Horizontal Gene Transfer is amazing, especially when it happens between different taxonomic kingdoms! The Sponsor of the video is Meditopia. Download here and try it free for 7 days: app.adjust.com/t6hxfqz

@bernhardname8098

4 жыл бұрын

Still, not the most percise method. Otherwise we would not get so excited about crispr cas 9,which is still far from perfect. But yeah sh*t's amaizing and a bit terrifying, but amaizing non the less. I wonder if there is lika a plant with some random fish dna from algee or something.

@robrod7120

4 жыл бұрын

chris p Fish dna maybe, but definitely viral dna. I know sweet potatoes have taken much of their genome from retroviruses.

@christianheichel

4 жыл бұрын

@@bernhardname8098 I'm sorry I want the fish-free veggies. Lol that actually might be the thing to say in the future. But at the same time you can get the fish taste possibly but not the fish itself so it might be more eco-friendly sounds kind of weird though

@brycering5989

4 жыл бұрын

I recall eating Rogue Lemons as a kid. tasted awfull, then my father advised me to not do so (Back in 75ish- when I was 5) PS The first time in a long time I have heard the word gnarly used close to its original form. in recent years it has gnarled into many different meanings.

@baileyjerman5573

4 жыл бұрын

Time to burn the trees

That stock footage of the lady putting that syringe into the corn got me.

@Josse702

4 жыл бұрын

Sage King 😂😂😂

@loganhodgson6343

4 жыл бұрын

Me too 😂 Had to watch it 5x more

@TTWEEDER

4 жыл бұрын

It made me lol out loud

@anothrto1045

4 жыл бұрын

No!!! Not like this!

@beaub152

4 жыл бұрын

Lmao

i always thought the lumps on trees were just where branches had been cut off and bark had grown over the top to protect it

@BOOGiNS

4 жыл бұрын

That happens. But it's not the cause of knots

@DugrozReports

3 жыл бұрын

Then it turns out it's actually the tree having sexual relations with bacteria.

@the_hanged_clown

3 жыл бұрын

pretty sure this is a possible outcome of what you described

@the_hanged_clown

3 жыл бұрын

@Paradoxical Nightmare unsightly? those things sell for bank because they make such beautiful pieces when fashioned

@mariguanaiguana

3 жыл бұрын

hang da clown yea but for most people they’re unsightly

Im a tree surgeon AND a wood turner , people go round stealing "tree tumours" hard to believe aint it lol , its big business get one of those 2 foot across and 18 inches deep and your looking at £300+

@SteveMould

4 жыл бұрын

Interesting!

@jesusllanas9318

4 жыл бұрын

Fuck I seen so many of those on cut down trees even saw one that was a 3 footer I actually took it home with me but my parents threw it out 😱

@praveenb9048

4 жыл бұрын

So someone can start an industry around cultured tree tumors where they inflict a wound then infect it with agrobacteria

@andrewjvaughan

4 жыл бұрын

Can it be controlled? Seems like an industry opportunity, but I’ve never heard of it

@Edgunsuk

4 жыл бұрын

@@praveenb9048 Not really they take 50 years to grow :-)

Thinking about your sponsor's message.... Years ago I was working on making CDs and CD-ROMs for a hypnotherapist..... and the testing was MURDER! I would be listening back to the CDs making sure there were no glitches or other "ooops" on them. And the nice music would be playing and his voice would be saying "Your eyes are getting heavy". Meanwhile I'm sitting there rocking backward and forward like Arthur Fowler trying to keep awake so I can get on with my job........ Bleugh! I'm going bananas now, just thinking about it!

@rpyrat

4 жыл бұрын

@@JasminUwU xD

@TheSkystrider

3 жыл бұрын

Lol thanks for sharing that. I enjoyed that short story. Pretty funny tbh! 🤦‍♂️

@geraldfrost4710

3 жыл бұрын

I have a book on nuclei and particle physics. one paragraph will knock you out. a page is the equivalent of a medically induced coma.

