I want to address a concern that people are mentioning about vapor pressure. When you put a liquid in a container that is bigger than the volume of the liquid, some of the liquid will form a vapor until the container reaches the vapor pressure of that liquid at that temperature. If it is a pure liquid (no air in the container) and all of the liquid doesn't evaporate, then the total pressure will be somewhere along the liquid/vapor line on the phase diagram. But, if there is air in the container, then the liquid will form a vapor and increase the pressure until the partial pressure of the vapor reaches the the point on the liquid/vapor line in the phase diagram. The point is that if you have a *pure* substance and you tell me the temperature and pressure of the container it is in, then I can tell you if it is a liquid, solid, vapor or gas. (Also note that if the temperature and pressure are on the solid/liquid/gas equilibrium lines on the phase diagram, then I can't tell you how much solid/liquid/gas you have unless you tell me how much energy you have input into the system and how much liquid you started with etc.)

@name_69420

2 жыл бұрын

thanks for the clarification!

@stevenmerlock9971

2 жыл бұрын

@The Action Lab = I’m old enough to remember Ammonia bubble lamps for Christmas tree bulbs.

@fat_pigeon

2 жыл бұрын

> But, if there is air in the container, then the liquid will form a vapor and increase the pressure until the partial pressure of the vapor reaches the the point on the liquid/solid line in the phase diagram. I think you mean the liquid/gas line. On the solid/liquid line you can't be in equilibrium with a gaseous phase (unless you're exactly at the triple point).

@chrisstubbs6391

2 жыл бұрын

Only critique here is the emphasis on a pure substance, you can do the same thing for binary mixtures very easily, only need 1 more piece of information which is the molar fraction and then I can tell you the amount that is in the liquid phase, the vapor phase, and the contributing partial pressures of each species. Vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams aren't too difficult to read without a background in chemical engineering.

@chrisstubbs6391

2 жыл бұрын

@@fat_pigeon Sublimation, transition from solid to gas. You can easily be on that equilibrium line without a triple point, easiest example is dry ice, frozen CO2.

The supercritical transition is still one of the coolest (heh) things I've ever seen. I've watched a lot of people using supercritical CO2 to make aerogel, and watching the meniscus just gradually disappear still blows my mind.

@yourmissingc0ckring759

2 жыл бұрын

@@THINKPATH yeah you're a kid

@AJS_Drums

2 жыл бұрын

@@THINKPATH Hey I’m a kid and did you know that I don’t give a f*ck?

@thomasbodrey

2 жыл бұрын

NileRed did that also. That was the first time I've seen supercritical fluids in action!

@AlexDeGruven

2 жыл бұрын

@@thomasbodrey that's one of the places I've seen it, yeah. Such a cool thing to watch

@MartysRandomStuff

2 жыл бұрын

Watching those got me to build my own chamber just to see it myself. Really cool to start with solid CO2, watch it go to solid+liquid+gas, then liquid+gas, then supercritical fluid. Put some stuff in the chamber and shake it around and you can tell there's a fluid in there that's slowing down movement more than a gas but less than a liquid. The cloudiness that forms when it goes back to liquid+gas is also fun to watch, you can see it in this video but it doesn't last as long as it does with CO2.

This channel has some of the most intuitive explanations (and demonstrations) of scientific concepts anywhere. I've said it before but for almost every video there's an "Oh! THAT'S how that works!" moment for me.

This is so cool, as a refrigeration tech I too have been curious of the phase change of supercritical fluids. Our entire industry is largely based supercritical and subcooled fluids to transfer heat and rely on pressure changes to affect said state.

@JustABeeInFPV

2 жыл бұрын

Note to self: add refrigeration tech to list of cool jobs

@synthesizer8026

2 жыл бұрын

@@JustABeeInFPV absolutely my friend, a bit of chemistry, a bit of physics, a bunch of mechanics, electrical and plumbing. Get your gas ticket, you can install. Wire and supply gas to the furnace all eith 1 ticket. A buddy needs some electrical done, take out a permit and run the wire. Sister needs a new bathroom in the basement your ready to go. We can work on up to 600VAC with the ticket and like I said get you gas ticket which we can as Fridge Techs and you can do gas fitting.

