What's My Line? - Edie Adams; Martin Gabel [panel] (Jul 21, 1963)
Ойын-сауық
NOTE: Though the difference isn't dramatic, this show again uses more than one video source to improve the opening and the mystery guest segment. Many thanks again to epaddon for providing the bulk of the program!
MYSTERY GUEST: Edie Adams
PANEL: Arlene Francis, Martin Gabel, Dorothy Kilgallen, Bennett Cerf
Пікірлер: 191
I like that Arlene and Gabiel always find a way to say ' my wife ', ' my husband ' in almost every episode. They must have loved each other a lot.
Edie Adams. Such an underrated comic talent.
@washoe4827
3 жыл бұрын
underrated by who ?
@rtflone
2 жыл бұрын
Underappreciated is the word you want not underrated..
@ladyyuna2000
2 жыл бұрын
She was a doll and RIP Edie Adams (born Edith Elizabeth Enke) (April 16, 1927 - October 15, 2008)(aged 81) you will truly be missed and my prayers go out to her and her family.
@freeguy77
Жыл бұрын
@@ladyyuna2000 Loved her performance, dazzling at 35 when filming (in Summer, 1962), "It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (rel. on Nov. 7, 1963) with the greatest cast of actor-comedians in history. Trivia: Ernie was supposed to play her husband (as in real life), Melville Crump, but he had been killed in his sad auto accident in Jan. 1962, before filming began in June. Sid Caesar took over the role.
@allenjones3130
Жыл бұрын
And a fine singer as well. She created the role of the Fairy Godmother in Rodgers and Hammerstein's CINDERELLA in 1957.
Edie Adams is a treasure glamorous, multi talented and really funny in ways one wouldn't expect. Her voice impressions were great..
My earliest memory of Edie Adams is her series of commercials for Muriel cigars. She sings "Hey big spender, spend a little dime with me." Mid sixties probably. "Why don't you pick one up and smoke it sometime". She looks like Marilyn Monroe now that I look at her.
@washoe4827
3 жыл бұрын
@Jane Gold 2 outta 3 ain't bad...
@juanmonge7418
2 жыл бұрын
On the “Hollywood Palace “ episodes you can still see that particular commercial.
Arlene looks fantastic -- and funny, too. "It runs for a quarter." LOL Even after all these years, and even after all the TV that has come and gone since the 1960s, I still am amazed how funny the panelists are without scripting.
I always enjoy seeing either Martin Gabel or Steve Allen as the guest panelist.
Edie Adams - lovely lady and talented. She had to work hard for years to take care of family debts after Ernie Kovacs' death.
@ta2686
10 жыл бұрын
The reference Edie made to the U.S. Income Tax Department (in answering Martin's question about a manager on 59th Street) was probably made due to the delinquent tax bill that Ernie had. She spent several years paying that off.
@philippapay4352
4 жыл бұрын
@@ta2686 It should be said of the late talented Ernie Kovacs that he was not deliberately refusing to pay his tax bill nor was he will malice aforethought putting his wife and daughters at risk. He was an inveterate gambler, now understood as an addiction and not a mere eccentric, expensive trait. It is sad, as they adored one another and it must have made his death worse for her and his daughters. Though, I don't recall who reared them after it.
@1953childstar
2 жыл бұрын
@@philippapay4352 Edie Adams raised his daughters..
@philippapay4352
2 жыл бұрын
@@1953childstar Yes, I did recall that later because he had won custody from their bio-mom and Edie had always gotten along with them during his life, so she reared them after his death and, I believe, paid off all the debts.
@Marcel_Audubon
Жыл бұрын
as Edie said, "they were my debts, too" - they both overspent thinking they had all the time in the world. Sadly, they did not.
Viewing these episodes makes me very happy. Thank you so much!
Also, let me say this about Edie Adams: She was the most beautiful of all the girls in "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World".
@WhatsMyLine
10 жыл бұрын
You're forgetting Ethel Merman, aren't you? ;)
@epaddon
10 жыл бұрын
I preferred Barrie Chase myself. :)
@WhatsMyLine
10 жыл бұрын
epaddon ***** And all three of them were mystery guests on WML at least once!
@johnjarou2357
9 жыл бұрын
agreed.
@johnsain
8 жыл бұрын
She might have been the most beautiful in any movie in 1963!
