2-Minute Neuroscience: Basal Ganglia
Ғылым және технология
In this video I discuss the group of structures known as the basal ganglia, which includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. I describe the role of the basal ganglia in facilitating movement, and I briefly discuss the direct and indirect pathways, two circuits in within the basal ganglia that are thought to promote and inhibit movement, respectively.
For an article (on my website) that explains the basal ganglia more in-depth, click this link: neuroscientificallychallenged...
TRANSCRIPT:
Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I simplistically explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss the basal ganglia.
The basal ganglia are a group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem that include the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The caudate and putamen are often referred to collectively as the striatum, and the globus pallidus and substantia nigra are each made up of multiple nuclei. Although there are a variety of nonmotor functions associated with the basal ganglia, they are best known for their role in facilitating movement.
Much of the information the basal ganglia receives comes from the cerebral cortex and travels first to the caudate or putamen, the main input nuclei of the basal ganglia. The globus pallidus and substantia nigra are the main output nuclei, and they send projections out from the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex, mostly by way of the thalamus, as well as to nuclei in the brainstem.
Activity in the nuclei of the basal ganglia doesn’t cause movement independently, but instead the basal ganglia influence activity in other areas of the brain like the motor cortex to affect movement. The ways in which the basal ganglia do this are not fully understood, but one hypothesis is that there are different circuits in the basal ganglia that promote and inhibit movement, respectively. According to this model, the main output of the basal ganglia is inhibitory and the neurons in the globus pallidus are constantly inhibiting the thalamus to prevent unwanted movements.
When a signal to initiate movement is sent from the cortex to the basal ganglia it follows a circuit in the basal ganglia known as the direct pathway, which leads to the silencing of neurons in the globus pallidus. This frees the thalamus from the inhibitory effects of the globus pallidus and allows movement to occur. There is also a circuit within the basal ganglia called the indirect pathway, which involves the subthalamic nucleus and leads to increased suppression of unwanted movements. It is thought that a balance between activity in these two pathways may allow for smooth movement.
Reference:
Mink JW. The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog Neurobiol. 1996 Nov;50(4):381-425.
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, McNamara JO, White LE. Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates; 2008.
Пікірлер: 152
These 2 min videos make more sense than reading entire textbooks!
This was perfect. I read this section in the book about 10 times and was lost. This was exactly what I needed for the “light bulb” moment. Thank you!!!!
Thanks man you saved me For all those people saying "you are too quick to follow" you can pause the video to absorb what he's saying or note it down if you want
I think you taught it at the perfect speed. If you can't follow along, he posts the transcripts in the description. It's called 2-Minute Neuroscience for a reason.
@HASSAN-ey2qf
5 жыл бұрын
Alyssa or u can red the playback speed
@csupor1046
2 жыл бұрын
Hhű Brusque
SO happy with these videos! They are the best revision for when too tired to read. PLease dont slow them down!!
I learned about the basal ganglia from the book The Power of habit, it talked about an old man who couldn't remember anyone in his family and went missing one day. They found him a few blocks away at his favorite coffee shop that he used to always go to and that habit survived. The brain is fascinating!
@thalukanyomulaudzi1101
7 ай бұрын
I'm actually reading the book hence I'm here. Hahaha
@sahagrace5203
Ай бұрын
Which text book??
reviewing for step and these videos are just perfect, very grateful to you for putting them together !!
Very, very good review videos. Perfect speed, very clean drawings and figures. Thank you very much.
Great video to refresh the memory of someone who's already been taught this, thanks! But maybe a longer version to newly teach someone would be good too, I would've struggled if this was my first introduction.
Wow, beats my teacher's 1 hour lecture. Thanks!
just the perfect length!!! thank you!
Despite of what other people say, I think it was good quick look at what I should know. Thanks :)
Very informative and easy to understand!
This is so so useful! Thank you :)
thank you for saving me and my degree !
great, I've learnt a lot. Thanks man
Good video, very awesome! Thanks.
Your videos are awsome. I love watching them and learning the concepts of the the brain.
@neurochallenged
6 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
The best tutor i will ever have
Love your videos! I am studying animal behaviour and part of that is neuroscience. Your content is succinct and visual which really "joins the dots"! Also bought your book Bizarre on Audible. So fascinating. Thank you!
awesome work, keep it up!
This is great. Really love your videos. Its getting me through my central nervous systems chapter in A&P. Just a quick question, i was told that the Basal Nuclei once were (and often still are) referred to as "Basal Ganglia" (which you mention) is actually a misnomer; as "ganglia" are collections of cell bodies in the PNS. Just was wondering if that is correct or if i was given misinformation? Cheers and keep up the great work!
@neurochallenged
5 жыл бұрын
Yes, that's correct. When the term "ganglia" was initially applied to the basal nuclei, there wasn't the same distinction between ganglia (PNS) and nuclei (CNS) that we have today. But according to today's conventions, "basal ganglia" is a misnomer. Here's a detailed history of the terminology: file.scirp.org/pdf/NM_2012123116010168.pdf
Just 2 minutes are better than a text book
If it is too quick, you can change the speed in the panel below)
@suprithdsouza6652
3 жыл бұрын
Thanks
Why don't you have more subscribers!!!!! Excellent explanation!!!!
