A Radically Empirical Approach to the Exploration of Consciousness, Alan Wallace

www.scienceandnonduality.com/
For centuries, theologians and philosophers have proposed a wide range of hypotheses concerning the origins and nature of consciousness and what happen to consciousness at death,
without reaching any consensus. Over the past 140 years, cognitive scientists have likewise proposed a diverse array of definitions of consciousness and theories attempting to solve the mind-body problem. Materialists have tended to dominate such discourse, with some arguing that subjective states of consciousness must be equivalent to brain processes or their emergent properties, while others deny the very existence of subjective, conscious experience. Virtually none of these theories lend themselves to scientific validation or repudiation; they do not appear to moving towards any kind of consensus; and they all lack of any rigorous means
of investigating subjective states of consciousness firsthand. In other words, they have all overlooked a key element that initially set “natural philosophy” apart from all other branches of philosophy and theology in the 17th century: the precise, rigorous observation of the
natural phenomena under investigation. While all subjectively experienced mental processes and states of consciousness are undetectable by the instruments of technology, they can be
observed with refined attention and introspection. William James, one of the foremost pioneers of experimental psychology and neuroscience, proposed that introspection should play a central role in scientifically exploring the mind. But ever since the rise of behaviorism in the early 20th century, his radically empirical approach proposal has been ignored. Buddhist contemplatives,
on the other hand, have adopted this radically empirical approach for millennia, and they have established a large body of consensual knowledge. Thus far, their methods and discoveries have been almost entirely overlooked by the scientific community and the general
public. It is high time to correct this oversight.
Alan Wallace, Lecturer, Scholar, and Prolific Writer on Tibetan Buddhism
Dynamic lecturer, progressive scholar, and one of the most prolific
writers and translators of Tibetan Buddhism in the West, B. Alan
Wallace seeks ways to integrate Buddhist contemplative practices
with Western science to advance the study of the mind. Dr. Wallace, a
scholar and practitioner of Buddhism since 1970, has taught Buddhist
theory and meditation worldwide since 1976. Trained as a Tibetan
Buddhist monk and ordained by H. H. the Dalai Lama, Wallace went
on to earn an undergraduate degree in physics and the philosophy
of science at Amherst College and a doctorate in religious studies at
Stanford. www.alanwallace.org

Пікірлер: 158

  • @Garofalo707
    @Garofalo7078 жыл бұрын

    Allan is a,treasure, impeccable credentials - East (40 year deep practitioner, mediator of highest order, fluent in Tibetan (1 st translator Dalai llama), studying with top teachers and West (physics degree and Stanford PhD, 20-30 Books, and head of Santa Barbara center for consciousness)

  • @squamish4244

    @squamish4244

    8 жыл бұрын

    +Joe Garofalo Somewhat too reluctant to acknowledge how massive change in Buddhist means and methods is coming - and is already happening - but yes, a treasure.

  • @ianipoo

    @ianipoo

    7 жыл бұрын

    He really is a badass when it comes to mind and science, and when it comes to study, contemplation, and meditation

  • @resteringsalonze9303

    @resteringsalonze9303

    3 жыл бұрын

    The goal of life is to take all the goods and to put them into as many buildings as possible, in retrospect a more modern way for us to create more slaves for us.

  • @feelawsawfur
    @feelawsawfur7 жыл бұрын

    Allan Wallace is helping the revolution kick in - the revolution analogous to Copernicus time but, now in the field of consciousness, for it to be included in science, that is, making consciousness fundamental in exploring deeper scientific mysteries(like, what is life, pre big-bang, why anything exists at all, etc...) and in quantum physics.

  • @johnzapata2837
    @johnzapata28373 жыл бұрын

    “We prefer remain ignorant than learn anything from outside the domain of our church.”

  • @Tridib_Tinkel
    @Tridib_Tinkel5 жыл бұрын

    May you be blessed Alan , thanks for helping the world to see the reality with the teaching of the Buddha

  • @caustic9999
    @caustic99998 жыл бұрын

    Materialists or those leaning towards materialism should read all of Bernardo Kastrup's books, preferably in reverse chronological order.

  • @DavidDTA

    @DavidDTA

    5 жыл бұрын

    Khezr, I am one of those. :) Which book first?