@aurelienyonrac

3 жыл бұрын

Great story. That made my day

5:48 hi camera 6:32 bye camera 6:52 hi camera 7:03 bye camera

"Not like this, what the hell?"

@Confuseddave

4 жыл бұрын

literally what i was thinking during that clip

@DJCallidus

3 жыл бұрын

I found that funny before it came up in the video.

@DiamondSan7

3 жыл бұрын

Can someone explain

@benjaminanderson1014

3 жыл бұрын

@@DiamondSan7 At 4:25 the clip is probably some stock footage of a "scientist" "making" a GMO, but that is not anywhere near how human-made GMOs are made

Bacteria seizes the means of production, how revolutionary.

@Willy_Tepes

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah, Commies have always reminded me of bacterium or virus, and not one that is keen on symbiosis. Cancer is also a good analogy for socialism, and vice versa.

@Decodeish1

3 жыл бұрын

@@Willy_Tepes get your head out of that propaganda lol

@KuraIthys

3 жыл бұрын

That's viewing a tree as an object and a bacteria as a living thing. Realistically it's more like farming. What are you doing when you plant a crop solely to eat it? Not exactly a great outcome for the plants themselves...

@Willy_Tepes

3 жыл бұрын

​@@KuraIthys Do fleas see their host as a living thing or an object? Do we see Earth as an object? Do you see a tree as an object when you cut it down for lumber? What is a chicken wrapped in plastic, is that a thing? Did you know that your vegetables are alive even when chopped and diced, and on there way down your throat? They are alive when you put them on your stove. Man, those are some deep thoughts.

@GiuseppeAP

3 жыл бұрын

​@@KuraIthys the bacteria seizes the nutrients from the plant causing it to die; I'm not saying that the plant isn't living. Also calling the plant the means of production or an object doesn't imply that it isn't living. Furthermore, cultivation is the greatest outcome for a plant as it won't be sterilized and it'll build up an immune system suitable to react to tiny collectivists under the care of a farmer who have a financial incentive to preserve the plant.

The parallels between biohacking and computer hacking are staggering. It's really neat that we're reverse engineering existing "hacks" to suit our own purposes, sometimes even as tools to reverse engineer more complex biological systems.

@danieljensen2626

4 жыл бұрын

I mean DNA is basically machine code, so it makes sense that they're similar.

@GRBtutorials

4 жыл бұрын

Yep, if you want to learn more, check out The Thought Emporium. He does very interesting experiments in various fields of science, from biology to physics, including genetic engineering.

@timh.6872

4 жыл бұрын

@@GRBtutorials Yep, I subbed to him a while back for his amateur radio and laser stuff, but the biohacking was also really cool. He used a similar plasmid-based gene transfer to cure himself of lactose intolerance by infecting his intestinal bacteria with lactase producing genes, IIRC.

@user255

4 жыл бұрын

@@danieljensen2626 Actually DNA is something between machine code and higher level language. Things "programmed" into DNA are transcript or expressed (or compiled like in the analogy) into RNA, enzymes or proteins to actually do anything. So they are more like machine code (or maybe more like bytecode), not the DNA. But the whole analogy fails on so many levels that it is hard to say, which interpretation is less wrong.

@TS-jm7jm

4 жыл бұрын

@@user255 the analogy fails because it is at least an order of magnitude out of focus(neurons) and really computers a more accurately described as very very simple/primitive(dont like the word primitive) brains, Also on the being order of magnitude out of focus its worth pointing out that biology is soo much more complicated than mere computers(or any technology ever built by man) that comparing the two is only vaguely or even superficially similar as the function may be similar but the difference in complexity is immense.

An extra note is that the "food" gene the Agrobacterium encodes for is a novel group of molecules called Opines that only the bacteria can metabolise ensuring that only it can enjoy the fruits.

“Agrobacterium was doing it before it was cool” - lmao so is genetic engineering biomimicry?

@chrishill601

4 жыл бұрын

Pretty much, yeah.

@hippiemuslim

4 жыл бұрын

Genetic engineering uses agrobacterium most of the time

@filonin2

4 жыл бұрын

Quite literally, yes.