@praisejesusrepentorlikewis6218

2 жыл бұрын

Repent to Jesus Christ “Repent, then, and turn to God, so that your sins may be wiped out, that times of refreshing may come from the Lord,” ‭‭Acts‬ ‭3:19‬ ‭NIV

@gregorymalchuk272

2 жыл бұрын

Most refrigerants except carbon dioxide do not ever inhabit the supercritical region. Superheated may have been the word you were looking for.

@dartheater7348

2 жыл бұрын

@@praisejesusrepentorlikewis6218 its funny how there are different versions of your new testament. Doesn't that say something? Each version is different.

I learn so much from this channel .. not only in terms of science but content creation as well .. so simple yet so baluable … amazing 🔥💯

@snakedoktor6020

2 жыл бұрын

Valuable?

@thetruthexperiment

2 жыл бұрын

Someday you might even learn about the Book of Mormon.

@ethanotterberg5557

2 жыл бұрын

The only thing it didn’t teach u is how to type. Just kidding bro I love the channel too

@tsad5611

2 жыл бұрын

@@thetruthexperiment 😂 or Peter Pan…

@debiprasad946

2 жыл бұрын

@Haldi Wones get out spemmer😡😡😡

You always bring us the most epic thought-provoking videos I have ever seen on KZread! I tip my hat to you Mr. Action Lab 🎩

Fun fact: Xenon gas is used in headlight bulbs called "High intensity discharge bulbs" or HID. Electricity is used to ignite the gas and keep it at a stable temperature. The temperature of the gas once ignited determines the color of the light being projected. You can have anything from amber (lower temps), to bright white (slightly higher), to blue (slightly higher), and more.

@ethoslogospathos

2 жыл бұрын

That was fun!

@laweacachaiweon

2 жыл бұрын

Its not the temperature of the gas, its the difference between the energy levels of the atoms of such gas

@mikedejesus7064

2 жыл бұрын

@@laweacachaiweon Wouldn't differing energy levels mean differing temperatures? I would think they'd correlate.

@laweacachaiweon

2 жыл бұрын

@@mikedejesus7064 Honestly, i don't know how it correlates with temperature, but the key point is that the light emitted in discharge lamps is due to ionization of the gas and not its temperature. Thats why its emissions spectrum is limited to a few frequencies unlike a black body radiation.

I mean it when I say your videos are very hard to pass on. Every one I see available hooks me and reels me in like a fish lol. Arguably some of the most enlightening and entertaining content on KZread or anywhere else for that matter. You're a gifted teacher and I've learned a lot without having to try!

This was a question I had in my mind for a long time but never got to search for an answer. This explanation is much more interesting than I expected!

dude, your channel rocks. I;ve been repeatedly impressed with how you can tackle a highly complex topic with seemingly simple demonstrations. I've forwarded many videos to friends with "see, this is why this happens or works this way, etc"!

I super appreciate your work and this channel. It often sorts out concept for me that have been rattling around in the back of my head for ages.

Hi, James. This was awesome. I absolutely love studying supercritical fluids, and sublimation of solids to vapor. You have really come a long way with this channel. Good work.

Probably the best (and simplest) way to explain the difference between vapour and gas.👍

I believe what you said at 4:05 is not right...you should always talk about partial pressures - there is always some partial pressure of gaseous phase over liquid - the bold line in phase diagram just marks the point, when partial pressure of gas equal the surrounding pressure (in everyday life it is atmosferic pressure)

@jenda386

2 жыл бұрын

As a chemist, I have to agree with you. The property is called vapor pressure. For water at 25 °C, it's 3170 Pa. For ethanol, it's much higher -- 5950 Pa at 20 °C. Therefore, a vessel containing only ethanol (no air) would be under pressure of 6 kPa at 20 °C only from ethanol vapor. At boiling point, vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. That's why water boils at lower temperature when pressure is reduced (like on high mountain peaks) and at higher temperature when pressure is increased (like in a pressure cooker).

@elweewutroone

2 жыл бұрын

And of course, there is evaporation occurring as well.

