannister always pays his debts" is just a metaphor for Newton's 3rd law.

@rustyshackleford2841

3 жыл бұрын

“ I drink and I know things.” - electron

Amazing. Looking at all that gear makes me want to congratulate the engineers. Such complexity. Makes my engineering look like playschool stuff.

Wow that was interesting! It’s amazing what mankind has achieved. Those CERN experiments are so fascinating. Thanks for translating that research into human language, Matt 👍🏻

I'm rooting for anti-matter to have anti-gravity. I posited it decades ago when I was in college as a solution to the problem of why there were not equal amounts of matter and anti-matter observable in the universe. Anti-gravity would cause anti-matter to segregate itself from matter into discrete clusters, even to the extent of discrete clusters of galaxies. Ironically, I scrapped the idea because it seemed to me that the net repulsive gravitational force would lead to the acceleration of universal expansion, which was not even considered possible at that time.

@ASLUHLUHCE

3 жыл бұрын

Interesting

@agffga8757

3 жыл бұрын

Anti-gravity with respect to what? You mean that interacts with anti gravity with matter?

@NitpickingNerd

3 жыл бұрын

that's not how it works . anti-matter produces the same gravity as regular matter

@agffga8757

3 жыл бұрын

@@NitpickingNerd That's not actually true experimentally. We have only produced tiny amounts of anti matter and we cannot measure how they gravitate. From the theoretical standpoint there is no reason at all for antimatter to behave gravitationally in a different way than matter I agreed with that, but you cannot say that as a true fact because we haven't seen masses of antimatter large enough to test gravity with antimatter. There is the big bang theory though which is extremely precise in some of its predictions and it assumes antimatter gravitates in the same way as matter does. Antimatter gravitating differently would produce peculiar signatures in cosmological observations and we haven't observed them, so yeah from this point of view you can say that we know experimentally that antimatter gravitates normally

@doncarlodivargas5497

3 жыл бұрын

How can something with anti-gravity cluster? Should it not rather be shattering evenly over the whole universe?

Perfect timing, posted as I was sitting down to eat...

@karlandersson4350

3 жыл бұрын

What are you eating? I am just having coffee with a bun.

@SpaceCakeism

3 жыл бұрын

Just some stew.

@southside6093

3 жыл бұрын

SpaceCakeism Stoofvlees, it’s a stew

@bskibinski

3 жыл бұрын

Haha same, hello fellow Dutch. Wokschotel here ;-) Edit... Or Flemish!

Spacetime is the only popular science outlet I trust to always tell the whole truth

@PBS Space Time that background is "gold" 👌

Time and time again, I must say, your wife's art saved the channel.

If anti-matter can be "viewed" as matter moving the opposite direction in time, then why can't the asymmetry of matter and anti-matter after the big bang, be explained by the anti-matter just going the opposite direction in the time dimension?

@flakmagnet9357

3 жыл бұрын

If a matter universe is created in the positive time dimension (ours), then an anti-matter universe should be created in the opposite time dimension.

@nate7790

3 жыл бұрын

@@flakmagnet9357 I suppose that would be impossible to know then. Because even if it was true and we managed to create a time machine we would never be able to go further back then the Big Bang and come back to tell the tale (if for no orther reason, because we would found ourselves made of matter in a universe of anti-matter and would probably be annihilated pretty quickly). At least that's how I see it.

@Bryan-Hensley

3 жыл бұрын

@@nate7790 or would you? The big bang theory is in serious trouble anyway.

@Lucius_Chiaraviglio

3 жыл бұрын

. . . Or even in some other dimension?

@kelvinyonger8885

3 жыл бұрын

The "T" reflection is for laws of physics, the particles don't literally go back in time (at least we think; not much research has been done on antimatter).

been watching you for years. just spent 15mins finding out what your name is and where you worked. maybe i can get an autograph whenever i visit new york some day. you've been putting me to sleep for years but not in a bad way. you're always the last thing i watch before going to bed as my mind wonders about your lectures. thanks Matt for all you do

I'm in the middle of a Star Trek:Enterprise binge , and this talk of antimatter is "like, yeah bro, tell me something new, now let me get back to adjusting those antimatter injectors", but I never knew that antimatter containment of anything more than microseconds was actually a real thing. Thanks for another great video.