@ajalobaid

3 жыл бұрын

Recombinant DNA technologists actually use Agrobacterium tumefaciens

@brandonleecross468

3 жыл бұрын

Yes

This is very interesting after i have taken my AP Bio class, i find that your explanations are quick yet somewhat detailed. Obviously there is some information missing, but it covers what is important.

@lucianodebenedictis6014

4 жыл бұрын

I agree. Good job

@nickolascrousillat4265

4 жыл бұрын

You also taking the 2 question exam?

Hey Mark, I'm a biology student in the Netherlands, and I have a professor who did a lot of research into the vir genes (especially vir F) of A. Tumefaciens. And loves to talk about this. I love to see these kinds of videos that communicate such an intricate topic in such an interesting and engaging way.

I have a graduate degree in plant biotech and I have made GMO plants using Agrobacterium (and other methods as well). You did a very good job explaining this process. If you are interested in hearing more about the genetic modification going on to restore the American chestnut tree, hit me up.

"Or, like, Ent genes or something"

@TheSkystrider

3 жыл бұрын

I wanted to make this comment but figured I'd first search for whoever beat me to it 😂

In a time when everyone talks about the covid, Steve talks about super duper interesting e genuine things. Thanks, Steve, that helps

@wurttmapper2200

4 жыл бұрын

Covid is very genuine and serious, don't you think?

@memesfromdeepspace1075

4 жыл бұрын

Corona virus to It same way with this

@FourTwenT

4 жыл бұрын

Wurtt Mapper yea but people have lives

I like the simplicity of your videos. For most sciency videos i watch i only ever click on them when im feeling at my best but with yours it could be the middle of the night and i would still feel like i really understood the concepts.

@ayhamsaffar8407

4 жыл бұрын

@@Peter_1986 i literally have a row of sciency books that where way too arduous to finish. Despite doing an engineering degree at a top uni those books just made me feel so incompetent

Always looks like Steve just woke up from a nap, but reluctantly does the video anyway

On a scale from 1 to 10, how much do you enjoy saying "sex pilus"? :-P

@SteveMould

4 жыл бұрын

Sex pilus

@jeffreym68

4 жыл бұрын

My closed captioning keeps talking about the "sex police!"

@soslunnaak

4 жыл бұрын

@@jeffreym68 that reminds me of the introduction of amy pond in doctor who

@guest_informant

4 жыл бұрын

Auto-generated subtitles give it as "sex palace".

@humusstealr9982

4 жыл бұрын

@@guest_informant aka: ur moms house 😏😏

Steve Mould makes lovely videos that really captures ones attention thanks to Steves calm voice, honest smile and deep blue eyes and of course, the factinating topics.

if I have learned anything from overwatch is that the payload will never get pushed

I always love these genetics videos. Keep up the great work!!

I'm binge-watching your channel! So much fun and I'm happy you keep creating content! Thank you

4:29 had a good chuckle there

@dr_arcula

4 жыл бұрын

I was thinking the exact same thing lol

@panzerofthelake506

4 жыл бұрын

That's what those soccer moms on Facebook think GMOs are.

@ExEBoss

4 жыл бұрын

*@Vivek Acharya* So that’s why they’re against vaccines.

Okay this is new level of smart KZread content, subbed.

It's important to note that Agrobacterium transferring genes to plants doesn't always end in tragedy. Sometimes the genes end up adding to the genome of the targeted plant and not having a detrimental effect. A good example of this is Sweet potato, which after they picked up a copy of agrobacterium DNA developed bigger (and tastier) roots. This attracted the attention of humans, who obligating spread the plant around the world.

@alexeynezhdanov2362

Жыл бұрын

Strange example, my friend. Both properties you named ("the bigger" and "the tastier") are very obvious to be detrimental to the plant.

