The Mystery of the Late Heavy Bombardment
Researched and Written by William Painter
Revised by Pete & David Kelly
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Art Provided by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza
[1] A collection of radioactive chronometers were employed to reach this date. Most notably these include pairings of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Ar40-Ar39, each of these including a parent atom and a decay product.
[2] Jupiter’s gargantuan mass can inflict chaos on the orbits of smaller bodies over millions and billions of rotations. The danger becomes acute if the orbit of the junior body reflects a ratio of Jupiter’s orbit (for example if the body orbits twice for every single orbit of Jupiter.) In this case the body will pass Jupiter at the same time and place in each orbit and Jupiter’s gravity will pull strongest on the body at the same time and place in each orbit. Over many orbits the slight tug will incrementally draw the junior body out of a circular path and into ever more eccentric ellipses. Eventually this oblong orbit will intersect the orbits of the terrestrial planets.
[3] This phenomenon is called decompression or adiabatic melting is a key feature of plate tectonics on Earth today.
[4] The age of Borealis Basin is somewhat controversial. Without direct access to the physical crater we rely on the fragments of Mars that fall to Earth as meteorites. The oldest known igneous Martian meteorite ALH84001 was forged through the accumulation of crystals floating in a body of magma. It’s therefore postulated that ALH84001 was created during or after the Borealis impact as this event melted half of Mars and deeply buried the other half, erasing any trace of prior martian history.
[5] Around 40% of all meteorites found are classified as H chondrites and most likely originate ultimately from the asteroid 6 Hebe. Around 35% are L chondrites and likely originate from either 433 Eros or 8 Flora. Mesosiderites from 16 Psyche and eucrites from 4 Vesta round off the list of four parent asteroids upon which we find evidence of impacts between 3.5 GA and 4.1 GA. It’s a short list.
[6] Obsessive investigations into the most resilient minerals on the planet, Hadean zircons, unveil a slight bump in temperature between 3.8 and 4.0 billion years ago--the lingering trauma of an otherworldly pummeling? But in all the world only 4 miniscule mineral grains record the bump.
[7] Noting our inability to acquire physical evidence from other planets scientists sought a different way to date geologic features. Since surface imagery was comparatively abundant a sophisticated statistical method was developed to assess age by counting the size and frequency of craters present on a terrain and comparing this size frequency distribution (SFD) to that of a known terrain. This process is fairly effective at achieving relative ages, but caught criticism for some assumptions it makes.
[8] At first glance it appears impossible that the Apollo 16 and 17 sample should come from the Imbrium impact, in each case over a thousand kilometers away. Improved imagery acquired decades later however reveals a radial pattern of debris emanating from Imbrium Basin that overprints both landing sites.
[9] Imbrium is the youngest basin on the near-side of the Moon; much of the volcanism on Mercury ceased by that time; the major basins of Mars all betray the ephemeral presence of liquid water before it vanished from the planet. Echos of this early era still reverberate through the Solar System; solitary giants can wreak havoc especially on our fragile ecosystems, but the terrible scale of the calamity has never again been matched.
[10] In the interest of full disclosure, a continuous (monotonic) bombardment is the perspective that makes the most sense to me. Not only because the physical evidence is sparse and is getting sparser but because the erasure of terrestrial history is a throughline of geology. The destructive power of geologic processes has been on display throughout this narrative and it is a very sensible explanation for the negative anomaly we find in the impact history (a negative anomaly which is now significantly shorter than the “spike” of the LHB.) Furthermore models have consistently shown that while orbital evolution among the gas giants should be expected early on, it’s exceptionally rare for this dynamism to last more than a few 100 MA and virtually impossible for the orbits to calm for several 100 MA then return to a dynamic state. In the absence of a convincing causal mechanism I personally conclude that the LHB is fictitious. (William Painter)
Thanks to:
Mitch Ames - Moon Rock
the Illinois State Museum - Moon Rock Mangolava Imbrium Crater
By Brocken Inaglory, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... with landing numbers)
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Epidemic Sound for the music
Пікірлер: 715