Man I hope it goes up in the experiment. How exciting would that be!

Field trip to physics lab: "everyone grab your annihilation partner...!"

Finally an episode that I could follow and understand :)

This series and the final phrase of each episode make it increasingly clear that EVERYTHING IS JUST SPACETIME.

Right lads, I'm about to become a world-leading expert on anti-matter. See you in fifteen minutes

@tomf3150

3 жыл бұрын

BOOM !

I am so pleased that such difficult science is presented in a manner that most everyone can at least appreciate. Carry on!

I love these wholesome puns in the end

I greatly enjoy hearing Matt talk about pahticles.

Old joke (from 2012 when LHC was launched): "Particle scientists love to make meetings every 10 to 20 billion years and launch some powerful particle accelerator..."

In a 1960s Star Trek episode, the "Doomsday Machine" used a pure antiproton beam to destroy planets.

Youre the best Matt, keep up the great work bud

Wow, Matt! An episode of PBS Space Time that I feel I fully comprehended! . . . "In a wee bit after the beginning, G-d said, 'Let the number of positrons be one less than the number of electrons', and, lo, it was good, really, quite good"

Is there any measure confirming the whole one in a billion chance of matter to "survive" annihilation with anti-matter? To me it always sounded like random pre-inflation variations in matter-antimatter proportions should be able to explain the difference. Has it been ruled out or is it just that physicists don't like that option?

Best comment section ever, I just laughed more than I can remember doing in a very long time

This is just the most awesome show on the internet.

Cool shoutout - Antimatter cake. Sounds delightfully devious Seymour.

Matt: Could the difference in mater to antimatter be linked to the curvature of spacetime? If quantum fields arise from some microscopic topology of spacetime they would have "width" like a soap bubble on the surface of water. If the universe were to have positive curvature the "inside" width would have slightly less volume than the "outside" width especially closer to the big bang when the curvature was greater. So if anti/mater particles form on opposite sides of the spacetime sheet, particle generation might be biased towards the side with greater volume while still preserving the chirality of all particles. Maybe the disparity between mater and antimatter is proof that the large scale curvature of the universe is not flat. Who knows, just the rantings of an armchair quantum physicist.

@Jop_pop

3 жыл бұрын

Are you an actual quantum physicist? This idea seems so elegant I hope it's true. Two super nice and symetrical ideas (a sphere and waves of curvature in opposite directions) combining to make the asymmetry we see in our universe. I imagine you might actually be able to calculate how small or large the curvature would have to be for this idea to work

@Jop_pop

3 жыл бұрын

Actually, I just did the calculation on this assuming the universe is a 4-spherical shell embedded in 5 dimensions, as well as another assuming it's a 4-cylinder shell (infinite in time). Assume the particles (topological deformities) have a small width, say t. For the proportion of matter to antimatter to be off by one in a billion, the radius of the universe would have to be only 3 to 4 billion times the width, t. That's not nearly large enough to account for measurements that show the universe is demonstrably flat up to our measurement capacity. The universe is more than 40 billion lightyears in radius, so t would need to be about 10 lightyears, which is ludicrous. So my back of the envelope mathematical understanding says this theory is probably not correct. But I really am no physicist - just doing the math

@UrMomsFavSnack

2 жыл бұрын

@@Jop_pop So if there is a mirror universe reflecting on itself, does that mean it would be an identical Earth with the opposite properties of existence?

Why does matter and antimatter annihilate each other? Apart from "because the mathematics say so", is it possible to give a more intutivie explanation for the phenomenon?