  • @krisc6216

    @krisc6216

    5 жыл бұрын

    @@DavidDTA 'The Idea of The World'

  • @backwardthoughts1022

    @backwardthoughts1022

    3 ай бұрын

    kastrup would be equivalent to Copernicus, lots of bluster and opinion for the purpose of generating personal profit, but utterly lacking and devoid of anything meaningful such as the actual methods of actually rigorously observing the phenomenon seeking to be understood ala Galileo

  • @mickeymorgan
    @mickeymorgan6 жыл бұрын

    Excellent! Yes, we need to make room for contemplatives as a legit profession and support it federally! Inner work equals outer work (from a mundane perspective . . . inner work is ALL). Alan, you are so full of light! I have to keep going back because I cannot read and listen to you talking so eloquently fast.

  • @rcicurel
    @rcicurel8 жыл бұрын

    Excellent and very instructive speech

  • @nicolelippold3226
    @nicolelippold32268 жыл бұрын

    Sooooooo good! Super cutting edge. Very exciting.

  • @RogerDrayton
    @RogerDrayton8 жыл бұрын

    WoW...Such clarity...Our contemporary cultural worldview might denounce this suggestion but it's inevitable...I especially like the fact that was uttered- "you'll be excommunicated"...it's seemingly true...Thanks for posting...I A(namarupa)M !!!

  • @108shadow108
    @108shadow1088 жыл бұрын

    Its a noble suggestion, I think Alan has his balance right in the way he approaches and dismisses the old debates, such as between Theists and Atheists around science and knowledge. We do and we do not equally need a new model of observation. My first thought would be, should it be done in the most natural settings of the past, because making some type of clinical trail may effect the desired result. Samadhi is not cheap or easy access.

  • @squamish4244

    @squamish4244

    7 жыл бұрын

    The problem is, doing it in the most natural settings in the past did not get us anywhere with science. So a lot has to change, in both science and spirituality. We need better means to access samadhi and insight, and even enlightenment. It is absurd that we are not much better at accessing samadhi after 3,000 years.

  • @urgr8696
    @urgr86967 жыл бұрын

    May all beings be free of suffering, and may all beings devote their lives to something more than body/self stabilization. Don't put the burden on entropy and and your beliefs about it to heal all now!

  • @Iam-od2nc

    @Iam-od2nc

    7 жыл бұрын

    Suffering is infinite, as is joyous freedom. There is no end to any of it

  • @ethicalphytophage
    @ethicalphytophage3 жыл бұрын

    Amazing insights!

  • @martin36369
    @martin363696 жыл бұрын

    The belief in the neural correlates of consciousness, is simply that, a belief, mine is that its the Glial network is correlated with consciousness, whilst the neural network correlates with the contents of consciousness

  • @talastra
    @talastra5 жыл бұрын

    9:40 ... When you start a sentence, "Francisco Varela, a very good friend of mine ..." then I know, with complete certainty, that I am listening to someone who is on the right track. !

  • @talastra

    @talastra

    5 жыл бұрын

    13:33 - I've heard him mention the blindspot before. But now, with Varela in the background, I realize he must also be familiar with Heinz von Foerster's charming disquisition(s) on the blind spot. This is, again, all to the good :)

  • @martin36369
    @martin363696 жыл бұрын

    My view is based on the phase locking of a meditator with the peak Schumann resonance of 7.8 htz, & as its the slower analogue semi-conductive flow of holes in the Glial Perineurium, which according to Robert Becker in "The Body Electric" is influenced by external magnetic fields such as the magnetic component of the Schumann waves via the Transverse Hall Effect.

  • @CarlosElio82

    @CarlosElio82

    Жыл бұрын

    I think you are transgressing the Boundaries towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity.

