It is unknown exactly how much magma the Tondano caldera has underneath its edifice. With this being said, current data points towards a still large but not supermassive magma reservoir. While a future VEI 6 could one day occur from this complex, a VEI 7 or VEI 8 seems unlikely unless something significant changes in this system.

@caiolucas8257

2 жыл бұрын

The caldera itself has been dormant enough time for a VEI-7 i think, but the fact it could share it's magma chamber with the volcanoes nearby make it hard to predict, most of it's neighboring volcanoes have erupted recently. It's relationship with nearby volcanoes reminds me a bit of Aira/Sakurajima/Kirishima volcanoes.

@eddie5z518

2 жыл бұрын

It don't know if I would say it shares the magma chamber with the other volcanoes those are kinda more or less extremely large volcanic vents with very explosive tendencies to relieve a tiny bit of pressure from the whole magma chamber.

@eddie5z518

2 жыл бұрын

Sorry for the typo

@GeologyHub

2 жыл бұрын

@@caiolucas8257 I agree with your analysis.

@LuvBorderCollies

2 жыл бұрын

Is there a good video that explains how geologists can determine which volcano dropped the ash, etc? Example is the Ashlands in Nebraska which allegedly came from a volcano in Idaho. But I've yet to see one that goes into detail what exactly pinpoints or at least narrows down a group of suspects. FWIW the Ashlands is really interesting where a herd of now extinct rhinos was killed in a small area. The excavation area is enclosed by a building to protect all the bones and keep the ash in place. I lived 100 miles from it most my life and didn't know about until Covid times.

We mostly talk about plate tectonics in terms of the movement of the major plates but this video shows it's more complicated than that and a volcanic arc can have a lot of minor plates on the short term.

@AtarahDerek

2 жыл бұрын

Indonesia is the tectonic equivalent of an ice jam on a river. It's an absolute mess.

@farhanatashiga3721

2 жыл бұрын

@@AtarahDerek more specifically eastern Indonesia is, in terms of plate tectonics the western part of the country is pretty simple, past Bali is it starts to become a mess of minor plates and fault lines.

We learn geography as well as geology on your channel …. And Vulcanism and meteorite impact craters … Touché…!

@WitmanClan

2 жыл бұрын

He’s so helpful and educational!

@stephenrickstrew7237

2 жыл бұрын

@@WitmanClan I struggle to keep up so end up watching more than once

Last night, the Merapi volcano erupted again. But this time it’s quite larger, i can seen the red glow lava from 25km away.

What's really cool about this area is that it's not 2 plates but 3. The Moluccan Sea Plate/collision zone is undergoing subduction to the east AND west under the Halmahera and Sangihe plates respectively. I wonder if a flip in the polarity of the subduction will occur when the 2 overriding plates dock with each other

@harrietharlow9929

2 жыл бұрын

I find triple junctions to be very interesting.

