I appreciate the simple admitting of the things that we simply don’t know yet. The clarity that gives is refreshing.

@robertsala8031

6 ай бұрын

YES! Albert Einstein said “I have spent my life studying them and yet I do not know what a photon is.”.

Everyone always asks what is electron. No one asks how is electron 🥺

@ACSReactions

2 жыл бұрын

well maybe more people would take interest if electron weren't so negative all the time (I'm so sorry)

@twothreebravo

2 жыл бұрын

@@ACSReactions Just needs to break out of their shell.

@Hecarim420

2 жыл бұрын

Maybe I'm wrong and I don't understand something, but isn't it really an electron with a "positive" charge and a positron with a "negative" charge (or vice versa) and we made up a story about a sad electron for easier math 🤔

@amicloud_yt

2 жыл бұрын

@@Hecarim420 what??

@twothreebravo

2 жыл бұрын

@@Hecarim420 no. Maybe lay off the 420.

If Uncle Habib wants to make an apple pie from scratch he must first invent the universe.

Also, the reason you cant have two spin up particles is because the wave functions deconstructively interfere, leaving those areas with a probability of 0. So, wave mechanics in QFT explains the Pauli exclusion principle

Wow guys, your channel is getting better and better at each video, never trivial topics, but also treated in a light and, at the same time, meaningful way. Thank you for the insights, keep on doing things as you are doing them!

Outstanding video and very well narrated. You made it interesting, entertaining and informative. Really well done!

@Robert_McGarry_Poems

2 жыл бұрын

Yeah, but what _is_ an electron.

That was fun, clear and with enough, "we simply don't knows," in it to be reassuringly honest.

Loved the video! I wanted to say though, as a matter of fact we do know why two electrons with same quantum state cannot occupy the same space. Granted as we keep asking "why", there's something that we wouldn't know - but we do have a very satisfactory understanding of the first few why's. The quick summary is that joint quantum wave distribution of two indistinguishable spin half particles is antisymmetric, they change sign when the particles are swapped. This property forces the probability amplitude to be zero along the portion where they are exactly at the same place.

@stoferb876

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you. Suddenly the Pauli exclusion principle made a little more sense to me than before. And I just realized that this is also why quantum tunneling is occasionally possible. Right? When their probability waves overlap they cancel out each other. But there's still some tiny probability that one particle will if sufficiently close to the other to suddenly end up existing on the other side of it. As if it had tunneled through it.

@ArnabBose

2 жыл бұрын

Tunneling is actually slightly even simpler, as it is wholely explained with only one particle. A summary is that before observing an electron, it's wave function is never bounded in space. It extends everywhere just with vanishingly small amplitude. That means an electron you're working with here, may even turn up in the Andromeda galaxy in the next moment. (Things are a lot complicated since there's only one electron field of which all the electrons between here and there are purturbations, but let's for the moment imagine an universe with a single electron.) So when we place a barrier of some sort, the wave function never vanishes on the other side. The barrier just causes it to decay very quickly (exponentially wrt width of the barrier). This results in every once in a while when we make an observation to localize the electron, it appearing on the other side of the barrier - since the wave function can collapse anywhere it exists (albeit with different probabilities). A crucial thing to note when comparing with Paul's exclusion principle, is that the joint wave function is actually zero for us to find the two electrons there on top of each other - i.e. that will never happen. Whereas, for tunneling, it's never zero, it's just small in magnitude.

@denissemedina6023

Жыл бұрын

😞

@dreadformer

Жыл бұрын

@@denissemedina6023real

0:16 Can we get Uncle Habib's apple pie recipe?

@ACSReactions

2 жыл бұрын

Sorry, Uncle Habib shares his recipe with no one

@nyzrh

2 жыл бұрын

First step is to create an universe.

This guy is a great presenter!

@ACSReactions

2 жыл бұрын

Glad you like him!