  • @squamish4244
    @squamish42448 жыл бұрын

    "Death is a mystery. We hear all these stories, even things I could say or have just said, but at the end of the day, it's the experience of the unknown. It's not going to be known, it can't be known, it can't be understood. There is a thought pattern that wants to perpetuate itself. It disappears when you die. It may reincarnate again. Ah! Another lifetime! The Tibetans are right!" - Adyashanti

  • @inocentmi

    @inocentmi

    8 жыл бұрын

    +valinor C. G. Jung once said, Life is that short period between two great mysteries. Charles Wm Wells

  • @squamish4244

    @squamish4244

    7 жыл бұрын

    Adyashanti is a modern Advaita teacher who trained in Zen for many years. The great Zen master Hakuin once had this famous exchange with a student: "What happens when you die?" "I don't know." "What? You're a Zen master!" "But not a dead one!" It is the ego that ultimately wants an answer to what happens when the lights go out. The vast, elaborate Tibetan cosmology that Dr. Wallace is deeply invested in is very fascinating, but it is not really the point of spiritual growth and can become a distraction and a support for the ego.

  • @squamish4244

    @squamish4244

    5 жыл бұрын

    No, I would not have. And I am agnostic on the issues of karma and reincarnation - I don't think we understand enough about physics or the mind yet to decide the matter conclusively. I still think Buddhism has an enormous amount to contribute to our understanding of the mind and what constitutes authentic happiness. A huge amount of the misery in the world comes from our extraordinary ignorance regarding the subtleties of subjective experience.

  • @charlesbenedetti8607
    @charlesbenedetti86078 жыл бұрын

    In Scientology there's a way to contact our past lives, ie. where , when, and what, and the first time I experienced it , it was a powerful spiritual awakening, especially when the event of a past death is re-experienced--------- yes, re-experienced, not merely remembered. When this happened I could see both sides of the life/death/life crossover, thus allowing me to realize I'm an eternal spiritual being----------- as all humans are. To me, therefore, death is no mystery, but merely a passing from one body life time to another, the purpose of which is to grow as a spiritual extension of God. In the totality of it all, it is but one tiny moment when the infinite God experiences Himself.

  • @martin36369
    @martin363696 жыл бұрын

    "A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass. This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight. While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place. An exception is Drake, who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it. The experiment described was actually performed by Simon Stevin (commonly known as Stevinus) and Jan Cornets de Groot, although the building used was actually the church tower in Delft in 1586. However, most of his experiments with falling bodies were carried out using inclined planes where both the issues of timing and air resistance were much reduced" Wikipedia

  • @ezeeproproperties8352

    @ezeeproproperties8352

    10 ай бұрын

    It's not a difficult experiment to replicate. Just go do it right now already.

  • @vamkhivlauj7132
    @vamkhivlauj71324 жыл бұрын

    Everyone talking about mind and consciousness but one one no what it is. It is useless talking about it, why not just do the practice and experience it for oneself.

  • @we-learn-we-grow
    @we-learn-we-grow8 жыл бұрын

    i'm in! where's the next step?

  • @squamish4244

    @squamish4244

    7 жыл бұрын

    The consciousness hacking movement.

  • @talastra

    @talastra

    4 жыл бұрын

    Shamata, vipasana ... (sorry for the misspellings!) Short version: More Alan Wallace.

  • @7billion281
    @7billion2818 жыл бұрын

    Thank you for your passion! Join me on 7Billion where we explore emerging consciousness. 🐣

  • @mikeharper3784
    @mikeharper37842 жыл бұрын

    Consciousness is a mirror, looking at itself in a mirror. And neither mirror can figure out which is real and which is a reflection. But they both and together enjoy contemplating the answer. The universe is our (human) mirror. Let me know if you figure out which is real and which is the reflection.

  • @martin36369
    @martin363696 жыл бұрын

    Voluntary attention then would e the effect of the neuroglia on the neuronal network, whilst involuntary attention would be the effect of the neuronal network on the neuroglia

  • @backwardthoughts1022

    @backwardthoughts1022

    3 ай бұрын

    meat contains no property of any type of attention, or any other mental properties of any type, anywhere, ever. locating their neural correlates however is helpful for those limited to 3rd person examination of subtle behaviour associated with mental function.

  • @squamish4244
    @squamish42446 жыл бұрын

    I don't think we need to solve the *hard problem of consciousness* that is being discussed here to make decisive breakthroughs for the spiritual path. We have started along the path of solving the *easy problem of consciousness,* that is, mapping out the brain and nervous system with such a degree of specificity that we can precisely describe how spiritual practice produces changes in the field of consciousness (we don't have to know what consciousness IS to do this). As a result, we will build a foundation on which to develop precise methodologies for dramatically accelerating the progress of insight and enlightenment on the spiritual path.