@JohnDlugosz

2 жыл бұрын

This post needs more attention. He said something wrong in the video, that doesn't even make sense -- without the air, you'd have zero pressure and that changes your position on the diagram. But if you meant water vapor only (no nitrogen etc) that's a direct contradiction.

@elweewutroone

2 жыл бұрын

This needs more likes. The community needs to know the correct answer.

@tedlis517

2 жыл бұрын

I came here to make this comment, too. I think the problem was how it was presented. In a sealed container that is partially filled with liquid, there is always water vapor present above the liquid water. The concept of boiling means that almost all of the energy added is used to vaporize the liquid at that temp and pressure, which is measurable as the latent heat. Until the boiling point is reached, the energy increases the sensible heat of the liquid and vapor. Adding energy to a sealed container will vaporize water to cause the pressure to increase (following the vapor pressure curve) until the container ruptures or all the liquid is vaporized. After all liquid is vaporized then pressure increases per a non-ideal gas equation because water is not an ideal gas.

Everytime!!! Always so impressive! And thank you for saying the difference between gas and vapor. You ended a very long (friendly) debate between myself and one of my classmates from decades ago! I was so happy to send him this! And always such a pleasure to see your excitement about teaching... Absolutely contagious! Keep it up friend! I'll be sure to check out whatever you've got up your sleeve for the next video! Yeah science!

I find you channel extremely fascinating!!! Even though sometimes I don’t understand anything, I think that makes it even more interesting in some strange way

Simply explained but still professionally. That’s why I love this dude

I love this channel, I always learn new and interesting things

Great (and simple sounding) explanation for a very complicated process! Also love the visual demonstration with xenon gas! Great video, as always!

This particular video is much nice. Please post more on this. Probably this could be a life saver for high school students interested in physical chemistry.

This clarifies so much physics, I had no idea. Your videos always bring something new! I’m 29, and really interested in science, and yet, you never fail to drop new knowledge with every video!

@maoomph

2 жыл бұрын

This is more chemistry than physics…

@andybaldman

2 жыл бұрын

If you really want to learn, go to school. Watching KZread is not education. It’s entertainment. Education is an active process, not passive.

@maoomph

2 жыл бұрын

@@andybaldman I think it’s a mix of both… of course this channel is mostly concentrated in entertainment via science. But I’m sure there are channels within YT dedicated to more in depth explanation. School I think is good later on for finding better jobs but I never think it’s necessary to learn…

@juanmariogarciarueda4628

2 жыл бұрын

@@maoomph thermodynamics is physics

@maoomph

2 жыл бұрын

@@juanmariogarciarueda4628 ok bruh… all I said is it leans more in chemistry I never said it’s not physics.

Hi! Great video! May I suggest something? Film it again having a diffuse light shining behind the vials. It can be a led behind a parchment paper. This will help visualize the phases as we do it in shadowsizing for two-phase flow.

I remember learning about the conversion graph in chemistry class. It is really cool to see it again.

That was the coolest thing I've seen you demonstrate. Blew my mind. Like watching a mirage dissappear. So cool!

The cool thing is that as the supercritical fluid forms, the gas above and liquid below approach having the exact same refractive index, which is why the division between then becomes more and more difficult to discern.

@YounesLayachi

2 жыл бұрын

The refractive index is merely a consequence or side effect of the density (for transparent homogeneous phases). We can no longer see the difference between the two phases because...there is no difference, they're absolutely identical :D Yeah I know it's a detail and in practice we can only compare the refractive index by looking at a sealed ampule, but I think it's even more mind blowing to realise the two phases *are* identical, than to only assume their refractive indexes (one of many properties) being equal

@DANGJOS

2 жыл бұрын

@@YounesLayachi Yes, that's exactly right. This is why I didn't concentrate on the state of them being the same because that's pointless. I focused on the two approaching having the same refractive index, and that's why they become more and more difficult to distinguish. Now this is, of course, due to their density (and other properties) approaching homogeneity, but it's still true that the refractive indices approaching equality makes them more difficult to distinguish. The smaller the difference in refractive index, the less light reflects on the boundary of the liquid and gas.