Wow , Edie Adams had a lovely personality and was also a very successful businesswoman 👩💼
1962 got off to a pretty rough start for Edie Adams. Her husband, Ernie Kovacs, was killed in a terrible car accident. He was only 42, and his birthday was 10 days away. But Edie was able to pull through in the end, and carry on the rest of 1962, by filming "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World", and "Call me Bwana". They do not mention Kovacs directly, but Daly seems to make a subtle mention to him, at about 20:15. 18 months had passed since his death.
@hcombs0104
10 жыл бұрын
I've always had a great deal of respect for Edie Adams. The lady was a survivor, that could never be argued. Not only did she pay all of Ernie's debts, by the end of the 1980's she was a millionaire. She certainly deserved it.
@shoredude2
9 жыл бұрын
hcombs0104 Not only that she raised Ernie's daughters from his first marriage even though the children's mother was still alive. And she fought to keep custody.
@1953childstar
2 жыл бұрын
@@shoredude2 The mother was evil and poor Edie Adams had to endure court battles with her..
Edie Adams had a lot of fun. Very gorgeous and talented.
American Quarter Horse, one of the oldest recognized breeds of horses in the United States. The breed originated about the 1660s as a cross between native horses of Spanish origin used by the earliest colonists and English horses imported to Virginia from about 1610. By the late 17th century, these horses were being raced successfully over quarter-mile courses in Rhode Island and Virginia, and hence received the name Quarter Horses. The Quarter Horse was bred for performance and had considerable Thoroughbred blood as well as traits of other lines.
12:07 Martin Gabel: “Is it something that is worn above the waist?” The laughter from the audience as the visual sinks in is hilarious. 🤣
A poignant moment at 20:15, when John Daly congratulates Edie Adams on her recent successes with a hesitant voice and the pronoun "we." An evident nod on behalf of the panel to her professional recovery after the traumatic loss of her husband Ernie Kovacs a year and a half before.
@Vitte4
10 жыл бұрын
The exact words John uses are, "We are all tickled to death at the good fortune that has come to you recently." A turn of fortune, indeed!
@Chosimba13
3 жыл бұрын
You can see in John's eyes and momentary hesitation he realized "to death" was not the way to go. He recovered nicely enough.
@stevefowler5970
Жыл бұрын
@@Chosimba13 I think you are reading too much into it, the English language has many double meanings.
@freeguy77
Жыл бұрын
Ernie, not Eddie.
@Vitte4
Жыл бұрын
@@freeguy77 Thanks. I've now corrected the typo.
They don’t make game shows like this anymore. So classic.
@LANCSKID
4 ай бұрын
So corny.
Edie Adams, charming, lovely and an incredible comic talent. Fabulous!
Edie Adams: Gorgeous!!
Edie Adams was a delight!
It would have been darned interesting to see Ernie and Edie work together again in a big comedy movie. She and Sid Caesar were very funny, though.
Good vocal impressions by Miss Adams. I love impressions. Debbie Reynolds I know does Zsa Zsa well too.
@rmelin13231
Жыл бұрын
Debbie Reynolds' take on Zsa Zsa is just plain phenomenal and I never tire of admiring it.
What beautiful English Americans once spoke!
@elisabethlinz4256
3 жыл бұрын
I totally agree. Better than British English when spoken like that...
@mckavitt13
3 жыл бұрын
@@elisabethlinz4256 Not the British of the time. For me, they were both beautiful... then...
@kentetalman9008
11 ай бұрын
Don't assume that everyone back then spoke so beautifully.
Edie Adams married to Earnie Kovaks. What a riot that home was...
@mckavitt13
5 жыл бұрын
Ernie. ☺👓🎓
@freeguy77
Жыл бұрын
Kovacs.
i remember her when i was in my teens she was so entertaining and brilliant like her husband Ernie Covacs
@freeguy77
Жыл бұрын
Kovacs.
People seemed so much more civil and dignified back then.
@johanbrand8601
Жыл бұрын
Well yes that is true.
@LANCSKID
4 ай бұрын
Some of us still are. 🤵♂️
@QuadMochaMatti
21 күн бұрын
They were paid to act in that manner. Doesn't necessarily mean that they were outside of that environment.