@bskibinski

3 жыл бұрын

It's not just math, home.cern/news/press-release/cern/first-atoms-antimatter-produced-cern I struggle to find a real intuitive answer to that question, and what you find intuitive. An analogy would be 2 substances, that when put together will react and explode. Also don't think that they disappear if they come together, but "explode" transforming into radiation. At least that's my understanding of it. But I'm no physicist, so don't listen to me :-P

@andrearaimondi882

3 жыл бұрын

The way I understand it is that particles are made of quarks. You focus on the particles and not the quarks, that is why it's not intuitive.

@Asarkun

3 жыл бұрын

no expert here but i guess its similar to destructive interference between waves.

@CulusMagnus

3 жыл бұрын

The process of creation is a little more intuitive. Energy can take many forms and one of those forms is matter, as Einstein showed. Therefore, when there is a lot of energy left over, matter can spontaneously appear. Because however, certain properties such as charge are conserved in space, whenever a positively charged particle appears, a negatively charged particle must also appear to compensate. This would be our antimatter. Whatever happens at annihilation, is the exact opposite and reversed process of this creation. I have not really studied Quantum Field Theory yet, so I do not know the math. Maybe someone else can give a better explanation of what is going on under the hood.

@Britishscout2012

3 жыл бұрын

It's about as deep as asking why matter exists. I can't think of a more fundamental way than the laws we make for real matter predict it and we observe it. A little more insight is that in classical laws concerning mass, i.e relativity and general relativity, the laws behave differently for a negative mass/energy and so there are axioms to say this cannot happen. Reasonably so as otherwise there would be some crazy objects running. Now you may know E =mc^2 but it is actually an at rest equation. The true one is E=sqrt((mc^2)^2+(pc)^2). That's funny because from high school you know a square root has plus and minus. This is going to be mathsy, but remember the maths is self consistent and relates to a physical thing. Of theorists do there jobs right and nothing is shown to counter it and the result is observed, its physics. Maths is logic but hard to understand and easy to do. SO the time dependent schrodinger equation is non relativistic. Look it up for its form. But the time derivative relates to energy, the space derivative to momentum (E=p^2/2m=0.5mv^2). If you plug the same ideas into the Special relativity equation above you, after some work you get the Dirac equation (Klein gordon did it with a second order time derivative (E^2) but that was all sorts of wacky, things affect you outside the light cone and if p->0 it did not resemble the schrodinger equation as it should at low speed/momentum). The Dirac equation. Look it up. Works very well, but still has negative energy solutions. However when you plug these solutions into the equation and include spin (or chirality [spine parallel to the direction of motion] more generally) the negative energy solution behaves as a positive one with opposite spin/chirality and charge. So in quantum mechanics our negative energy solutions are in fact objects with opposite quantum numbers that behave with positive energy *but* are still distinct from the normal matter states. Here is when it's a bit beyond me. Dirac thought of this that a vaccuum is in fact relative and there is an infinity sea of lower energy, or negative energy, particles below. When a particle is created it is excited from this lower state. The empty lower state is the anti particle (why they come in pairs) and has opposite quantum numbers. I don't know why they behave like normal mass. The *real* modern interpretation is in QFT, sorry but I do this course next semester and will get back to you.

I love Space Time! I love Matt!

Very cool personal shout out and happy birthday!

If matter and CPT shifted matter annihilate, what happens if matter and semi-shifted matter interact? Do they partially annihilate? What is left over if they do? Or what is made if they don't?

@elinope4745

3 жыл бұрын

At a very small scale, they either have decayed or not. The rate of decay is predictable on a large scale, but at the individual atom level it is not, and rather has a probability of decaying or not at any given point in time. As such there is no such thing as "partial decay" unless you are talking about large atoms decaying into multiple smaller atoms.

@azafreak

3 жыл бұрын

@@elinope4745 is matter-antimatter annihilation decay though? I though decay was spontaneous and random, not the interaction between two distinct atoms

@andrewfarrell1816

3 жыл бұрын

The CPT symmetries are though experiments rather than actual physical processes that can happen to a particle, so it doesn't make sense to ask what would happen if a particle was semi-shifted.