@MacchiStrauss

2 жыл бұрын

Really, I want more videos with him.

Very well done. I like the rather joyful tone of the narration and the very significant examples given. Kudos!

And as weird as all that was... that was the dumbed down version :)

@ACSReactions

2 жыл бұрын

Oh--we know.

@tommurphy1153

2 жыл бұрын

@@ACSReactions Just to be clear... I thought it was an excellent review and the right place to stop before going down the "it may even be in two places at the same time, kinda!" quantum rabbit hole :)

It's astounding to me, just how many things there are in science that we *understand* really super well, but don't actually know what the hell it is.

PBS Space time sent us and I can't say that I was disappointed. Great video

Now I see why, Space Time sent me over, good video! I’m subscribed!

@sogerc1

2 жыл бұрын

Space Time sent me too.

@nyzrh

2 жыл бұрын

Same O/

So, an electron is a promise.

@ACSReactions

2 жыл бұрын

Electrons are what you feel in your heart.

@zeynaviegas

2 жыл бұрын

@@ACSReactions maybe the real electrons are the friends we made along the way

@b43xoit

6 ай бұрын

Well, I did write code to generate an antipromise.

More videos like this, please. This was amazing. Physics book we have no idea might give you an idea.

Good to see George writing and hosting an episode instead of just being a taste tester 😄 I'd say this was a pretty good "Electrons 101" though I think the description of spin could be improved to emphasize the electrons themselves aren't actually spinning, but rather it's an intrinsic angular momentum. Maybe do an episode about the Stern-Gerlach experiment next?

If an electron had no volume, wouldn’t it have infinite density and therefore immediately collapse into a black hole and explode?

@dtnicholls1

2 жыл бұрын

Firstly, I have no idea. But, if I were to guess... It has mass, so it must occupy some physical space, even if that space is a point of zero volume. So, it follows that it must have some mass density. But, it is also a quantum partical... So it will have a wave function defining it's position within a given region of space, or volume. I'd guess that if you were to integrate the probability of finding the electron across all points in that region you would have your volume to divide your mass by to find it's density. That also means that if you were to scale its density by the probability of finding the electron in a given position within space, and then add all of those up you would have it's mass.

@belg4mit

2 жыл бұрын

Thou shalt not divide by zero.

@pavolusak2488

9 ай бұрын

The elementary particle mass density in [kg.m^-3] is estimated by m^4.{1/[pi^2.(b/a)^2.2.( htrans/c)^3] } ~ ~ m^4[kg^4].1E129[kg^-3.m^-3] It is ~ 5.E8[kg.m^-3] for electron and ~1.7E98 [kg.m^-3] for Planck mass elementary paticle. The parameter (b/a) is close to 0.039...for electron. And in first approximation it is supposed to be constant. More on Research Gate.

isn't an electron (like all fundamental particles) just a value of energy in the quantum electron field?

@EarlLedden

7 ай бұрын

What does " in the quantum electron field " add to the definition? You're defining the term by using the term. Can we just say it's a measure (value) of energy?

@b43xoit

6 ай бұрын

@@EarlLedden Quantum field theory explains things and maybe simplifies the account, into the bargain.

When touch something, actually you are not touching it. It is only a feeling. The electrons outer side of the molecule in your hand can't make contact with the electron of the other molecule of other matter due to high repelletion. Distence between two electrons become zero, it means force of repelletion is infinity, not possible

What does it even mean to rotate an electron if it's a point-like mass?

In summary, an electron is an elementary particle that is nothing more than a collection of properties (one of them being denominated as ‘negative’ ) is this explanation good enough? or can someone add to this

Space Time sent me- this is really good!

"If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the universe” Carl Sagan

This is not only funny but also describe things in very summarized way.