She had just completed "mad mad world",....her husband was killed in a car crash a year before....and no Marilyn Monroe impressions anymore since she died the previous summer also.
Edie Adams' hair and makeup are so beautiful here! ❤
I just watched the sweet, wonderful movie, "Love with the Proper Stranger", and she is just great in it, a wonderful, sympathetic character (although she's mad most of the time!).(It is free to watch on Pluto) My family loved Ernie Kovacs and Edie Adams, and it was such a shock when he died so early. He was so brilliant, in a very idiosyncratic way, and she was his perfect match. I see "Dutch Masters", and I can't help but think of both of them.
@Walterwhiterocks
3 жыл бұрын
Sorry, but I never get quite that far out in space. Mars is my absolute limit.
Fun dress on the first contestant! I like it.
Videotaped on July 14, 1963, immediately prior to that night's live taping.
@QuadMochaMatti
21 күн бұрын
That don't make no sense.
She was so beautiful (in a fresher way than seen here) on the Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour
@gbrumburgh
3 жыл бұрын
And beautifully sang the standard "That's All" on that episode.
The quarter horse is actually the fastest horse in running a quarter mile. They are the cheetahs of the horse world. I almost got to ride in a quarter horse race as a teenager, but it was cancelled at the last minute due to insurance concerns. Bummer deal.
Thanks for posting.
1963. The year of really bad wiglets. Supposedly they added the illusion of height to a woman, but in Dorothy's case, they add the illusion that she has satellites going around her.
@amb1962
10 жыл бұрын
Makes me want to put on my engineering hat. Ask questions like "How many rivets did she use" and "How well did it stand up to wind tunnel testing." :)
@WhatsMyLine
10 жыл бұрын
What really surprises me about Dorothy's horrific hairstyles in this period is that you can't explain it as simply the result of the times. We never saw Arlene in a hairdo like that. Plenty of examples of "big" hair on the women, but as someone else said not long ago (I forget who it was), Dorothy really should have fired her hairstylist. My goodness.
@jazzvampire
10 жыл бұрын
Andrew Baker I bet Edie's lacquered updo could withstand some pretty high velocity tests! Ah, the wonders of alcohol-based hair products.
@jazzvampire
10 жыл бұрын
What's My Line? I do often enjoy Dorothy's bird nest styles, but they seemed to get increasingly ridiculous as time went on! Perhaps the standard teasing/hairspray combo would have been a better choice...I mean, Arlene certainly pulled off that simpler look.
@WhatsMyLine
10 жыл бұрын
Elsie M. When she toned it down a bit, Dorothy's hair still looked very flattering (on occasion) even after this point. But really, most of those do's were somethin' else!
I saw "Call Me Bwana" in the theater when I was 8. Edie is hilarious!
Strange that Daly insists jockeys are performers rather than athletes. I think it's safe to say he got that one wrong. If she hadn't been so dreadfully nervous, I suspect she would have liked to correct him.
@stevenginsberg8471
7 жыл бұрын
TheGadgetPanda I believe he considers all athletes as a form of performer.
@josonic
6 жыл бұрын
Why not both?
@mckavitt13
5 жыл бұрын
Jockeys are mostly athletes. You try jockying if you have the least doubt.
Pretty dress Dorothy is wearing!
Ernie Kovacs had been dead for eighteen months when this was telecast. It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World would be released roughly four months afterward. Edie seems to have adjusted well to widowhood.
@bobo420TX
3 жыл бұрын
She was devastated, but a young widow who was trying to get out of deep heartbreak. But she was strong and still young. So she did everything needed to live life, and succeed.
@MosaicRose99
2 жыл бұрын
@@bobo420TX True, she was devastated. I watched an interview she did in the eighties where she described what happened the night Ernie died and just remembering it again got to her and she broke down. It was pretty heartbreaking...
I had no idea Edie Adams was so talented. The whole panel, and of course John, are a delight
Very attractive lady (Edie Adams). In her later years too I'm sure. By the way. I hate bill collectors.
They have a jockey on the show and Martin explains the difference between horses, then asks if it's correct. Mansplaining at its finest
@elisabethlinz4256
3 жыл бұрын
I wonder if the jockey would have explained it as well as Martin did...
@kennethlatham3133
3 жыл бұрын
Woke joke bs.