@MsGreenlamp

3 жыл бұрын

There are no semi-shifted particles, that's the point of CPT symmetry.

What if half the universe is antimatter, but distance makes a collision with the other half practically impossible? There would be no way to tell right?

@rakino4418

Жыл бұрын

Visiting other galaxies could be quite risky.

One of the most fascinating episodes yet. The upside down's demogorgon is offended that you said its CPT was violated

_Thanks_ - I enjoyed this 👍

"don't need an entire gram... Just a handful of particles are enough..." Umm... 🤔 😂 🤣

"Why not test it?" 5 million dollars would like to have a word with you

Superb!!!

Brilliant as ever, thank you, but the "icing on the cake" was that birthday wish at the end. So romantic 🤗

When you said CP Violation, i thought of the Half Life 2 Level lol

1st Grade Teacher (c. 1989 or so): There are only 3 states of matter. Solid, Liquid, and Gas. 1st Grade Me: What about antimatter? 1st Grade Teacher: Haha! You watch too much Star Trek! That's not real. 2020 Me: Who's laughing now?

@VioletGiraffe

3 жыл бұрын

Well, antimatter isn't a _state_ of matter, it's a different _kind_ of matter. An example of a different phase state is plasma. Either way, it's sad such under-educated people can become teachers, even for the 1st-graders. Existence of antimatter was a well established and known fact long before 1989.

@RubelliteFae

3 жыл бұрын

Liquid-crystal is a household state (LCD TVs & monitors) not oft discussed. It's one of many different states which get swept under the rug. Here's the Wikipedia Simple English page for some of them: simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_matter#Other_states Use the regular English page to see most of the rest. (IIRC a new state was proposed this year or maybe last year and I didn't see it on the page, so presumably there are others that didn't make it to the wiki.)

I admire the presenter, he's contractually obliged to re hash the old concepts of cosmology. And he does well.

Great video top marks great stuff

"You called my abuelita...biznatch?"

@calamorta

3 жыл бұрын

Better Call Saul is such an underrated show... the last few seasons are god tier. It's Breaking Bad all over again. The show is getting better every season.

@feynstein1004

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah I'm gonna have to send you to Belize

Thought experiment I can't figure out the answer to: if a black hole made of matter somehow collides with a black hole made of antimatter, would they annihilate? Or would they merge into a bigger black hole as normal because only the mass matters? If they do annihilate, would that create a Kugelblitz because all the particles inside are now photons? Or would the photons created violently rip the system apart, overcoming gravity?

@theghostfiles5023

3 жыл бұрын

Interesting

@WaveOfDestiny

3 жыл бұрын

Whatever happens it cannot escape the event horizon, so from outside it would remain just a normal merged black hole. Inside? We don't even know if matter exist or if even something exist inside a black hole normally

@djgucci528

3 жыл бұрын

@@WaveOfDestiny This is a black hole in the midst of colliding , so if I'm not mistaken the event horizons would kind of stretch out until finally they merged, perhaps leaving a short time that light could escape and be measurable? Or is the process of merging continuous such that the two event horizons meld into each other without ever shedding any matter?

I love the experiments they are planning on running :) I love life!!

Since Photons are their own antiparticles and gravitate as normal, I don't expect antimatter to be repelled rather than attracted by gravity. But what I'm really curious about is the development of entropy in antimatter systems.

If high enough energies can make a random bunch of particles (like in the LHC), can't the matter-antimatter imbalance be the result of probability? They could both have the same probability to be made, but we ended up with more matter by chance.

I literally audibly exclaimed when he mentioned we can make stable atoms of anti-hydrogen that last DAYS. I would have been impressed if they lasted half a minute! It's amazing the kinds of extreme science we're able to do right here on Earth! Really excited to see what results ELENA finds!