Thanks for this !
Nice video! Would you name 2 common sources of input to putamen and caudate nucleus? Which artery provides blood supply to the region internal capsule? Thanks!
Thanks for the video!
Your lectures are very usefull to answer short note questions. and also the short duration prompt the mind to click on your video😅
@muneebaec2841
3 жыл бұрын
@BigDon 😅
I used to watch your videos during undergrad and now I'm back watching them in med school as a refresher. Thanks for all your help!
Awesome video!
Can over eating also be an example of an over stimulated basal ganglia?
Interesting video. Was looking for an explanation for Benign Essential Blepharospasms happening to me. This was a bit eye opening and shocking. Thought it was something you could disconnect and this stop this horrible disorder. Guess I’m here to learn more now on how we can figure Dystonia out.
@neurochallenged
5 жыл бұрын
There are surgical treatments for BEB, and certain drugs that can help some patients. Botulinum injection also often helps, but that can become costly. I hope you find a way to get some relief.
Best brief on the subject
Thanks for this video. I'm dealing with tardive dyskinesia and trying to understand this unexplainable, debilitating condition.
Lol. You can now decrease speed at 0.75x, so it's not AS SLOW as 0.5x. But, it still sounds drunkish. Great job with the video!!
Fun fact for the people who don't like the pace: Press K on your keyboard to stop the video. Pressing J will rewind the video 10 seconds. You're welcome ;)
@edenkhan1293
5 жыл бұрын
You can also change the playback speed! :)
@dannichols6261
5 жыл бұрын
Thank you TunaSammich!! J is *wonderful* , not just for here!
great video, what software did you use?
@neurochallenged
6 жыл бұрын
Thanks! It's a program called VideoScribe.
Do I have a basal ganglia injury.......?
excellent sir
What’s the difference between the Basal Ganglia and the Amygdala? Not being a neuroscientist, they seem to occupy the same place and have two different functions. Any video on that?
@neurochallenged
5 жыл бұрын
I do have a video on the amygdala (kzread.info/dash/bejne/fIqqr7Wwo7K-gNo.html). You can compare this video and that one to see that they actually are located in different places (and have different functions).
Which lobe is it in
Thanks very nice channel
Perfect. Of course this isn't a detailed explanation. But I now know what the basal ganglia is and, generally, what it does. I'm left with fundamentals that I will be able to remember-- something that isn't always the case by a long shot. If I want to learn more, there are plenty of sources I can turn to that I will better understand with this foundation of knowledge.
In Tourette's can body tics change in different parts if the body or do eye twitch always eye twitch A person has an eye twitch and then maybe a couple years later they'll have a twitch somewhere else on the body is that possible or somebody lying to me
@neurochallenged
6 жыл бұрын
Yes, tics in Tourette's can come and go, become more or less severe, and occur in various locations on the body over time.
Ive literally watched this 10 times and cant summarize it to save my life....
@PhysiologyOpen
4 жыл бұрын
Briclyn Forest : why don’t you watch a detailed version: Basal ganglia physiology | Connections and functions | Direct & Indirect Pathways |Movement disorder kzread.info/dash/bejne/oYWNu5pterfHm5c.html
Thank you🌹🌹
Thank you so much 🙏🙏🙏
amazing thank u
Plzz ... discuss about disorder of basal ganglia (parkins)..!!
I love the transcript that's included. so helpful. When reading and trying to look up more information.
Thank u so much 🙏🏼
so is the basal ganglia a part of the cerebral cortex or the brain stem?
@neurochallenged
4 жыл бұрын
They are considered "subcortical" structures, which means they lie below the cortex. But they are not part of the brainstem--except for the substantia nigra, which is in the midbrain.
Commendable Sir
bruh i been tryin to read this for an exam and the books made no sense. this functionally explains it perfectly
Confused: One of your videos says the substantia nigra is in the brainstem; this one says it's in the basal ganglia, which is part of the cerebrum. Please clarify? (PS - these are excellent videos and very helpful.)
@neurochallenged
7 жыл бұрын
I think your confusion is with your definition of the basal ganglia. It includes several structures that are considered part of the cerebrum (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus), but it is network of brain regions and also includes the substantia nigra (midbrain/brainstem) and the subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon). So the basal ganglia isn't found only in the cerebrum. Here's an article from my website on the basal ganglia: www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com/blog/what-are-basal-ganglia
@calla130
7 жыл бұрын
Neuroscientifically Challenged Thanks so much!
is it normal speed or is it a fast speed of 2 minutes?!