Pbs space time enjoyers incoming

awesome video! I had thought that black holes only formed from a high enough concentration of mass, so I was confused when you said that a high enough density of photons would create a black hole; now I know what a kugelblitz is :P

Great explanation of electrons for the non-initiated! One thing I would have added, without taking any of the "magic" out of your great presentation, is that the word "spin" referred to an electron, indicates its "quantum spin". True you didn't mentioned "quantum" in any part of your presentation, but you could have easily said the the spin doesn't refer to a rotation in space, but to all the links an electron has with its surroundings. Thank you...

PBS space time sent me here, I know understand the concept so much better. Thank you!

Even though KZread recommended me this video, I neglected for some reason but PBS spacetime reminded of this video again and he sent me here.. Nice video!

Congrats!!!! Excellent video!!!! We are waiting for more...

Super awesome video! Great explanation! Is that his house or your common studio?

That half spin might indicate that the electron exists in more dimensions than we expect.

Wow!I finally simply understand the Pauli's principle. Thank you for sharing!

Electrons can actually be accelerated in rather small particle accelerators relative to the comparably heavy protons. Small as in smaller than an average sized room...(worked at a company decades ago that built them)

I got directed here by PBS Spacetime. I’m always happy to check out science channels.

I never noticed this video was nearly 11 minutes! Great work. It’s inspiring to remind ourselves how truly mysterious the electron is!

Wonderfully explained .Thank You Sir

First time someone explained this way better than others

"We can cram as much light into as small a space as we want..." I've thought about something: Seems like we can cram as much matter as we want into a black hole at the centre of which there's singularity. Could it be that matter turns into energy inside a black hole and that's the reason "matter can fit into singularity"??

Excellent. Came from Spacetime.

PBS Spacetime sent me

You helped me make connections I couldn’t make in the past. I felt enlightened by your explanations. Suddenly, i understood why I can’t put my hand through fermions that have half spin, and yet i can put my hand through bosons w 1 spin. This is why Reality is neither totally whispy and transparent, nor totally solid and concrete. Now i understand at least 2 reasons i can’t put my hand through a table!!! Until now i only understood the concept that the electrons in my hand will repel the electrons in the book. Now i know that two spin-up electrons or spin down electrons can’t occupy the same orbital. I always thought higher orbitals could contain more than 2 electrons. Ie N2 could contain up to 8 electrons. Are you saying they can’t?! I am not debating this; i just want to make sure I understood it correctly. If so, i definitely understand the Pauli Exclusion Principle much better now! Thank you in advance if you or someone else can confirm that my basic understanding is correct. Watching this video made my day!

@jimsagubigula7337

2 жыл бұрын

No, higher orbitals can have more than 2 electrons. This doesn't violate the Pauli exclusion principle though. It has to do with sub-orbitals. Each orbital is consisted of multiple sub-orbitals, each sub-orbital can have up to 2 electrons, with up and down spin. The first orbital has only one sub-orbital, thus it can only hold a maximum of 2 electrons. The second orbital though has 4 sub-orbitals, thus it can hold up to 8 electrons.

I am surprised you did not discuss the wave particle duality of an electron😀

Sent here from PBS Spacetime, subscribed for content and engaging presentation😄.

Great Video! Your friends at PBS Spacetime sent me here!

I understand that because they are spin 1, photons do not take up space, but what about photon-photon scattering, which I've recently seen mentioned in physics-related news items? Could that interaction occur because of (virtual) pair production by both electrons in a 2-electron scattering event?

This got me thinking... Is there a charged particle with integral spin? Turns out yes, the W boson. I guess if for some reason you wanted to concentrate electric charge into a tiny volume beyond the densities allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle, you could theoretically do it with W bosons? Of course, they're also very high mass so...

@drdca8263

2 жыл бұрын

Pauli exclusion . It’s someone’s name. Also, cool point.

@rougenaxela

2 жыл бұрын

@@drdca8263 Ahh right, forgot that, thanks for the correction.

Matt from PBS sent me and I'm pleased he did. Excellent presentation, thank you. 👌😎

I'd elect Ron, he's the man for the job! He's in charge!