  • @martin36369
    @martin363696 жыл бұрын

    Materialism doesn't mean that life after death, Soul Psi, God don't exist, but if they do they must be Material or Physical

  • @ezeeproproperties8352

    @ezeeproproperties8352

    10 ай бұрын

    Name a single aspect of your experience that's physical.

  • @k14pc
    @k14pc7 жыл бұрын

    In my view, introspection is incredibly important for understanding the nature of consciousness - it truly is the only way to observe what is at it's core a first person phenomenon. However, if I could steal a quote from Sam Harris, nothing about introspection is akin to cosmology. Putting forth the notion that we are observing the nature of the universe itself simply by observing our own minds, well, doesn't make any sense. It's also quite narcissistic.

  • @gnostic1955

    @gnostic1955

    7 жыл бұрын

    Jason, you are the one using the word "supernatural", which tells me you have the typical reaction to any idea outside the religion of materialism. With the belief that all must be matter including self it is natural to see any opposition to this belief system as wild or phantasy like. I have no personal animus with you only your beliefs. In my belief, which is found in some of the greatest civilizations that have ever existed, Hellenist Greece, ancient Egypt, the Persian empire, the Roman empire...none of these great societies believed in materialism. Do you think because Plato did not fly in a plane or play video games he was a fool. Do you know what perhaps his beliefs were ? Use your imagination, ask yourself if you really believe you are in total a biological machine, or ask your self repeatedly over time, for all thinking is developmental with such difficult questions. Try some socratic method, ask your self if your really believe that all life, existence began with the big bang. Speaking of "the imagination" only a few years ago the powers that be in education, and psychology believe that the imagination was some silly thing day dreaming children did, or at best it was ok for artist or entertainers. Today we realize the imagination is an intricate part of our intellect. Even American business after seeing the success of the tech revolution is recruiting it...try it, it's a great tool!

  • @bhagathimself8515

    @bhagathimself8515

    7 жыл бұрын

    In deep introspection you can see what was there before the Big Bang. So while I partially agree with Sam Harris, I don't think he went far enough with introspection.

  • @joshuanicholls2692

    @joshuanicholls2692

    7 жыл бұрын

    For the record, this isn't my viewpoint, but I'll share some ideas about nonduality. In essence, nondualists (monists) believe there is only one type of "substance" in the universe. In other words, all things share a common source, and, if you can reduce one phenomenon to its fundamental building-block (past the atom, past the electron, the quark, the super-strings) you can get to the fundamental element of all things. I believe they think the mind/consciousness can also be reduced to its fundamental self. The answer supposedly is "nothingness".

  • @squamish4244

    @squamish4244

    5 жыл бұрын

    Well, yes. So what?

  • @ezeeproproperties8352

    @ezeeproproperties8352

    10 ай бұрын

    It only doesn't make sense if you artificially separate yourself from nature. You are a part of nature; not apart from it...

  • @mathew4181
    @mathew41812 жыл бұрын

    Where in the evolution does the first conscious beings come

  • @mathew4181

    @mathew4181

    2 жыл бұрын

    What's the minimum amount of neuronel activity needed to generate subjective experience, consciousness

  • @ezeeproproperties8352

    @ezeeproproperties8352

    10 ай бұрын

    You'll know when you've realized your full and true potential ie when you're perfectly awakened 🙏

  • @naimulhaq9626
    @naimulhaq96266 жыл бұрын

    Introspective philosophy, meditation, etc., leading to gathering knowledge and experience and developing intelligence, intuition, consciousness and cognition are all due to the quantum computing (QC) capacity of our five senses and the QC capacity of our pineal gland. Krishna who preached the Sanatan Religion, was the first Indian to preach introspective philosophy with the 11,000 year old prayer. I adore Vishnu ; Who is the conjoined essence and object of meditative wisdom and active virtue (karma); Who is the cause of the evolution of the world. Strange, he realized evolution so long ago, due to meditative wisdom (introspective philosophy).

  • @TheGuiltsOfUs
    @TheGuiltsOfUs2 жыл бұрын

    We are all Brahman!

  • @martin36369
    @martin363696 жыл бұрын

    isn't Phenomenology the resurgence of introspection?