@brianmccarrier1605

Жыл бұрын

@@alexeynezhdanov2362 Not really. Developing bigger tastier roots allowed the sweet potato to form a symbiotic relationship with humans who obligingly spread them around the entire world. And it continues to be a survival trait, just look at how hard humans work to propagate and protect sweet potatoes. Granted most of those sweet potatoes end up on plates, but as far as the survival of the species goes it's a big win. As long as there are humans there will be fields of sweet potatoes, being watered, fertilized, protected from competing plants (weeds) and predators (pests).

You forgot to say how we snip that section for plasmids, the enzymes we use are hijacked from a bacteria's virus defense mechanism where they cut up specific codes of DNA. The ones with nice, long, non-palindromic ends (after they're cut) work well for attaching our payloads which are usually an antibiotic resistance and what we want the bacteria to produce. Its really easy to do in practice compared to cas9 and the like. like how you can exploit the defense mechanisms of the bacteria to make it your workhorse, its almost ironic.

@ronrothrock7116

4 жыл бұрын

That might have gotten too in depth for the non-gene savvy person to follow. I think he did a respectable job keeping this to it's core components without getting to technical. Don't you?

Cool sponsor too, I'm really interested in meditation. Great video as always. :)

One of our trees had some tumors. I just hammered them off. Yes, you read that right, I hammered them off with an actual 5kg Hammer. That in itself is interesting in that sense, that the tumor was seemingly being seperated by the tree. After hammering off the tumor, the open wood was not wounded like when you break off a stick or something like that. It was like you skinned the tree in that spot with no marks at all. So i think the tumor must have sat in the bark only or the tree must have recognised this thing as not being part of it.

I learned this in college and it was profoundly interesting!!

Learning more from your youtube videos than my entire time at school

Oh, my family was always wondering what those are when we are hiking.

+1 for mentioning Ents. I didn't know about the wood of those tumors, but in hindsight it makes sense.

I was literally wondering about these the other day when I saw a ton of really big ones on a bunch of trees.

What you told is insane! I can’t believe that! Thank you for educating me!

I'd often wondered what those were and just assumed insect were the cause, thanks for explaining.

You are amazingly informative while making me laugh a lot at the same time. Great channel! Please keep it up!!!

I know tree gourds/tumors can be caused by other things like certain wasps and ants. But I have a suspicion that certain fungi do too. In the sand pine forests (in Florida) during certain times of the year you see those gourds producing orange-yellow spores.

Nice explanation on horizontal gene transfer and ti plasmid....👌👌

Steve. Very interesting info, you talk of the meditation video/music... But you look absolutely shattered! Did the baby arrive and thrive?

Just today I finished a 10 page essay on why GM foods aren't dangerous and shouldn't be blocked.

@ronrothrock7116

4 жыл бұрын

And it'll not change even one mind on the subject, sadly. It is an emotional argument that they use, not logic or science, against GMOs.

@Krebzonide

4 жыл бұрын

@@ronrothrock7116 It also won't change any mind because my english teacher will probably be the only person to ever read it.

@ronrothrock7116

4 жыл бұрын

@@Krebzonide Bwahaha. And in today's environment of politically charged educators you might end up with a lower grade if the teacher disagrees with you. Happened to me in a graduate level college class. I'd recommend trying to stay from controversial subjects like this when writing reports/essays unless the teacher specifically directs you to.

@user255

4 жыл бұрын

@@ronrothrock7116 It may not change a mind, but it can help with mind that isn't decided yet.

One time I was walking through this grove of redwood trees and I looked up and saw giant wood tumors the size of a laundry machine and I was like NOPE. I needed brain bleach after that.

Awesome video. I'm reminded of the packet structure of network communications.

@TheSkystrider

3 жыл бұрын

Left border and right border. Kinda like XML.

This might be kinda weird but I was literally just dreaming about you, which has never happened before, then I open up youtube and the first thing that gets recommended to me... nice :D

It was a great video! Thanks, I learned a lot!

Day 6 of quarantine, and I'm still watching good stuff.