Your comment that, if people were made of photons, reminded me of an old TV show "Automan" LOL.

I *SO* like your style !

Great video! I love your presentation. I asked the same question to my chemistry professor in college. He threw a bunch of equations at me and confused the hell out of me. I would really prefer that he just said: we don't know what an electron is (yet), but we do know some of its properties.

@schmetterling4477

6 ай бұрын

An electron is a quantum of energy, momentum, angular momentum and charges (one electric, one leptonic).

Special electrons becoming a magnet at high speed reinforced between Cuban molecules.

I love the video so much. Please send more videos

Fantastic video. Hopefully there are more...

Aww, you missed your chance to say "quantum mechanics forbids this." Still a good video.

Great video!

Thanks for your simple explanation of this fundamental part of the World. 💯

Fascinating & Thank You!

Fascinating video , really enjoyed it .

Very good. And concise.

an electron is a singularity, finite mass but no size

That fucking ending got me. Great video.

Great explanation..... really.... thank you

Fun video, nice work!

Just wow! This channel deserves millions of likes and subscribes

Could dark matter be something like regular atoms but spin one? I mean, could it be massive matter but act like photons?

Maybe the answer is: it's an object having a table of properties. Period. Because by nowadays notions the electron is an elementary particle, i.e. not consisting of any other elementary particles then we have a truly philosophical problem: we always explain something based on what it consists of. For example, a brick house consists of bricks, bricks consist of this and that, and so on. But an electron is an elementary particle, it doesn't consist of anything. End of story. We can't put a tiny label on its side because it has no sides. The human brain simply isn't ready for such situations.

@b43xoit

6 ай бұрын

Except that it's a quantum, not an object. The difference is that objects have identity. Quanta only have a count.

Ty for this video, it’s helping me understand PBS Spacetime better.

I think the “electrons are fermions, which means that exchanging two of them produces a negative sign in the wave function, and so the amplitude of the wavefunction for a configuration in which two have the same state, would be its own negative, and would therefore be zero, so they can’t be in the same state” is at least one more level of explanation deeper than “they just can’t be in the same state”. Hm, I suppose this same argument should also show that anyons also follow the Pauli exclusion principle? Because, if there is any phase other than 1 such that multiplying a scalar by that phase gives the same scalar, then the scalar must be 0. So, I guess anyons in a 2d world should also satisfy Pauli exclusion principle? Weird. (Or, uh, at least, abelian anyons? I’m still confused about how non-abelian anyons work.)

I was just beginning to get it with the tiger part.

Great video but now I need to track down the answer to why a sufficient number of photons can create a black hole. They have no mass yet plenty of energy (may that's it).

If string theory is true, would that mean Schrodinger's cat is chasing those strings?

@b43xoit

6 ай бұрын

LOL

Is there a correlation between spin and the ability to travel at light speed?

@sogerc1

2 жыл бұрын

I don't think so (but I'm not an expert), but there's a correlation between mass and ability to travel at the speed of light. And it's not really an ability, massless particles can't hit the breaks, they always travel at the speed of light and particles with mass cannot.

I think it's also nice to imagine scale about how small 10^-18 m really is. 10^18m is equivalent to 1902.642139 light years (at least) :v

Great presentation. Should I be worried that while watching this i am sinking deeper into my couch?

@ACSReactions

6 ай бұрын

Yes.

An atom walks into a bar...

My problem with your analogy is even if we were photons we would still get reflected from some surfaces which is what happens with your hand and the book

@fast1nakus

2 жыл бұрын

I think in his analogy the book is also made from photons

@PQcoyote67

Жыл бұрын

Photons aren’t so much reflected off a surface but absorbed by it and emitted back from the atoms absorbing the photon’s energy

It’s always been infinitely easier to describe an electron than to describe the taste of an apple

What do you think about the many theoretical calculations (that reproduce electron's charge anomalous magnetic moment spin and scattering amplitudes and mass) assuming the electron is really a photon caught in a double loop? I would link a paper, but the comment would get deleted (The Nature of the electron, Physics Essays, Qiu-Hong Hu). It just makes sense to me, since we know that positron-electron annihilation produces 2 PHOTONS (and why would that be, unless they were already photons to begin with?). Obviously it's not as simple as that, but just giving the general idea.