References and Recommended Reading: Reviews www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-052028?intcmp=trendmd arxiv.org/pdf/1801.03756.pdf www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020131 www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Minton/publication/260136784_Impact_bombardment_of_the_terrestrial_planets_and_the_early_history_of_the_Solar_System/links/5567362108aeccd777378506.pdf Moon articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1995Metic..30..244B/0000244.000.html onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/maps.12373 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/maps.12054 www.researchgate.net/profile/Dieter_Stoeffler/publication/277526621_Cratering_History_and_Lunar_Chronology/links/5be56d6a4585150b2ba92a65/Cratering-History-and-Lunar-Chronology.pdf www.plutorules.com/uploads/7/2/6/8/72681811/cratering_records_in_the_inner_solar_system.pdf www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/content/planetology/lectures/ss2015/143897-hottopics/robbins_2014.pdf www-n.oca.eu/morby/papers/P143.pdf www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1570.pdf www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X13006742 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X11007345 pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8c11/afc9c7d477ec558cf03b7e9a0d60295b7448.pdf agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019JE005992 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X15007955 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X16301595 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/001670379290183J Mars www-geodyn.mit.edu/jah_dichotomy_nature08.pdf www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/jun/HQ_08159_Mars_crater.html www.boulder.swri.edu/~bottke/Reprints/Bottke_Andrews-Hanna_2017_Nature_Geosci_SM.pdf websites.pmc.ucsc.edu/~rcoe/eart290C/Nimmo_MarsImpact-HD_Nature08.pdf about.sjrdesign.net/files/papers/2013_Robbinsetal_Icarus_CraterAges_perscopy.pdf www.tennoji-h.oku.ed.jp/tennoji/yossi/misc_data/火星実習/Isochron8_Hartmann2005.pdf planetary.lab.asu.edu/Mars_Dichotomy_files/Marinova.dichotomy08.pdf Mercury www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/4555.pdf agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2012JE004154 Venus agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/94JE00388 Earth www.nature.com/articles/nature10399 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X05003377 www.nature.com/articles/nature00923 www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/34/13486.full.pdf www.oca.eu/images/LAGRANGE/pages_perso/morby/papers/P163.pdf isotope.colorado.edu/2013_Abramov_CdE.pdf www.nature.com/articles/nature10982 www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman_Sleep/publication/11809063_Annihilation_of_ecosystems_by_large_asteroid_impacts_on_the_early_Earth/links/00b7d528e4e82984c0000000/Annihilation-of-ecosystems-by-large-asteroid-impacts-on-the-early-Earth.pdf www.nature.com/articles/ngeo3029 www.researchgate.net/profile/Frances_Westall/publication/225496180_3_Early_Life_on_Earth_and_Analogies_to_Mars/links/09e415102a6f5b93cf000000/3-Early-Life-on-Earth-and-Analogies-to-Mars.pdf cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/2/6/a002527.long www.lpi.usra.edu/science/abramov/papers/abramov_mojzsis_2009.pdf ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5181&context=smhpapers Meteorites www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009281911000286 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703713002081 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.tb00766.x arizona.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/sup40suparsup39supar-ages-of-impacts-involving-ordinary-chondrite iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/103/pdf Canonical articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1975LPSC....6.1539W www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X74900594 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X72902051 www.researchgate.net/publication/254258543_Rb-Sr_AGES_OF_IGNEOUS_ROCKS_FROM_THE_APOLLO_14_MISSION_AND_THE_AGE_OF_THE_FRA_MAURO_FORMATION_DAPAPANASTASSIOU_and_GJWASSERBURG adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1973LPSC....4.1725H Causes iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/142/5/152/meta www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103501966084 iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aa5eaa/pdf www.nature.com/articles/nature03676?TB_=true&width=370.8&height=658.8 lagrange.oca.eu/images/LAGRANGE/pages_perso/morby/papers/P137.pdf www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103507000966 arxiv.org/pdf/1501.06204.pdf www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103514005570 planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/5173.pdf arxiv.org/pdf/1112.0046.pdf www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103507000644 arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0510200.pdf arxiv.org/pdf/1407.4521.pdf www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X04001359 Skeptic www.boulder.swri.edu/~cchapman/207PRFAR.PDF www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~meech/a740/2006/spring/papers/Hartmann03.pdf www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103575900950?via%3Dihub www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513003059 Miscellaneous www.univie.ac.at/geochemistry/koeberl/publikation_list/189-lunar-craters-history-EMP2001.pdf www.nasa.gov/specials/apollo50th/back.html
@hellscream46
4 жыл бұрын
Pete, you will marry me.
@HistoryoftheEarth
4 жыл бұрын
This is David, and I'm afraid not.
@Kombrig_2
4 жыл бұрын
@@HistoryoftheEarth-- There is a big doubts about LHB among serious scientists. Look at the brilliant lecture of Stephen Mojzsis kzread.info/dash/bejne/X56BrdGKZ8WahdY.html He's an expert on Hadean Eon and says -- there is no evidence of LHB 3.9 b.y.a But a lots of facts of Early HB 4.25 bln yrs ago! But I love your approach to the problem :=)
@mikip3242
4 жыл бұрын
I couldn't be more thankfull for the amoutn of references. Keep it this way please. This channel will be a transformation for many
@eltaninshrdlu2925
4 жыл бұрын
AMAZING!!!