I've read tons of articles about how moving our bodies is going on. BUT I've found some part of topic just IGNORED. ALL authors just pass the part "our brain generates the signal". I have been trying to find the answer for 1 week and found nothing. Is it an unanswered question in neuroscience? Or they just skip because they don't know, or it is so trivial question and only I cannot understand it? Because in order to depolarize the neuron it should open ion channels by our wish. E.g. I wanna move my leg up, just because I can. My brain opens ion channels just because I want it. My will should be like physical power isn't it?
@jilljones9804
10 ай бұрын
Yes, will power and determination. The brain is he command center but we give it the commands
What striatum means
THANK YOU
Thank sir.
By the way awesome videos
Super Cool.
Nice effort, and nice video, but too fast to understand
Perfect
My 65 y.o. husband was just diagnosed with this. It is devastating. His right hand is unable to do anything. He needs me to dress him, zip up his pants, button his shirt. He loved to cook. He can't even make himself a sandwich. I have to kill bugs by myself, the biggest horror. :) He can't make love anymore, even with Viagra or the other drug. He says about once a week, he wishes he was dead. He can't drive anymore either. Discerning red lights and green lights is problematic. Watching my husband disappear before my eyes, is more than words can describe.
Put the speed on 0,5 to be able to keep up, guys! Also it sounds like he's drunk and it's pretty hilarious
@ashireemmanuel7087
Жыл бұрын
Be grateful
@dawg6685
7 ай бұрын
Might wanna find a video that isn't 2 minutes little bro.
@Muhammedzakir147
7 ай бұрын
Better do 2x save time
@givensakamuna5855
6 ай бұрын
Simply play a 1hr video, which is as slow as you wish it to be, than passing inappropriate comments
@shila8733
2 ай бұрын
😂
The reason of sending pro and inhibit signals is to smooth movement
This is 1 of the most difficult topics to understand in neuroanatomy & this man Dr. Najeeb just explained it so lucidly. I wish we had teachers of this caliber in all over the world. Its almost jaw dropping to watch someone having so much clarity in topics as complicated like this. kzread.info/dash/bejne/inlkl8xmf5fZccY.htmlsi=pAewK7EmLWpJtuqy
Don't know why they see it is not understandable: besides being able to rewind/rewatch it (it's 2 minutes, they are not going to stay here 1h), it is meant to be a quick recap and not a comprehensive explanation
To All the demotivators (-ve feebackers)...just listen, this is fast no doubt because it is 2 minute neuroscience...which is quite good to sum up the topic Just within 2 minutes.
Love your videos..... ♥️.. totally awesome
Although this could be a wonderful learning tool, I find the pace too rapid. Consider that the terminology is like a foreign language for the audience (neuroscientifically challenged) so sounds like wah wah wah wah. Yes, I know you can pause, but for me personally, that would only make it worse.
@anellitto8186
2 ай бұрын
Same
@talmbukalska
2 ай бұрын
I don't think this is for complete beginners. I'm using this as information I've already learned, but revising for my exam.
@susanokafor3271
Ай бұрын
It's not for beginners perfect its paced for those who have an idea already sometimes you havent got the time 😂
Just cool
Play his videos at 2x speed for the true "1-minute neuroscience" experience
자막 한국어 번역 추가해주실 똑똑한 선생님 도와주새오 ㅎㅎ..
I don't know who you are sir but thank you
Thanks 💕💕
I love you
Too fast speed.. not fully understood
This is where my stroke was :(
This video had me Google how to disable info boxes on KZread. As if the speed wasn't challenging by itself.
u liar it's not 2 min it's 1:59
@cortexeducacao6220
5 жыл бұрын
he says "two minutes or less" ;)
😮
A little slower would be great. thank you anyway.
damn fast
@PhysiologyOpen
4 жыл бұрын
Mzanzi joke Trend check out this: Basal ganglia physiology | Connections and functions | Direct & Indirect Pathways |Movement disorder kzread.info/dash/bejne/oYWNu5pterfHm5c.html
@PhysiologyOpen
4 жыл бұрын
For detailed connections and functions of basal ganglia with concepts: Basal ganglia physiology | Connections and functions | Direct & Indirect Pathways |Movement disorder kzread.info/dash/bejne/oYWNu5pterfHm5c.html
مافهمت شي
M
Ganglion medishon
This is the first video where I have to decrease playback speed 🙂
I took coke and now I am watching this on double speed, no time to waste
Colour options could be better, with different colours for inhibitory and it could be a bit slower.,esp at 0.57s things are so messed up, perhaps 3 mins wud be better, we arent gonna change the World in that 1 min apparently. :) Still thats a great video
@someone-yj2im
3 жыл бұрын
You can change playback speed
My basal ganglia hurts
I had a stroke in the basal ganglia it is horrible .
Fiopdkprl Odoklci lsaa"
We understand that you already understood the whole thing but you should have slowed it down, we barely realize a thing of what you have said
I hate the BG
Please speak English
Nice but check know what’s what!!?? channel for more details of basal ganglia
Tumhare KZread channel pagal bana rakha, kabhi kuch karne ka option aata hai kabhi kuch hato case karungi😡😡