I downloaded Meditopia, so Meditopia please keep up supporting Steve :D

Love your videos

I found lots of similarities between tree cancer incidental formation you described as caused by agro bacteria and human cancer. For example it is known the masses removed contain bacteria as a sort of bag and it seems in there this colonies prosper. Moreover the cells all around are actually "different" because capable of self replicate indefinitely. So the questions arose during the video: Why it shouldn't be the same mechanism found in plants, for our bodies? Why bacterial horizontal gene transfer shouldn't be possible on human cells? By the way, brilliant!;)

damn, this channel is amazing i cant explain it with any words

Hi Steve u r awesome and thanks for making science awesome!

Acacia cyclops and Acacia saligna are invasive species in our fynbos areas. These species are aggressive growers and will take over funbos areas in a very short amount of time. A multivoltine midge (Dasineura dielsi) has been introduced as a biocontrol for these invasives. The midges induce galls on the ovary of the host plant which stops the flowers from forming and hence reduces the amount of seeds produced! Probably not quite the same, but kinda cool to cut open the galls and finding the larvae inside.

Learned about this in uni and a friend of mine works with this bacteria at the moment. Very interesting stuff

"I couldn't tell you what they're saying because I was always asleep by the end" first to ninth minutes: "You are a powerful woman. Breathe deep" tenth minute: "Urge the teller to put the money in the bag"

@TheSkystrider

3 жыл бұрын

Lmfao whaaaat

4:29 laughed out loud and choked on my drink. Brilliant

Sleepies are good for you, especially in this uncertain and stressful time of confusion and pandemic. Stay healthy and keep up the great content. We love you for it, Steve!

Thank you, Andrew Ryan, for explaining this.

Congratulations! Good health to your wife and the baby!

i love that i learned this in college because i want to lab school (in the netherlands) and we used this on carrots and also gave beneficial dna to the carrots on some point but ofcourse we were not allowed to keep it and it had to be destroyed because of eco-rules. gentically modifying bacteria is easier then modifying plants so you can technically give a plant almost any dna within reason.

I was thinking about these things earlier today and now youtube decides to recommend this video. THEY'RE ALREADY IN OUR HEADS!

I like his accent. It is so relaxing to listen to him speaking. Where is it from??

@albertosousatenor

4 жыл бұрын

Hackney

There's a tree in front of my house covered with these head to toe in tree's terms, and that has always creeped me out

Does this mean you can essentially grow burls on any tree you want? that would be freaking awesome for woodworking and guitar making.

I remember reading about how a team was trying to engineer plants to do something or other by firing a tiny bullet covered in DNA at a seed and hoping it transferred, but then they discovered this technique and it was a lot more successful.

As a scientist I'm still searching for the down side to meditation. (Haven't found one yet.) So I will keep doing it.

The whole mechanism is full of cool details. For example the DNA from the plasmid is not able alone to enter the plant nucleus, so the bacteria activates the plant immunity response and then hijacks these plant protein complexes directed to the nucleus

Those are called "pahka" in Finnish. The big ones are sought after, as you can make nice decorative objects of them. You can get hefty fine if you steel one from some other person's forest.

4:04 my exact question answered. Neat!!

Yeah I saw those on a recent hike and saw a bunch on the coast of california few years ago. Thanks 🙏

Those are beautiful when fashioned into furniture or bowls etc.

0:22 there's an error with the conception animation. The sperm's tail gets left outside the ova, leaving its mitochondria (power plants) outside and the entirety of those are contributed to the zygote from its mother.

if you leave out the last border couldn't you just keep feeding it dna and program a tree to play doom?

@SteveMould

4 жыл бұрын

I'm sure you could get Linux running on it.

@minecraftermad

4 жыл бұрын

@@SteveMould that's what i'd call testing the multicore capabilities of linux "1quadrillion cores vs linux"

This was in the "rings" episode of the podcast!

I searched "tree tumor" on youtube after watching this video, and I would never do it again, ever

IIRC sweet potatoes fall into the category of "non-human-created GMO", I assume via a very similar mechanism

After that opening scene, you should make a video about urushiol and its effects. Augh, I can't stand poison ivy!

4:11 that's the most beautiful piece of wood I've ever seen

My hybrid willow tree has places on it that can be pooped right off and looks like corks. It's weird as hell.