As a Gothic, why do I like Indonesia? I'm a foreign tourist who sees Indonesia from a different point of view because I'm Gothic, not about human civilization but Mother Nature and something that doesn't make sense. All of that is very clearly happening in Indonesia, I can explain. NATURAL TOURISM. It is undeniable, nature in Indonesia has been recorded throughout the history of European libraries for a long time. Such as the occurrence of natural phenomena Krakatoa, Tambora, Toba, Tsunami 2004 Aceh, Tsunami 2018 Sulawesi, Red Sky In Indonesia, Mud Volcanoes, Blue Fire, Lake Acid, Ancient Pyramids in Indonesia, Megachile Pluto, Birds Paradise Papua, Earthquake Bali, Airplane Crash In Indonesia and others. In fact, nature in Indonesia has a different and unique level. Very beautiful and deadly, even natural disasters can have an impact on other countries. Nature tourism in Indonesia is like a painting or display on a desktop screen. Nature tourism in Indonesia is no longer in doubt, has more value. Indonesia has no less than 500 volcanoes (active, inactive and underwater no less than 500 in total) even Indonesia has more than 70,000 rivers, not yet lakes, caves, beaches, waterfalls, mountains, forests and others. To be honest, going to Indonesia is not cheap if you visit more than millions of natural tourist attractions throughout Indonesia. Each country has different characteristics, for Indonesia the natural characteristics it has include being very beautiful and charming but very cruel. This is the actual context of the phrase "DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS". Indonesia represents what is happening in the world, life is not always happy there are times when you live with sadness. I talk about nature, I really like Indonesia because nature in Indonesia very strong, different, unique and plays a role. Even UNESCO places tourism in Indonesia as an International GeoPark. Tourist attractions in Indonesia are mostly created by nature, not man-made. This is special. Traveling to the queen of nature (Indonesia) will get very valuable memories for a lifetime, because traveling to Indonesia is not about parties/honeymoons but about meaning in real life. Will be tired, sad, happy, satisfied, amazed, worried, angry, disappointed, laughing and others. It will all be one. The number of natural disasters in Indonesia from 2016 to 2020 was 17,032 events. That's a 5 year calculation, What if the total is from 1800s - 2022? Could be more. In fact, the most earthquakes in the world are not Japan or Chile, but Indonesia. Not only that, hurricanes, tsunamis, landslides, floods, eruptions and others. This is no joke. "The more beautiful you look, the more dangerous you are". This sentence represents Queen Mother Nature in Indonesia who often rages but is actually very loving because we can see the uniqueness of many tourist attractions in Indonesia. I'm talking about all regions in Indonesia from West to East, even Indonesia is divided into 3 different time zones. I saw for myself the natural tourist spots written in history books in Europe (About major natural disasters and the most in Indonesia) It turns out that the mastermind behind the world's major disasters is nature in Indonesia and it's not just one event, but many. In fact, I experienced unnatural events in Indonesia (as many as 4 times), it is difficult for me to explain because at that time it was completely beyond human understanding. Do not go alone at night to the forest, mountains or caves in Indonesia. I'm just reminding, I'm afraid that something will happen that doesn't make sense. I'm talk about Mother Nature in Indonesia not man-made, because nature in Indonesia is real not CGI or System Computer. In other words, the Queen of Mother Nature in Indonesia has a very beautiful and unique figure, but if she has woken up from her sleep, don't ever approach her. Then the Queen will be very terrible and rampage. The Queen Mother Earth in Indonesia is very different. This is not a joke, because there are so many victims of every natural disaster in Indonesia that has occurred. I went to visit Indonesia at that time to its natural attractions as well as learn about the Queen of Mother Nature. (Indonesia is the throne Queen Mother Nature not man-made). Indonesia is also like a maze, because there are so many tourist attractions. So find it in their own way, because every tourist to Indonesia has a different experience. I saved for 3 years to visit Indonesia, so I have more preparation in terms of finance. Because there are millions of tourist attractions that can be visited, just imagine that in 1 city there are more than dozens of tourist attractions. When I think of nature in Indonesia, for some reason I connect to a song Within - Mother Earth, Enomine - Heilig and Wardruna - Kvitravn (It's a song from a band in Europe). Because 10/10.

@sekar9901

2 жыл бұрын

You might interested in Nyai roro kidul, the queen of south. She is the most famous urban legend here and a lot of people still believe it to this day.

These stories about the geology of different regions are a good thing to listen to.

I love volcanic arcs.

I didn't know this volcano, very interesting, I realized that there are people living inside the caldera, it reminded me of Naples. great video!

@GeologyHub

2 жыл бұрын

The comparison to Naples and Campi Flegrei is accurate. Many supervolcanoes have associated stratovolcanoes on their rim.

@caiolucas8257

2 жыл бұрын

@@GeologyHub That's interesting, i never made the connection, it's a rather common thing for supervolcanoes to have nearby stratovolcanoes near them.