I am sorry to announce that after today's video I will no longer be researching and writing for History of the Earth. I expended tremendous effort to provide you all with meticulous research and carefully crafted prose. It was an honor and I am disappointed that I can no longer share them with you. Your kind compliments and enthusiasm touched my heart and I will carry them with me as I go forward. Sincerely, thank you.
@dindinprivate3477
4 жыл бұрын
If true - thanks.
@Raiche58
3 жыл бұрын
Mr. Painter, I wish you all the best in your future endeavors. I hope to enjoy your work in other educational and informational productions.
@WilliamDye-willdye
3 жыл бұрын
Thank you for your contributions, Mr. Painter. I hope that the Kelly brothers can continue to make videos like this. I also hope that you can find success in doing something you love doing. Clearly, you are very good at research and writing! Thanks again, especially for the extensive links, which are already being helpful to me in my own research.
@gregzeng
3 жыл бұрын
Aged frail human myself. You show signs of much literary education. Wikipedia etc sources to your background? Myself, also another "colorful" person, but will perish soon, without any major accomplishments.
@solanceDarkMOW
3 жыл бұрын
This is a truly breathtaking piece you have written. Whatever you go on to do, know that you leave behind a legacy of brilliance. Thank you
I paused this in the middle of it when I realized this is one of the best written videos I have ever seen. Fantastic content. It's a crime you don't have more subscribers.
@robertsherrick4081
3 жыл бұрын
Science and compassionate knowledge found here. If the majority is ignorant, where is the advantage of majority rule? The less fools show up here the better. excellent work folks, thanks!
@v.pintilie6691
2 жыл бұрын
So did I, daaaamn!
As a geologist, I'm so pleased to see geology content articulated in such a poetic form. What an absolute gem. My new favorite channel.
"Gouged upon the lunar tissue rested the scars of a tremendous calamity". What a line. The writing and narrator truly bring this piece about destruction to life in the most beautiful way. ♥️
“The tortured minerals scattered across the solar system tell us their most recent trauma. But they have forgotten their deep past. Their crystalline memories wiped” This is brilliant screenwriting. Not the sort of thing you expect from a free KZread documentary. Bravo, bravo!
@jbx1967
5 ай бұрын
Yeah, all you need to write this stuff is a fair command of the English language and a thesaurus. Also, the desire to use a descriptive style a bit less dry than most.
This is beautifully made and written, well done!
@dyslexiusmaximus
4 жыл бұрын
i agree
@Pooyuck
3 жыл бұрын
poetry
@scottlarson1548
3 жыл бұрын
It took me three minutes to figure out what the hell the narrator was talking about.
Retired Geologist here. This is a wonderful video! 2nd video today; new subscriber.
This, NOVA(PBS) and the Fall Of Civilizations keep me going. These presentations keep the bar high on science documentaries. It's important work in a time when anybody gets to publish anything they want. Thank you SO MUCH, Painter & Kelly
Just wanted to say that I have seen a few 'Birth of Earth' sequences over the years, but this is nicely paced, and beautifully and poetically narrated. Kudos.
@Katzztar
4 жыл бұрын
I agree. I like how they have numbered notations within the video that within the descriptions goes into more detail.
Waxing poetic about planetary assault. Lovely stuff.
Came for the science, stayed for the eloquence... anyone can hit you with facts but this is poetry. Bravo!
@bluesbest1
2 жыл бұрын
When the Science Major minors in Creative Writing.
This is a superb channel. It should eventually become your biggest one. Thanks so much for all the hard work. You two brothers are so very talented!
The one thing I love about these videos is you always include *how* we know.
I could listen to David Kelly narrate all day. Most excellently written too. I would put this narration on the same level as David Attenborough, Tony Darnell, and Morgan Freeman.
This is the answer to the question, "Why do I spend so many hours on KZread searching?"
"Earth shattering revelations" hehe
@romelnegut2005
4 жыл бұрын
That was a great pun.