  • @talastra

    @talastra

    4 жыл бұрын

    One wishes, but it had far too much will to claim access to "experiences" outside of the phenomenological framework. SO it shoots itself in the foot.

  • @backwardthoughts1022

    @backwardthoughts1022

    3 ай бұрын

    you're referring to folk introspection. we have the neural correlates for how useless ppl like you with it are. here however hes clearly speaking about developing rigorous observation of the object to be understood aka going far beyond folk introspection by constructing a telescope of the mind. this too has already been scientifically established based on neural correlate observation.

  • @CarlosElio82
    @CarlosElio822 жыл бұрын

    I agree that setting the genesis in terms of energy-matter, space-time, is erroneous. Strict materialism is a misconception. Look at mathematics. It has all the attributes of a deity like immortality, eternity, omnipresence, truth, exists independent of time or space. Math does not evolve, all of it was true even before the big bang. What evolves is our understanding of it. My favorite image of evolution is as the gradual unveiling of the edifice of mathematics. There you have it: a reality that is not materialistic at all.

  • @leonstenutz6003

    @leonstenutz6003

    Жыл бұрын

    Loved your comment & insight.

  • @myroseaccount
    @myroseaccount4 жыл бұрын

    So presumably the Cognitive Revolution, which completely demolished Behaviourism, from the 1950s didn't happen

  • @epascal340
    @epascal3403 жыл бұрын

    The idea of the experience of consciousness needing some kind of validation from scientism I don't understand. Do we look to science for an explanation of the music of Bach or Beethoven? I certainly don't. It's ok to step outside of the Church Allan the nonempirical air is fine.

  • @backwardthoughts1022

    @backwardthoughts1022

    3 ай бұрын

    that might be ok if one is a vapid hedonist, but is completely not ok and contradicts the quest to 'know thyself'.

  • @martin36369
    @martin363696 жыл бұрын

    Ah Plasma Cosmology

  • @davidpye1499
    @davidpye14994 жыл бұрын

    Petty good overall. But.... 27:29 - 27:49 is a bit smug And 27:50 - 28:01 has the same flavour as Pascal's Wager (and is similarly flawed)

  • @martin36369
    @martin363696 жыл бұрын

    Scratch that last comment

  • @CarlosElio82
    @CarlosElio822 жыл бұрын

    Science is a method, not a collection of beliefs. Newton's law of gravity was scientific but limited, and even Newton knew about its limitations like action a a distance which bothers him tremendously. Einstein's laws supersede Newton's but do not prove them wrong, only incomplete. Religion is a different ball game. If you contradict God, you need a different religion. How can Alan compare religion and science? Easy: he needs a cover to smuggle his ideological contraband of metaphysics.

  • @robertschaefer4918
    @robertschaefer49183 жыл бұрын

    Wissenschaft ohne Religion ist lahm, Religion ohne Wissenschaft blind. (A. Einstein) (Science without relegion ist lame, religion without science is blind)

  • @eroceanos
    @eroceanos6 жыл бұрын

    Eleven zombies had no clue what this was all about…

  • @RobertDigitalArtist
    @RobertDigitalArtist8 жыл бұрын

    He - as most anti-materialists - presents a false dichotomy. Just because rejecting 1st person experiences as a way to learn about the mind is wrong, does not prove materialism is wrong and mind is fundamental (which is a belief with hidden premises like dualism that suffers not just from great deal of contrary evidence but is logically incoherent as philosophers throughout the ages have argued and he and most anti-materialists aren't even aware of it or fail to address it). What we need is to *also* include 1st person experiences into materialistic science, not simply assume the dogma of the anti-materialist church. A church who still has to figure out how to deal with their logical contradictions and absurdities like either dualism or their own phenomenological problem; if dualism _is_ false and mind is fundamental, then how does matter/energy appear..something that feels so real and is shared and with such consistency (it's not that 1 second we all experience a person in front of us and the next second, half the room claims it's a giraffe for example)?