When caldrea are the size of toba , the eurption from the movie 2012 comes to mind

I traveled for a month in northern Sulawesi several years ago, these volcanoes and lake Linow started my interest in volcanoes :)

871000 th years ago ! Such precision !

Great videos as always, you are the channel I needed when I was growing up and became obsessed with volcanoes. Would you mind doing a topic or series of topic of volcanoes in Central America? I have heard stories but would love to see you covering them. Thank you!

Crater lake Oregon! That one was supposed to be pretty dramatic.

I appreciate that your channel has taught me more about what goes on underneath volcanoes than I have learned in sixty years of casual interest generated by living in New Zealand. Many thanks, and I hope you can add many more subscribers to this quality content.

Your content is fascinating thank you.

Thank you was wondering about this

idk why but every night before i go to sleep i come here and watch these videos like they’re my bedtime stories

Ha ha ... even as lay Indonesian, this is new to me. What I know about supervolcano in Indonesia are just Toba complex and Dieng complex.

@drianppppp502

2 жыл бұрын

Ngelanggeran - Semilir Supervulcan.

@nettilee2696

9 ай бұрын

and bandung caldera

Thank you 🙏

Oh, so this was the Indonesian campi flegre

This like Air Caldera with those serval Strato Volcano reliever vents

Awesome video! I had no idea this volcano even existed!

Love your videos. Indonesia is starting to sound like Supervolcano Central. First Toba, now this supervolcano.

@jakealter5504

2 жыл бұрын

This one isn’t quite a super volcano since it hasn’t produced a vei 8 eruption yet while toba definitely has

@harrietharlow9929

2 жыл бұрын

@@jakealter5504 True but only time will tell if it is capable of a VEI 8.

@jakealter5504

2 жыл бұрын

@@harrietharlow9929 true, same for campi flegrei

@harrietharlow9929

2 жыл бұрын

@@jakealter5504 Isn't Campi Flegrei considered a supervolcano? I was under the impression that the eruption c. 39,000 years ago was a VEI 8.

@jakealter5504

2 жыл бұрын

@@harrietharlow9929 that was a high end vei 7, not an 8

It’s cool to see light shed on these lesser known Supervolcanoes, Tondano looks really interesting. Also, It’s true that Toba may have nearly caused humanity to go extinct, but recent evidence suggests possibly otherwise. But it’s still possible. This Channel really helped me learn lots about Geology, especially Volcanology:)

Request: I have been interested with the extinct volcanoes in the east coast of the United States. How many are there?

@GeologyHub

2 жыл бұрын

Hmm. The east coast has a lot of ancient volcanoes. The most recent example of which is Mole Hill in Virginia

@waynefatguyinakayak7408

2 жыл бұрын

There are at least three known volcanic complexes in the state of New Hampshire alone. One of which, the Ossippe Mountains, was the focus of a video a couple days ago. Other volcanic features in the state are the Belknap mountains in Gilford, NH just across Lake Winnipesaukee from the Ossipee mountains, and a smaller ring dike feature in what is Pawtuckaway State Park in the town of Nottingham. These features are best seen on a topographical map. The entirety of the Ossipee Mountains is the result of a collapsed caldera. The Belknap Mountains which includes Mount Major and Mount Gunstock, along with Rattlesnake Island on Lake Winnipesaukee outline another collapsed caldera.

@dg4545

2 жыл бұрын

@@GeologyHub thank you sir!

@dg4545

2 жыл бұрын

@@waynefatguyinakayak7408 fascinating

@WitmanClan

2 жыл бұрын

@@GeologyHub would love to learn more about Virginia )

A question about calderas: When caldera collapses occur, do they occur suddenly, or do they collapse over a period of time? Does anyone know about this?

@glennk.7348

2 жыл бұрын

I would like to know too!

@jacobbaer785

2 жыл бұрын

I believe that at least for stratovolcanoes the caldera forms by the time the eruption has finished. For example, that's what happened at Mt St Helens and at Krakatoa and other examples. For supervolcanoes I'm not sure.

