Why was Nazi Germany the Third Reich?
Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi party, envisioned his dictatorial rule as the rightful heir to Germany's historical legacy, following the line of two significant German empires. By adopting the title of the Third Reich, Hitler aimed to place his regime within the broader context of German and European history. He envisioned his "thousand-year Reich" as the culmination of a process dating back to Charlemagne's coronation in 800. This concept of successive "Reichs" originated just a decade before Hitler's rise to power. However, those living in the previously labeled "First Reich" (the Holy Roman Empire) or "Second Reich" (the German Empire) would not have recognized the legitimacy of this designation.
In 1923, German cultural critic Arthur Moeller van den Bruck published "Das Dritte Reich" ("The Third Empire"), a treatise advocating for the elevation of German intellectualism and nationalism amid the political turmoil of the Weimar Republic. Moeller's work rejected Marxism and Western-style democracy, viewing them as obstacles to Germany's rightful supremacy in Europe. He proposed the harmonious fusion of Germany's socialist and conservative movements in the realization of the Third Empire. Moeller's theoretical Reich was not inherently national socialist.
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