I have seen triple point labs but I have not seen the critical point before! This is really neat. Just seeing the meniscus disappear.

I like your videos a lot! Initially I did not enjoyed it but the quality of content and yor attitude conquered my heart and mind! Thank you very much for what you do!

Best videos where you go straight to the point!

Love your content and it's very educational

I'm always enjoying your videos, so interesting! But I wonder if you may forgot to mention something around 4:20. Because materials, especially liquids possess a property called vapour pressure, causing the transition to a gas well below the boiling point in oder to establish a equilibrium between gas and liquid phase. This is also one of the reasons one can nicely smell liquors so easily. I'm just curious if you left it out on purpose. Anyway, keep up the great work!!

Thank you. In university I had to deal with a number of phase diagrams and I never ceased to be amazed at how substances behave under different conditions of pressure and temperature.

I knew all this stuff theoretically before. But in this vid I actually SAW the phenomenon for the first time! Thank you so much!

Thanks for another great video! This reminds me when I was a sailor in a ship with a steam turbine for propulsion. We brought the feed water (very pure) up to 750 degrees at 550psi. This "dried" the water so that when it hit the turbine blades it didn't cause damage and was converted into a usable force. Fun stuff.

I love seeing your videos, and trying to wrap my head around what I'm seeing, especially this. And I'm a little nervous that 60bar is being contained in that fragile-looking little ampule, I'd be afraid to handle it for fear it'll explode lol. One thing about water vapour though, I must mention, is that yes, even without air present, vapour still emerges off liquid water below 100°C. That's why it'll boil if you remove the air. There are a range of vapour pressures even below freezing, of course it's very low below freezingb(sublimation). Water will evaporate until there is equilibrium, then there is no net change of vapour/liquid and no boiling. This principle is used in heat pipes 👍

I learnt so much here because of your channel. As a science graduate i haven't learnt this much in my academics. Thanks to you.

I stumbled on to this channel a couple days ago. Now I'm hooked.

Whoa. That vial is pressurized to 60 bar? That's almost 900 PSI. I wouldn't dare touch it, let alone cool it, heat it, etc. I didn't know a little glass container could hold that much pressure. Living & learning.

@westonding8953

2 жыл бұрын

Yeah. It surprised me too.

@mrlithium69

2 жыл бұрын

Thats what I thought too. I want to know how he created it, or who did, and how?

@TheActionLab

2 жыл бұрын

yes a little scary. I wore safety glasses...

@Mattiaeragiapreso

2 жыл бұрын

@@TheActionLab is there a way to buy it?

I once tried to make super critical liquid, but it said I was doing it wrong...

Just a quick MASSIVE thank you for putting your Short Videos on a separate channel. I wish more KZreadrs would do this to keep my subscriptions from being overrun with Shorts.

Love your channel, never cease to surprise with some interesting and new

I’m guessing it grows a hair and beard, puts on a white tshirt, and gets a deeper voice along with a vernacular full of obscenities.

4:12 Well, if we had pure water surrounded by nothing but water vapor, extra water vapor would still come off of it. And the reason we see the vapor is because the partial pressure of the water vapor above the hot water greatly exceeds the vapor pressure that water would have at room temperature, and so the water vapor is at too high a pressure, and therefore condenses faster than it evaporates (the equilibrium is shifted towards condensation). And so this forms millions of tiny water droplets, which is visible.

Happy you come back to address the pressure issue. What you said in your video was correct of course but a little muddled for people who are not familiar with the subject. Another informative and fun vid.

Excellent. What is really tough for folks to understand is how we have learned that with exceptional high pressures we can now compress liquids and change their properrties.

I love it. Where could I buy one of these to demonstrate this to my daughter? She's 9 and loves science! I looked online and didn't find much.

@verzinker

2 жыл бұрын

Were you sucessfull in bying one?

Currently taking thermodynamics and having to get used to the steam tables was super difficult for me. This is cool to see it demonstrated. "compressed liq. Saturated Mix, Superheated, and Super critical states"

I want to thank you for the content and the excellent pronunciation, that helps a lot to non native English people

This was one of your best videos. I'm a chemist, and as much as I've studied this stuff, supercritical states have always fascinated me, and you very rarely get to see them demonstrated so clearly.