@caiolucas8257

2 жыл бұрын

@@jacobbaer785 Saint Helens (i assume you're talking about it's 1980 blast) was a lateral eruption, the magma started to flow toward's it's north flank, creating a bulge prior to finally erupting. Caldera collapses would be Santorini, Tonga, Krakatoa, Pinatubo, etc.

@Svedge

2 жыл бұрын

You can watch the timelapse of Kilauea's caldera collapse

Pretty scary the power of volcanos. Thanks for sharing!

So is it possible to determine the composition of the magma beneath a volcano prior to an eruption? Say if for example, Mount Saint Helens suddenly started changing to rhyolite without erupting, would we know before the fact? Or can the composition only be identified after it has erupted? It seems like a fairly critical bit of information when forecasting future eruptive hazards especially if magma can become more silica-rich over time.

@Dranzerk8908

2 жыл бұрын

Yes its possible, but also hard to do because getting access to get a sample is difficult. The La Palma volcano for instance you get see pictures of them grabbing lava rock from the flows to cool down to be solid..then they can determine the composition. St.Helens for example on top is VERY dangerous to even get near the crater edge. It is covered in a extremely thing glacier (a hazard itself), then unpredictable shifting of ground. If St.Helens had a temporary lava flow happen then could take a sample easy..but to go up to a cone now not really a thing.

Of course it’s Indonesia why wouldn’t it be Indonesia 🇮🇩 !

@caiolucas8257

2 жыл бұрын

Most volcanically active country.

That picture of the fence going up into the old cinder cone made me laugh for some reason. It also made me wonder, have humans accidently made a volcano more active or erupt by just mining/etc?

Could you do a video on Bouvet Island? It seems lonely and could use some attention

I know it's not directly related to volcanism, but I've been wondering if you could do a video on the new Madrid fault line and the sand eruptions that happened during the 1812 earthquake swarm

@stephenrickstrew7237

2 жыл бұрын

Check out the Deep Dive channel “Why are earthquakes worse on the east coast “

@Dranzerk8908

2 жыл бұрын

It is sort of volcano related, as it did change the pattern of hot springs around Arkansas and other areas. :)

I never heard this volcano is supervolcano Eventhought im indonesian

Is salton buttes is rhyolite as well. So can they make a caldera formation eruption as well?

Nice. I didn't know about this Supervolcano

Could you do an overview of the many craters in and around the Mojave Desert? I hiked around two of them yesterday - the Amboy Crater and the Pisgah Crater. I realize these are just blips on the map but they still intrigue me. Thank you for providing this channel 👍

@rodney5055

2 жыл бұрын

Never mind 😁 I found the videos.

TWO SUPERVOLCANOS IN INDONRSIA!!!!!!! WHAT!!!! Indonesia, this why i want to go there!!

@sarahdinoyt8514

2 жыл бұрын

also if this volcano had theme song (in my opinion) it would be Believer by Imagine Dragons lol- or would it be Toba's? well i would be a song by Imagine Dragons.....

@jakealter5504

2 жыл бұрын

This one is barely a super volcano

@jakealter5504

2 жыл бұрын

@@sarahdinoyt8514 probably Rona’s since it has had multiple vei 8 eruptions

@sarahdinoyt8514

2 жыл бұрын

@@jakealter5504 ohhhh

Wow Indonesia have 2 super volcano that's so scary

Would you do a video of lake Taupo in NZ?

can you do a video on reunion island

So, how many active supervolcanoes we still have right now? this volcano isn't part of the active volcanoes you've shown before.

@timothyjones7067

2 жыл бұрын

Numbers vary between 4-8 based on several sources. The famous ones that everyone knows are Yellowstone, Campi Flegeri, Long Valley, Taupo, Toba, Valles, Aira, and Aso. Those are volcanoes that have confirmed VEI of 8. However there are also volcanoes with eruptions of VEI of 7s and supermassive magma chambers with the potential to be super volcanoes given the right conditions.