*- Excuse me but;* "you can pack as many spin 1 particles in one place until they form a black hole." - But photons are massles, so how can we have a massles black hole? - Also, if spin ½ particles (electrons) are point particles with mass. Then they would be a singularity with mass, or a micro black hole. And if so, wouldn't they explode in an instant flash due to evaporation thru Hawking Radiation?

@b43xoit

6 ай бұрын

Photons don't have rest mass, but they do have energy, and energy is mass for purposes of gravity.

Hi. Do electrons come into and out of existence or were they created at the birth of the universe and are essentially eternal?

Awesome and amusing video!

Imagine the fabric of space made out of atoms with electrons spinning faster than the speed of light, therefore invisible. It holds together our periodic table. It transport (not hold) photons. A very high EMF can tear it apart (black hole/collider), when that happens the particles loose their structure and are dissipated.

Itz cool that universe doubles up the spin half property of a normal person when he gets ripped by his boss and gives him superpowers

We can imagine things getting as big as they can possibly get. But we can assume that there’s always gonna be something bigger than that. But when it comes to things being smaller, we can understand that that would be infinite. If you get to the smallest part of something that something can be broken up and divided into even smaller things, we will never be able to prove that there is an end to matter.

@alancham4

10 ай бұрын

Ever heard of then Planck length? It’s only infinite in a philosophical sense of infinitely dividing things in half or something.

Damn I thought it was something you had when you woke up in the morning and had to take a leak

If photons have no mass, how can they collapse into a black hole?

@IanGrams

2 жыл бұрын

The term for such a thing is a kugelblitz if you'd like to read more about it. Photons do not have mass but they do have energy and as Einstein showed with e = mc² those are two sides of the same coin. An intense concentration of energy can warp spacetime the same way an intense concentration of mass can, so if you managed to get enough photon energy in a small enough volume it would collapse into a black hole.

😂😂 nice ending ..very well done

It seems that the experiment described in the beginning assumes electrons to be tiny balls. I'm pretty sure electron or any other quantum objects are never such a thing. Thus, no matter how much the energy is increased, there's no need to hit a hard surface.

Is it true to say they are a particle? I thought consensus was out that they are likely a wave?

@IanGrams

2 жыл бұрын

As far as we can tell, they're actually both. "In modern physics, the double-slit experiment is a demonstration that light and matter can display characteristics of both classically defined waves and particles."

Wood the electrons relation to h-bar perhaps provide some type of measurement

An electron is a 2 dimensional sheet of charge made up of infinitely many great circle current loops. A free electron changes size according to its energy by the deBroglie equation, smaller at high energy, larger at low energy. Bound electrons form a spherical shell of charge at a distance where its momentum balances the electrostatic pull between the electron and the nucleus. The electron has h- bar of angular momentum, but the pattern of flow in the current loops leads to a projection of h-bar/2 on the z axis, hence 1/2 spin quantum number. Electrons pair in orbitals, which is a lower energy state. Triads and higher are not lower in energy, so they don't happen.

“Deeply deeply weird behavior…..” to say the least

1. Positrons and electrons are also waves. 2. When a positron and electron meet they annihilate into pure energy just like destructive interference of two mirror waves. 3. That suggests that positrons and electrons are mirror image waves. 4. That suggests that positive and negative charge are the same waves with this difference; they are mirror images of each other.

Thank you. Entertaining.

Started well but confusing toward the end!

Excellent video! Well done

@ACSReactions

4 ай бұрын

Thank you! Cheers!