@geraldkatz7986
2 жыл бұрын
It was Bennet Cerf, a man by the way but I'm no biologist, who asked what a quarter horse was. Martin Gabel answered.
Edie Adams. Wow. Big Wow. Edie is just sensational every time she appeared on WML as a mystery guest. Her husband was sensational on the WML panel as well, though -- truth be told -- his surreal humor was not quite right for the concept.
@WhatsMyLine
10 жыл бұрын
Well, it's funny you should say that, because personally, while I've never been able to appreciate Kovaks's own television shows (what little survives), I do consider him one of the funniest panelists they ever had. He was also a riot on an episode of You Bet Your Life where Groucho called him out from the audience to appear onstage. But his own TV work, which comedy aficionados frequently praise to the skies, is (to me) surrealist without a lot of actual comedy. The overt comedy on his shows was often extremely broad, not clever the way the surrealist "gags" could be. But even appreciating the surrealism on its own terms, without expecting belly laughs, is hard for me given the technical limitations they had to work around at the time. I haven't seen any of his films yet, but if it weren't for his game show appearances, I might never have considered myself particularly to be a fan of his work at all. Just one guy's opinion.
@robertmelson2130
8 жыл бұрын
After asking the challenger, industrialist Henry Kaiser, if there were a car named for him, the answer to which was yes.
I want Arlene's outfit!!!!
@stevekru6518
3 жыл бұрын
I admire what is inside Arlene’s outfit. Wonderful person!
Edie sure was amazing looking
Look at what Bennett and John didn't know about quarter horses!
@RikardPeterson
9 жыл бұрын
Joe Postove And me!
@loissimmons6558
5 жыл бұрын
I'm a city kid. The only thing I knew about quarter horses is that they weren't raced at the racetrack down the street from where I grew up (Aqueduct). No trotters, either; only thoroughbreds.
Elaine always asked "Are you a comei-dian?" Dorothy always asked, "Are you in the entertainment business?"
I would think that Johnny Olsen was integral, yet unseen, part of the program. I assume he "warmed up" the audience prior to the show, and of course did all the intros and outros. I wonder, because it so often sounded exactly the same if his voice over the end credits was always done live. We don't get to see many shows with the commercials, but I don't remember ever seeing him do one, taped in advance or live.
@epaddon
10 жыл бұрын
Johnny didn't do commercials because those were filmed spots by other sponsors. Dennis James for Kellogg's was the most prominent for over several years.
Arlene left shoulder still hurts her. You can tell by the way she holds that hand in her pocket.
@LANCSKID
4 ай бұрын
An extremely accident-prone person.
I don't think John handled the question of Arlene's "Are you anything other than a performer" for the jockey correctly. She is a performer, but for gosh sakes she is primarily an athlete. I think he lead them down the garden path a bit. And then John answered Bennett's question with "some degree of athletic skill would be necessary"... and the young lady did not seem that sure herself, but I would think that riding a horse is as much athleticism as bowling, or curling.
@WhatsMyLine
10 жыл бұрын
Apparently you're not the only one who thinks so! It was a strange response on Daly's part, I agree. And one of those cases where I might have expected (as you've asked about before) John to ask the contestant's "permission" to offer his preferred answer, though no one I can recall ever insisted on disagreeing with him.
@TheGadgetPanda
10 жыл бұрын
And indeed a good deal more athleticism than those sports. As anyone who has ever spent any time in a saddle would agree, it is genuinely physically demanding. Add in all the training and specific diets required of jockeys and there's no denying it, they're athletes all right.
@orgonkothewildlyuntamed6301
9 жыл бұрын
Joe Postove im not sure i agree---if you listen to John's explanation they agreed she was with entertainment thereby "locking" her into that category so agreeing to anything else could have misled the panel
@RikardPeterson
9 жыл бұрын
orgonko the wildly untamed Yes, the interpretation of the question was a performer as opposed to someone working backstage, and it that context the answer makes sense.
Edie Adams is hilarious😂
Edie had a look that is still contemporary
Deadwoodwood is in SOUTH dakota!
Miss Mitchell was so elegant wearing long gloves with the beautiful dress which doesn't give a clue about her job! 😂🤔
This show is fun to watch , but it should have been an hour show , there was never enough time .