@jakealter5504

2 жыл бұрын

@@timothyjones7067 and toba is the largest one listed

Keren....

Bi can't remember of you have cover Mount Taylor in NM ? How about the Saint Francis Mountains in south central Missouri. I remember trekking through there a few years ago.

Very curious, the back roads of my house. There’s a lot of prehistoric sediments and rock formations. Del Puerto Canyon

Can you make videos on unerupted rhyolite lava domes?

Hi can u one day posting about some doubt about toba catastrophic theory?

Hi there, I was wondering if you have touched on the conjeo volcanic field? I'd love to learn more about it

Do you think the eruption size that create this caldera is similar to Lake Atitlan?

Please can you discuss the O'a caldera (Lake Shala or Shalla) in the Main Ethiopian Rift?.

Could you do a subject on lake Rotorua in New Zealand

Speaking of the Toba Supervolcano, what do you think of recent reevaluations based on new measuring methods that place the total eruptive volume of the 74ka eruption at 13,200 cubic kilometers (or 5,300 in DRE) as posited by Costa in 2014 and Takarada in 2020? Even as a high end measurement, this would put Toba at double the Wah Wah Springs eruption and on the level of the Flat Landing Brook Formation (which might or might not be a single eruptive event), making Takarada refer to it as a "VEI-9" eruption.

@GeologyHub

2 жыл бұрын

Seems a bit high. I’d expect the thickness of tephra to be 5-10x as much. In my opinion the 2,800 km^3 figure seems more on point. Of course, I’ll need to look into how the re-evaluated numbers were arrived at.

@caiolucas8257

2 жыл бұрын

@@GeologyHub That's what i thought, the general consensus is 2,800km^3 of material, 13,200km^3 would be sheer insanity for a volcano to pull out.

@jakealter5504

2 жыл бұрын

@@caiolucas8257 unless it’s a flood basalt

@SpaceLover-he9fj

2 жыл бұрын

I am not a geologist, but if I remember correctly, the 2014 estimate did not increase the volume of the pyroclastic flows, it in fact only included 1,500 km^3 out of the 2,000 km^3 of ignimbrite. The reason why the volume was much larger than previous estimates seems to be the inclusion of ultra distal tephra or tephra that fell thousands of kilometers away from Toba. Since the known reach of the eruption was extended by the discovery of tephra deposits in the South China sea and Lake Malawi, this means that the eruption likely covered 40 million km^2 with 1 mm of tephra. Taking this into account in the simulations, the best fit result was found out to be 5,300 cubic kilometers of DRE, or more than 13,200 cubic kilometers of ejecta. Thank you.

Supervolcano in Sumatra, Ranau Lake.

How is the difference with magma intrusion that leaves minerals like cobalt. iron etc. verse magma chambers volcanism.

Lake Chapala south of Guadalajara has been a curiosity for me as it could be a super volcano but is it? Thanks if you can let me know before I move there.

So, are high end VEI 7 eruptions now considered super-eruptions (i.e. >500km3)? I thought that only VEI 8 eruptions met that category, but more and more I'm seeing it creep into discussion about VEI 7 eruptions or VEI 7 capable volcanos. Is the formal definition changing or was there never really one in the first place?

@eddie5z518

2 жыл бұрын

From what I understand Campi Flegri Supervolcano was the first volcano to have this happen as it largest eruption was like 600km3, while it isn't VEI 8 it is still large enough that it would have the same effect.

@eddie5z518

2 жыл бұрын

In my personal opinion I would categorize any eruptions between 300km3 and 999km3 to be a sorta budget version of a super eruption.

@caiolucas8257

2 жыл бұрын

Not necessarily super-eruption, but high-end VEI-7 volcanoes tend to be classified as supervolcanoes given the term is not scientific, it's a generic media term for the strongest volcanoes. A VEI-7 eruption needs to top at least 100km3 of erupted material, a VEI-8 eruptons needs to do at least 1000km3 and it just happens that some VEI-7 volcanoes had eruptions that are estimated to be closer to the minimum threshold for VEI-8 than the minimum threshold for VEI-7 thus get called supervolcanoes because of it.