I'm most surprised that little glass vessel can hold 60 atmospheres..that's almost 890 psi right?

@FleshWizard69420

6 ай бұрын

Thick Pyrex

I really wonder what this would look like with food coloring introduced. Would it color the supercritical fluid, or would it just collect at the bottom, with a little bit of liquid that doesn't convert?

This is great! More of these please!

Thank you for always allowing me to gain more knowledge.

This one "mist"ified me. Seriously, I didn't expect to be so intrigued by this topic but I was fascinated. You never know what will grab you.

Wow - difficult to get your head around this - great stuff man.

It's crazy to see the visual effects of a liquid more viscous than water. Thank you for bringing this to the internet so people like myself can have the experience of witnessing it in our lives!

Really enjoyed watching this and learning about the states. O love the way I can actually understand and he didn't make you feel stupid with his explanations.

I like the way you explain the chemistry.

im very interested in science and tech since i was a kid. i wish you have an animation in every thing that you say to be understandable easily because english is not my primary language and im a slow learner. more power to your channel

Gosh darn I love your videos, I almost always learn something completely new and amazing.

So cool to see this stuff happening in real life instead of learning through tables/graphs like at school.

Man I look forward to these !

Thanks for explaining the isolating the water part lol. That's got to be the most ignored part about that diagram that people just forget to teach it and cause a lot of confusion when solving vs seeing it

As a MSE undergrad, I've seen hundreds of phase diagrams in class, but never saw what a supercritical fluid actually looks like. As soon as I saw what was happening, it immediately became clear what was going on. Very cool!

This was very interesting. Another great video from you.

Very awesome! thanks for posting! :D

Awesome! I learned something new today!!

I like how excited he is about this and I appreciate that he shares this stuff with us

This was a fantastically informative video!

This was very interesting I loved the phase chance disappearing act. amazed!

It almost looks like a dissolve editing effect/transition. Just really cool

nile red + you is the best combo for better understanding

I've only heard about these concepts. Watching a supercriticality for a first time.. Really worth it.. Thanks

Very well explained!

Nice video I was in IBM R&D Wets engineering had to explain to the operator's what was the process is. Video like this will help you with the explanation of process.

So I've been familiar with the concept of phase diagrams for more than 20 years, but obviously didn't understand them. My mind was blown several times in that video!

this is really cool. one of my favorite videos

Love getting my mind blown everytime I watch a new video. The universe has so many secrets.

Thanks for a great video!

I always wondered about steaming cups and water vs vapor vs temperature. It's confusing! The water phase diagram is really cool, so many forms

Nice info,thanks for sharing :)

Thank you sir, this vid helped me a lot💐

this will be super cool to see this in slow motion with some high speed cameras !!

Love youre vids keep it up!

I learned so much here!

Enjoyed that very much, Thank You : )

I never get tired of watching that.

I love your videos! Can you explain and demonstrate triple point water?

Wth bro! Its so freaking amazing first time seeing something like this. 💕👌

This is pretty cool. Can you do prompt critical next?

The world needs more people like him.

Nice video! I am running supercritical CO2 every working day! And I am still amazed by the diversity of possible applications!

I love your videos so much!

No idea how he comes up with so much good content

Amazing. I've been wondering what compressed nitrogen would look like at room temperature. How to keep it liquid, contained, and see how it behaves. This is how my brain works. I love this channel!

I knew all about super critical fluids, different types of ice, 1, 2, 3,4,5 6 and my fav, 7, and all sorts.... I didn't know the distinction between vapor and gas!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! THANK YOU!

_'And then it just... Disappears.'_ I want to get a sealed jar of this to just mess with people now.

Love it bud keep it going! And the NW kicks but.

Heh, having seen some of those pressurised ampules explode on Cody's Lab you handling it with no gloves made me a little nervous, but I'm sure you know what you're doing! Very cool to see it in action!

I love this so much!

I like your channel,no ads👍