So basically the bacteria are hacking the tree and inserting some rogue code in it. Cells truly are amazing nanomachines. I believe the most advanced technology we will someday create will function really similarly to cells

i'd long heard it called "lateral gene transfer". i presume horizontal gene transfer's the same thing, just a synonym switch.

Is "chaga mushroom" a fungi or bacteria? Do they operate in a similar way?

@IIIANVILIII

3 жыл бұрын

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inonotus_obliquus

A great video as usual. I do have some nitpicks, though. First, the animation of the sperm and ovum was wrong. The head of the sperm fuses with the wall of the ovum, and the tail stays outside while the nucleus or whatever with the DNA in goes in a sort of capsule (a bit like what some viruses do to a cell). Second, the singular of "bacteria" is "bacterium" as I'm sure you know. I normally like very much the way you handle jargon, but I think in this case you have gone to far, especially since you correctly use "pilus" and "pili". Third, are you sure "uncontrolled cell division" is the right term? It's a benign tumor caused by growth hormone. It's controlled by the growth hormone. It is "increased" or "excessive" but not "uncontrolled", surely?

3:55 It would be quite galling if that was a burl after all.

Great work Thank you

I was just writing my assignment on features of Ti plasmid and I saw this video recommendation lol

Auto-generated subtitles are a blast again. It read "sex pilus" in 4 different ways - sex palace, sex police, sex pillars and sex pillows. Amazing job youtube, you made my day (and you too Steve).

0:50 Oh yeah That's hot.

@Blox117

4 жыл бұрын

_demonetized_

Susan out here in the stock footage booth like "it's time for your injection, mister corn!"

So, after seeing this and your first Sex Pilus video, it's starting to look like viruses might've evolved from pieces of a bacteria (maybe a failed sex pilus that broke off with just the right code still inside of it) or as a communication tool once used by an ancient protobacteria.

As a biology student,this is intriguing stuff.

I was a volunteer for a study at The Royal in Ottawa about gut micro-biota and mental health. And the woman who was conducting it was talking about how the bacteria in the gut communicate to our nervous system. Hrm, are we being piloted by bacteria?

@user255

4 жыл бұрын

No. Rats completely without bacteria are unusually nervous, but that may be merely, because they feel unwell. The evidence for humans is weak, probably not causal beyond some rather minor effects.

5:35 Haha! Can you imagine having an ent in your backyard and having daily conversations with it? Science has to make it happen!

would it be a good idea to get one of these plant tumors and use it as a factory for producing wood

@ronrothrock7116

4 жыл бұрын

Not really. "Wood" needs the organized fibers whether for lumber or for making paper. Also, trees grow "wood" much faster if let alone to do it the natural way.

That's another thing the mad scientist portion of my brain would love to get a hold of and just... play with.

Question. How do u research on any topic... How do u know its authentic... And for the topics which don't have any data how do u approach to those kind of things... Concept.. Or... Problem (like ur mould effect)...

@MK-ji9ke

4 жыл бұрын

Try Google scholar or Scopus. Type in something you're interested in like agrobacterium tumefaciens and you'll find pretty much everything that's been published on it. If you can't access the article because of a paywall, you can always email the author and ask kindly for a copy.

@user255

4 жыл бұрын

Very good question. It's not something you will learn quickly. And even sites like google scholar will return bullshit results occasionally. Some quick advice: - Never trust to any single study, instead look for scientific reviews or consensus report. - Be careful of trash journals and layman media, instead read journals like Cochrane, Nature, Lancet, BMJ, Physics letters, etc. - Get good basic education in science. - Get good understanding of common biases and fallacies. I think "Skeptic guide to the Universe" the book and the podcast will give you easy start to all this.

So those leaves coming out my ears are perfectly normal. So relieved. :)

Perfectly explained!

I always thought those things were tumors on plants

so if i see a growth like that on a tree, could i get some of the material and infect other trees?

Could this be how viruses originated? Horizontal gene transfer to the extreme?