@caiolucas8257

2 жыл бұрын

@@eddie5z518 In my opnion it would be from 500km3--999km3 given that gets closer to VEI-8 minimum 1000km3 of eruptive material.

@yodorob

2 жыл бұрын

Just like, it seems, a given eruption could technically be a VEI 6 although it's close enough to a VEI 7 (so, say, releasing anywhere between 50 and 100 km3 of material, with 100 km3 being the low threshold of VEI 7) that that eruption would be more akin to a Tambora than to a Krakatau or certainly a Pinatubo in terms of worldwide cooling effects.

Where do tectonic plates come from ?

@rafaelvalimfernandes

2 жыл бұрын

They came from the cooling of the Earth's crust long ago, in the deep past of the planet. However, the planet has already changed several times, I recommend delving into plate tectonics and continental drift.

Pov: You also have read the title as „The Tornado Caldera”.

Yeah, indonesia is the volcano capital in the world🔥

Extinct Supervulcano in Indonesia, Ngelanggeran - Semilir formation.

@drianppppp502

2 жыл бұрын

@ZenCODM In Google and wikipedia : "The Semilir eruption was a major volcanic event which took place in Indonesia during the Early Miocene. This eruption formed the Semilir Formation and Nglanngran Formation. These two geological formations are in the Southern Mountains of East Java. The eruption created two formations which consist of mostly pyroclastic rock (minor lava flows). It has incredible thickness (at least 1,200 m (3,900 ft)). In contrast, The Toba supereruption only formed 600 m (2,000 ft) ignimbrite. The estimated Semilir eruption age date by isotope method is 21 million years ago blablabla... Search and read on googlez sorry bad english.

i wonder how big the earthquakes are when the volcano collapses and creates a caldera...

What about Manam to 50000 ft. just yesterday

Mt Taylor New Mexico

🌱🌏💚

Don't u just lurve the way this channel uses the same Tonga marine volcanic explosion picture. In every video! Haha. Funny as!😊

Next biggest volcano likely to erupt that could change world temperatures

So even though the Yellowstone isn’t going to blow (hopefully)anytime soon, what are the odds of any of these erupting?

@jakealter5504

2 жыл бұрын

It’s possible that the next eruption from Yellowstone might not be a vei 8 eruption

Someone create a better animation of a caldera formation.

Indonesian government: One of the reasons we need to move our capital to Borneo is because it's too close to all of these massive active volcanoes. Tondano: Hello, neighbors right across the channel! Indonesian government: Dang it.

@einzweichschein

2 жыл бұрын

nowhere is safe in Indonesia with those volcanoes. But I guess, rather than dealing with 4-5 year cycle of volcano eruptions (merapi, Semeru, Sumbing, Slamet, Sindoro, and more in Java Island), it's better to deal with millions year cycle one.

@farhanatashiga3721

2 жыл бұрын

Tondano is far away enough from Nusantara that only the biggest (and most unlikely) eruption would damage it severely, the much closer colo volcano (which last erupted in 1983) in the gulf of Tomini is a much better candidate for a volcanic treat for Nusantara.

@sekar9901

2 жыл бұрын

@@einzweichschein There's Jayabaya prophecies, he is like indonesian nostradamus. The island of java will split apart because slamet eruption. Sorry for my english

I hope that volcano caldera won't erupt forever.Imagine.Itll blow the whole planet including the whole complete planets at the atmosphere.WOOOwwwwww

#36👍👏👏🌋🌈💖🕊

the world is ending 😖 all the mess, we are f... d 😖

We live in Biblical times! Thank you for this very indepth study!

Toba super eruption only affected earth temperature for about 5 years and barely affected humans the bottleneck theory has 100% proven to be wrong