@tornadomash00
4 жыл бұрын
im sorry but your username is the greatest thing i've ever read
I am so eagerly waiting for the next installment of the series. Amazing production quality
This channel will take off
@aaohknsn
4 жыл бұрын
to the moon
@Ethan5I5
3 жыл бұрын
@@TheShootist If you want complexity you can take a quantum mechanics course
@pestiferousvibe4925
3 жыл бұрын
@@TheShootist If the attempt of the channel is the educate as many as possible, what you're proposing would make that incredibly difficult. Instead of expecting people to cater their work to your needs, perhaps it is your responsibility to find what it is you seek.
Crisp and detailed as usual. Keep up the good work
Big hats off to William Painter, you wrote an excellent script and I love the inclusion of footnotes and references.
3:36 man in the middle is my great grandfather Clifford Frondel, he let his son in law (My grandfather) litterally touch moon rocks, making me apart of a very small group of people who have actually even met somebody who has touched moonrocks, let alone be related to them
Voices of the past, History time and the Pete Kelly channel are some of my favorite KZread channels, but this one is absolutely marvelous! Keep up the amazing work!
@stoywarshockofficial9984
3 жыл бұрын
This channel IS the same owner/sister channel of History Time
I love this channel. I got hooked on geology about 15 years ago, just as a hobby, and I've learned enough to be impressed by how well you've distilled scientific consensus down to clear, compelling and poetic minisodes for the general public. In that combination of scientific rigor and lyrical wonder, you're following in the footsteps of Carl Sagan. Bravo. I've recced this channel on other social media platforms: hopefully I'll send a few viewers your way. I very much want to see this series continue.
David Kelly, never stop narrating! One of the best voices.
I think covering the Permian Great Dying is long overdue! Would love to see your renditions of purple oceans and green skies. :)
@justinbiggs1005
2 жыл бұрын
Soon it seems. Went from 4 bya to the boring billion in the recent episode
absolutely loved that intro, that telling of the moon's pov was very unique :)
as someone who has always been fascinated with geological history I was kind of excited to watch the first two videos on this and I guess it is nice to see your guy's take on this and personally I do think that is what earth would've look like during that time and man being able to do this in such a short period of time. I mean sure they are only between 15-20 minutes but still.
"An Armageddon was fossilized.. on the moon." Great line! Wonderful writing.
I cannot recommend this channel highly enough. The narration, subjects and pacing are almost perfect.
Your channel was in my recommendations. For once YT did good 😊 Even if english is not my native language your way of speaking makes it easy to follow. Can't wait for the next episodes. 👍
I hope one day you'll get some award for this story telling, if you haven't already.
I study the cosmos. I decided to study the earth as an example of terrestrial planets. I appreciate your work. Don't retire all ready !
A year after you're posting. It is a shame you can't continue. Very fascinating work. Well done, well researched and well spoken.
This is professional audiobook writing, narration, and quality. It's like listening to the greatest sci-fi book ever written, except it actually happened.
This might be my new favourite channel.
So, so very beautiful, especially the narrative, such a poetic yet informative language. Love it so much! Thank you and keep up the good work!
Another superb episode. I particularly like the notes in the description. Note 10 Common sense surely informs that there would not have been a hiatus in the formation of the system.
This is like the intro to the Lord of the Rings.
Excellent presentation skills in this family. Thank you so much.
Great as always, keep up the good work!
Outstanding ... Thank you ....
Hm, i´m listening to a Dune audio book atm, i could splice this vid into it and nobody would notice it. Very nicely written and narrated
And here we are, a part of the re coalesced material from a supernova, endeavouring to analyse and describe the universe that consciousness finds itself in, as in looking at the fabric of its own manifestation. Fascinating.
@daye9777
4 жыл бұрын
Great comment
@cjclark2002
2 жыл бұрын
It’s overwhelming more like it.
loved the intro, beautiful!
the way it's narrated makes me want to be in the middle of everything happening... I. LOVE. THIS. VIDEO.
Excellent video my friend. Great production value and perfect slides for each point. Well done definitely subbed
@HistoryoftheEarth
4 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the kind words!
As, for obvious reasons, I cannot celebrate the birth of Christ with my friends and family this year, I re-celebrate the birth of this planet and its biosphere with your videos. Your series is amazing, very professional and, although I'm quite interested in the subject, gives me new insights and food for thought. Thank you!
Congrats, so well done!