The CPT symmetries that you've discussed in this video were only broken a short while ago! I remember that once one of the three were broken, that caused many to speculate, and soon after, the other two went by the wayside as well. But because this happened so recently, we actually still have Quantum Physics/Cosmology related videos on KZread with inaccurate info; which don't address the fact that our universe has now been proven to NOT be CPT symmetric. I hope it hasn't caused too much confusion for those who are new to the field and unaware of the recent findings.

You must not have sourced printer ink recently... Love these. Thanks. =)

Wouldn't they travel the other direction through time, so they would be on the other side of the big bang? Ex. My anti-counterpart would exist 26 billion years in the past.

@timh.6872

3 жыл бұрын

Extending time "through" the big bang is problematic at best, and utterly absurd at worst. On the other hand, if you take time as an imaginary axis, the euclidean metric actually lines up with the spacetime interval. Since i and -i are algebraically indistinguishable, that would make the behavioral symmetry of antimatter quite obvious. If you take the big bang as the origin event of this 3real+1imaginary spacetime, all the antimatter lives "below" space in the negative imaginary axis. Probably wrong, but it's a pretty thought, at the very least.

@fortuna19

3 жыл бұрын

Fiddlewinks anti matter doesn’t “literally” move backwards in time

@Nosirrbro

3 жыл бұрын

Antimatter particles moving backward in time is more of a description of what the laws of motion for antiparticles are rather than it is an actual declaration that they somehow violate causality and truly travel backward in time.

@MrAlRats

3 жыл бұрын

@@Nosirrbro Check out Andrei Sakharov's model of Cosmology, where the arrow of time is reversed before the Big Bang. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov#Particle_physics_and_cosmology

@kevexcellent

3 жыл бұрын

@@fortuna19 It's motion is opposite relative to ours. Why are we moving "forward" through time? For every direction you travel, you are also traveling the opposite direction but with a negative sign. Moving 20 km north is the same as traveling -20 km south.

Finally people are getting what Ive been saying about "darkness/nothing" for about a decade.

If you think about it space is like REAAALLY empty, there's barely any matter. Could that be cause the majority of it collided with antimatter???

@reece2652

3 жыл бұрын

The majority of the universe is just dark energy, simply put in areas of the universe where general relatively is fluctuating back n forth between positive and negative charges you get what's called an expansion of space which then creates more new fields and it goes on and on until it eventually won't have any energy left and all you'll have is endless nothing and a extremely boring place which will continue to exist forever until it potentially hits another kind of bubble of energy if multiverses are a thing.

You should do an episode on algebraic constructions of Grand Unified Theories, such as Spin(10) and Pati-Salam.

When I was young I thought about writing a story about a boy fell in love with an antymatter girl from parallel universe, the story ended at the moment when they tried to have a sex. I thought it was very romantic idea.

@CyberSage796

3 жыл бұрын

Much romatic

If antimatter is T symmetric then is there an antimatter Big Bang in the far future moving backwards towards us?

You guys make awesome videos

Oh, this one will take a few views since I'm not a Dr. in astrophysics or any physics. 😆 I just love learning, thanks @PBS Digital Studios and everyone trying to educate us science enthusiasts.

We all know 'that couple'... you get them together, and the whole party blows up.

Would a universe made of anti mater . be the same as. Our university and our matter would be the anti matter

@elinope4745

3 жыл бұрын

There would likely a larger number of unstable isotopes as well as a decrease in half life of some current unstable isotopes.

@mina86

3 жыл бұрын

That’s what CPT symmetry postulates and that’s what the current belief is, yes.

@juzoli

3 жыл бұрын

Osmosis Jones If CPT symmetry is beoken, then no!

I genuinely believe the best thing about the PBS videos is the comments section, & people copy & pasting from lesser known texts pretending to know what they're on about. It's great. Maybe though, we should just accept that 99% of us don't actually understand are just attempting to educate ourselves.

I “like” space time videos before I even watch them. You are a good bet, PBS and Matt O’Dowd.