@QuadMochaMatti
21 күн бұрын
Oh joy, another half hour of Bennett Cerf's bloviating on the TV skween.
Deadwood is in South Dakota.
I feel really badly for the mystery guests when they're trying so hard to put on a funny accent or do a funny impression, but then the panel doesn't hear them and gets frustrated. I'm glad the audience laughs though!
@mckavitt13
5 жыл бұрын
To feel bad = correct. ☺👓🎓
15:29 Adie Adams
I miss Ernie.
*_JOCKEY_* *_MAKES HAIR CURLERS_* *_BILL COLLECTOR_*
TERIFFIC!
I wonder what kind of critters infested Dorothy's hair, that she needed moth balls up there.
Edie Adams at her most glamorous. She is an attractive woman, no question about it. But it is still amazing the difference that makeup and especially makeup technique can achieve. Compare how she looks here with her appearance with Ernie Kovacs as the MG's on the 9/9/56 episode.
Martin asks good questions. Even if he gets a no, he gives good information to the panel.
As Archie Bunker would say, “…and we knew who we were then…girls were girls and men were men…” No doubt which category Miss Adams fell into!
Miss Rosenthal walked as if she was one of the Stepford Wives …
Edie looks so much like a toned down Marilyn Monroe, whom she often immatated.
@mckavitt13
5 жыл бұрын
Imitated ☺👓🎓
Wow, Martin Mansplains horses to jockey!!🙄
I think Arlene was clued into the answers sometimes
@kentetalman9008
11 ай бұрын
Bull.
Dorothy is still wearing the left-overs from the Christmas decorations on top of her head. But I've noticed worse from that hairdresser..
@washoe4827
3 жыл бұрын
she told me that YOU were her hairdresser...
The first contestant is very lovely, but I was thinking you don't see very many out and out (and I know this subjective, but I can live with that) "ugly" women on the show. I wonder if there was a "looks" screening process of some sort for women particularly. John does ask for a picture when inviting people to write in to be on the show. The men...well it reminds of what JFK said about Jackie being late because it takes more time to pull all that beauty together (rough paraphrase) "No one cares what Lyndon and I wear"
@WhatsMyLine
10 жыл бұрын
Just speculating, I think they would have been much more concerned with the potentially deceptive factor of a prospective contestant's looks, rather than purely attractiveness. E.g., the old woman who turned out to be a store detective. That sort of thing. Given the standards of the time (as referenced in occasional cringe-inducing remarks by Bennett), any time they had an attractive woman it seemed to be for the purpose of fooling the panel into not thinking along the lines of a professional woman, like a doctor or lawyer, rather than simply to have an attractive woman on display. But that said, if it didn't give away anything useful that a contestant was attractive (which it would if she were, say, a model), I'm sure they preferred to have attractive folks to non attractive. That's just show biz!
@MrJoeybabe25
10 жыл бұрын
Good point to remember about the deceptive nature of the producers!
@MrJoeybabe25
9 жыл бұрын
What's My Line? you said "any time they had an attractive woman it seemed to be for the purpose of fooling the panel into not thinking along the lines of a professional woman, like a doctor or lawyer, rather than simply to have an attractive woman on display." But don't you think the panel was well on to that kind of "fake" end run? It seems by the 60;s when a pretty girl was a contestant they were by far savvy enough to know that she wasn't ( usually) a beauty queen or some such thing. By then the show had to double fake the panel to throw them off the trail!
@jmccracken1963
6 жыл бұрын
Apropos of Donna Mitchell, notice that she wears a somewhat "puffy" dress which, to an extent, conceals how slim she is. Had she been wearing a non-"puffy" dress, the panel might have put 2 and 2 together far sooner, once it had been established that her service was in some way athletic. (The same goes for her hairdo in this segment.)
@stevekru6518
3 жыл бұрын
Much as I admire her, Dorothy is closer to ugly than pretty
I realize that Bennett Cerf was a publisher of a dictionary, however, I have to disagree with his pronunciation of the word dexterity. I crack up every time he says the word and pronounces it with an 'h' in the middle, as in the words where when. It's not 'dextherity,' Bennett! Lol. And Dorothy loves the word metal! It's not 'mehtal', Dorothy! 😂 it's met'tal. Lol
Wtf is Dottie wearing on her noddle?