This is a stunning piece of work, succinct , elegantly read with a superb script and delivered with panache and objectivity! Sheer pleasure to watch and listen! Thank you
I believe the idea that the LHB is only the tail end of a continuing primordial bombardment is not widely accepted in science. The last stages of planetary accretion move fast. Once the planets formed, the residue in the inner solar system should have been swept up fast. (The asteroids remain because the influence of the giant planets prevent them forming a stable large body). Evidence also suggests that the LHB impactors came in hotter than the ones prior. In the final stages of accretion, the impactors should be “slow” because, since they’re in approximate the same orbit as the target, the relative velocity is rather small. But objects pumped out of the asteroid belt by resonance with Jupiter would have much more speed and would have come in at an angle, making their relative velocities much higher. The Nice model that explains the LHB can also explain why so many planetary systems have Jupiter-sized planets in earth-like orbits around their star: giant planets may tend to migrate inward, but because our Jupiter would end up resonant with Uranus and Neptune, it got pulled back out, and in the process entered resonance with the asteroid belt.
Fabulous thank you!
This entire series is a marvelous work of all involved. I salute you for this masterpiece of essential knowledge!
Your videos are terrific
These are my favorite videos to watch, I go to work and discuss what I've learned to the younger guys that I work with an I sound like a genius, the writing is excellent and the one line descriptions are very clever, sad to see this go, well done mate
nicely presented. my thought has been that the evidence we have are simply the first craters. that everything prior didn't leave craters because the surface had not cooled enough from the constant barrage that we casually call the formation of the planets. these are the same billion year long event the end of which we can date (more or less)
Where was you when I was in school? Good job.
Superb episode. The narration is so easy to listen too. The knowledge given just makes me want to know more.
Just found your channel, and I'm really impressed! The only other deep time channel I'd found was PBS Eons, so having another one is amazing! 👏 ❤
So weary of it all, our current times. The comments before mine are more eloquent than I can be and echo what I feel when I watch not only this episode but the series. I thought I'd seen most of the content on KZread, happy I was wrong. I am a geology junky and the reality of geologic time and the constant remaking of our planet and everything in it gives me peace to the core. I no longer care whether or not humans will continue. Life will. Earth will. Thank you, Mr. Painter, enjoy the rest of your journey.
The only time, I can see/hear this in peace, is, when I go to bed… so I drop off, and have listened to/ watched all episodes + History of the Universe endless times and learn more every time… the narration is great and interesting and understandable… sad, you had to stop this.
Simply a fantastic series.
Interesting presentation. Definitively worth a "food for thought" moment.Thanks👍🌙🌕🌙👍
Simply masterful for the amateur scientist in all of us. Many thanks for such enthusiastic and unbiased lectures.
Holy crap. Epic storytelling skills. I really wish I could find this in just audio so I could listen to it at work.
What an amazing education!! Thank you!!!
Great documentary here, no annoying music in the background. Good work.
awesome vid! ill definitely share.
OUTSTANDING!!!
You're quite simply the best! This and history of the universe are my two favorite KZread channels thank you!
I am completely hooked, my jaw is literally open on the floor. This is so beautiful and profound
This channel quality and information is fantastic thank you
The moon orbit around the Earth is increaseing ever so slowly and will at some point be at a distants in which its effect on the Earth such as tides will eventually be altered to a point that it will significantly effect all biological life on Earth.
Very informative video and very well made. Liked and subscribed.
Excellent again ....The best on KZread....Best of all...We can listen without tons of the same ads..
I'm fascinated by
One of your best yet.
Scientific topic and yet quite poetic narration, very nice! :)
Very good video! Was going to say superb but someone has already said that! :-) Please keep them coming!
Beautiful voice.....awesome!!!!
Another great one
Thank you for assembling and presenting this knowledge for us to see at.
Thanks, well done.
Man, the writer and the narrator deserves a double pay.
Beautiful, beautiful, script... Breathtaking
Great stuff - thanks!
nice one - enjoyed that - good narration
As good a production as any on mainstream TV, More please..!
Brilliant! As a side note, the narrator is reminiscent of Sir Richard Burton, who narrated Jeff Wayne’s musical version of War of the Worlds, with music by the Moody Blues. Apocalyptic yet, relaxing…
What an awesome documentary!
Wonderful video!
I reckon there were a lot of massive objects on highly eccentric orbits early on in the solar system and when they got closer to the sun sometimes they smashed into the planets. Imagine if the orbit of the Kuiper belt or the Trans-Neptunian objects came close to the inner solar system, it would be disastrous.
Very nice docco. Cheers
"The moon is silent because it has seen too much."
Apollo Program represent! Thank you for so clearly laying out one of the many reason why humans need to return to the Moon. There is still so much to learn and so much it can tell us about the Earth.
Superb narration.
your videos are fantastic!
What a great video thanks alot❤❤
Awesome video about mother earth. 🌎 ❤ Very well done. Nice narration 😊
I just found this channel AND I'M SO HAPPY 😭