  • @DTTaTa

    @DTTaTa

    8 жыл бұрын

    +Robert LC - Digital Artist Its kind of lame that people think that materialism or dualism are the only ways of addressing this issue. There is no "anti materialistic church dogma" because there is no consensus, there is no one unifed theory that all none materialist agree on. There is a strong wish of discarding assumptions and exploring new ideas, of not limiting ourselves to one mode of inquiry, of not discarding every hypothesis and experiments that are not eurocentric and so forth. He didnt say that because the of materialistic metodolotry consiciousness is proven to by primary, although he did mention briefly some scientific evidence that indicates that materialism is wrong, but its not elaborated here. I dont know much about other contemplatives traditions apart from buddhism but he did expose some of the buddhist claims REALLY briefly. The questions you ask witch are really valid are explored and answer in the different buddhist schools of thought and the methods to put it to the test are there and people have being doing the experiment for thousand of years. Everyone can repeat the experiment and you dont need hundreds of millions of dollars to make a HLC ore something like that With dialogue between this too traditions of truth seekers, the objective sciences and the contemplative sciences there is much more possibilities of actually making some progress.

  • @RobertDigitalArtist

    @RobertDigitalArtist

    8 жыл бұрын

    Valentin Ramos Cuello Try actually reading a comment. Then you might get a response from me: "Its kind of lame that people think that materialism or dualism are the only ways of addressing this issue." I don't and actually specifically address that, especially the last part of my comment. The rest of your rambling has little to do with what I said, are more strawman arguments or red herrings. You are typical though, exactly what I'm talking about, not up for reason or even have the integrity to actually listen to and represent the other person's persepctive honestly. Now, THAT's "kind of lame" :)

  • @d1427

    @d1427

    8 жыл бұрын

    +Robert LC - Digital Artist what's kind of lame here is your reply to Valentin [your causticity surely wasn't necessary regardless of his 'rambling']. In addition you are probably the only one who thinks he knows what you are talking about... and if you truly do know, you should then try to express it in such a way that the reader could make sense of it too because from my perspective it is just another ramble.

  • @RobertDigitalArtist

    @RobertDigitalArtist

    8 жыл бұрын

    Dan eM What you reap, you sow. If you show no interest in a conversation and no respect for the other person's view (blatantly ignoring even the main point made in favor of an assumption/strawman you make of everybody who dares to disagree with you) then your opinion deserves no respect. I at least gave more than that and some pointers to actually have an honest conversation. It's always amazing to me the people squealing dogma and preaching open-mindedness are often the most dogmatic anti-reason people who can't even grasp or lack even the most basic integrity to take on someone else's view honestly and with respect. It's like a religion for them - openmindedness and respect for other people's views - not actually values you believe in but ones you just lecture to others. Sad.

  • @DTTaTa

    @DTTaTa

    8 жыл бұрын

    +Robert LC - Digital Artist 1) I have addressed what you said about "the church of antimaterialism dogma" 2) I have addressed the issue of the "false dichotomy" that you say the speaker uses and try to explain that he didnt say or imply that. 3) I have some information about how some traditions address the problems that you talked about coz it might have interested you ( i guess not ) 4) The lame part was more of a general observation that an opinion to you, should have clarified that to avoid susceptibilities But ok, whatever. Sorry you got upset.

  • @moesypittounikos
    @moesypittounikos5 жыл бұрын

    Subjectivity can never be empirical. What nonsense B Allan Wallace speaks!

  • @ezeeproproperties8352

    @ezeeproproperties8352

    10 ай бұрын

    He never said that.

  • @divingbird7421
    @divingbird74213 жыл бұрын

    this guy has a pretty big ego. some of his points are ok but it is mainly god of the gap's argument in a more sophisticated way.

  • @samwilson2784
    @samwilson27845 жыл бұрын

    lots of nonsense

  • @caustic9999
    @caustic99998 жыл бұрын

    Materialists or those leaning towards materialism should read all of Bernardo Kastrup's books, preferably in reverse chronological order.

  • @hickinabiskit

    @hickinabiskit

    3 жыл бұрын

    I'm somewhat familiar with him...why reverse chronological order though?

  • @caustic9999
    @caustic99998 жыл бұрын

    Materialists or those leaning towards materialism should read all of Bernardo Kastrup's books, preferably in reverse chronological order.

  • @st.armanini9521

    @st.armanini9521

    4 жыл бұрын

    After 3 years and more books this comment stands true! :D

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