I wonder if any of the "stars" of today could legibly write their names on a chalkboard.
Arlene doesn't have her jewelry heart on.
All Pulchritude is female or better ...feminine!
These mystery stars that came on, talked too much. Edie should have just given yes or no answers.
Then she was a performer..... Then arlene should've kept going
John refers to "the July heat". When was this show taped? If wasn't July, John told a white lie (and no matter when it was taped it could have been a cool day). When I was in radio, when we were doing a report from some place other than the studio, we would usually get the news, tape the sounds of the place and then voice the news spot at the station. In that case we were not allowed to say from such and such a place. We would end the report (all the while sounding like we were in the middle of it) for WNIS or whatever station I was working for. It's not that we were angels, but lying of any kind, even a little one of no consequence was severely frowned upon. If the question came up during the show about the actual time they were taping, it would have to be addressed honestly. I know that's a long way for a little matter, but in radio we took such things seriously. But if the show was taped in July, please ignore the above :>)
@VahanNisanian
10 жыл бұрын
Joe, it was taped on July 14, 1963, immediately prior to that night's live taping.
@MrJoeybabe25
10 жыл бұрын
Good to know Vahan. I wouldn't think John would go out on a limb like that anyway.
@loissimmons6558
5 жыл бұрын
July 14, 1963 was the first episode where Arlene was no longer wearing a sling because of the broken clavicle she suffered in her car accident. But both on that episode and this one, she walks in with her right hand in her pocket. Perhaps it was still painful for her to walk with her arm hanging freely, or it was precautionary.
This is around the time Ms Kilgallen started acting strange!?
@LANCSKID
4 ай бұрын
Started?
good fortune? just a little over a year earlier her husband was killed a in a auto accident
@lauracollins4195
5 жыл бұрын
FRED ROGERS - I think John Daly is referring to her good fortune, resulting from her hard work and determination, in paying the enormous tax debt after her husband’s tragic death, and the related upswing in her career. :)
Edie was stunning looking. How on earth that thieving cad Ernie Kovacs got his lying hands on her gorgeous figure and mass fortune I'll never know. She deserved so much better, but I know she did deeply love him.
@peternagy-im4be
2 жыл бұрын
Please don't be so silly.
@mrjones29
2 жыл бұрын
@@peternagy-im4be Being silly that Edie was a beautiful woman and deserved better than a man that was stealing her money? Shut up fool.
@MosaicRose99
2 жыл бұрын
Edie's son by her second husband after Ernie said that Ernie was the love of his mother's life. There is an interview where Edie is crying and talking about how she loved the way Ernie treated her, so you are right, she deeply loved him.
@mrjones29
2 жыл бұрын
@@MosaicRose99 He also mentally abused her and she couldn't see it. Blinded love is not a great look regardless.
@SueProv
11 ай бұрын
What do you mean thieving cad?
Dorothy really irritates me
@kennethlatham3133
3 жыл бұрын
She always speaks highly of you.
@kentetalman9008
11 ай бұрын
I've never heard her say anything bad about you.
I'm quickly losing all respect for John Daily (I wish I could say I didn't like him, but I can't. With all his stupid shenanigan's, I can't seem to not like him). But he IS quickly losing my respect. I can't STAND him still flipping over those stupid cards for no reason. And did you hear him with the second person? The card was on 20; John says to Bennet, "If you guess correctly, I won't flip the card." Bennet guessed correctly and flips over the cards! (he LIED)!!
@stevekru6518
3 жыл бұрын
Better to lie than steal. John changed the rules to allow Bennett unlimited guesses. It would have been unfair not to give the contestant more money. Try thinking of the cards as having two discrete functions: score keeping and paying contestants. John often is generous with the second function. This was a rare instance where he was generous with the score keeping function a well
@kennethlatham3133
3 жыл бұрын
Well, we'll try to find a replacement for Mr. Daly, but you're going to have to break it to him. Sorry. That's the way it goes. Take him to a lunch. Someplace where there won't be a scene.
@peternagy-im4be
2 жыл бұрын
Calm your skin down rooster.
@geraldkatz7986
2 жыл бұрын
The game is a McGuffin. The show is not about the game.
@kentetalman9008
11 ай бұрын
This is the sort of thing that determines your respect for a person??? Daly is better off without your respect.