Where do you see similarities between Tengrism and other religions and belief systems? By the way: Tengri and Umay being „like man and woman“ does not mean that they were a „couple“ like humans, but rather that they resembled the male and female genders respectively. Just want to clear that up.

@bodamyan_bg

2 жыл бұрын

The duality as a universal expression and perception.

@kevthepoet

2 жыл бұрын

yin and yang of the Tao...

@robertomassa731

2 жыл бұрын

Mother Earth and Sky Father...

@umut3653

Жыл бұрын

Arabic records says that clearly Oghuz Turks asked an Arabic traveler if Allah had a wife or a counterpart. That shows Oghuz Turks saw Umay as the counterpart of Tengri or similar to that.

@milansstudycircle5488

10 ай бұрын

The symbol of tengirism is trident that is weapon of lord Shiva in Hinduism. The umay name is same as lord Shiva's wife who is uma or mother Parvati. It is a religion with hindu sanatan roots.

I spent a few months in Istanbul last year (2021). and found that the Islam practiced there, seemed different from what i had experienced in Muslim Communities elsewhere -and especially in the US. It seemed very gentle... and their legendary kindness towards animals was truly Extraordinary! I wonder if this the residual "spirituality" of Tengrism? Whatever it is... it is Beautiful! I LOVE Istanbul.

@bamsbeyrek4939

2 жыл бұрын

Turks still continue the traditions of their old beliefs.

@poyraz7299

2 жыл бұрын

Ben Türk'üm. Türk tarihini iyi bilen hiçbir Türk doğaya ve hayvanlara zarar vermez. Eğer bir yerlerde doğaya zarar veren ve hayvanlara kötü davranan Türkler görüyorsanız bunlar bilgisiz ve cahildir.

@RealUvane

2 жыл бұрын

I went to Mali and the Islam practiced there was pure black magic.

@DorchadasAgusSolas

Жыл бұрын

not every Turk is Muslim but we try to live in harmony nonetheless . But we don’t like extremists or extreme foreign (Islamic) peoples or rules . But even tho many are not Muslim , most just live

@emrecanarduc4378

Жыл бұрын

Turkish Islam is really moderate relative to other Muslim branches.Figures like Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi or Yunus Emre have their buddhist and tenrist origins in their life styles and philosophy. Religious leader tried ummayad version of islam in Turkish and Persian places and it backfired in the past causing revolts etc. So there is different ways to live as a muslim. While wahabbist do not believe sacred shrines and destroy them Turks would literally die for protecting them .

Celts send emissaries to Aleksander before his Persian campaign. He asks them "what do they fear?" They tell him that they only fear when the sky collapses on them. This always makes me think about the Orkhun writings. Where it says "if the sky doesnt collapse no one can change your way of life."

@Elmaredd

Жыл бұрын

harbi lan

Tengricilik modern bir inançtır her çağa uyar.

@ibg5322

6 ай бұрын

Su an küresel ısınma ve şirketlerin zararlı uygulamaları sonucu daha da yaklaştı dünya tengrizm uygulamalarına. Herkes birbirini sömürme derdinde iken binlerce yıl önce biz ormanda gürültü yapmamayı, derede el yıkamadan önce izin almayı öğütlüyorduk. "Bu kaynaklar asla tükenmez sömürdükçe sömürelim" demeden... ne kadar ileri görüşlü bir inanç

@astrodas1910

3 ай бұрын

Tengri biz menen!

@THE_TURKS814

6 күн бұрын

tengricilik doğadır

It only makes me and many watchers like me immensely happy to see finally an accurate narration of my motherland's history has been launched on KZread. Thank you for this documentary that offers deep insight into our lives whilst enriching people's knowledge of their origins that have been kept in the dark for countless reasons that I can not mention here.

A fantastic and informative video! Thank you to all involved.

I believe your speculation regarding the missing components of tengrism, such as the tree of life possibly having a network function of sorts, is certainly valid👍

Tree of life in Anatolian proverb ( Oguz dialect ) Yaş kesen baş keser ( cutting down a living tree same as killing a human kind )

@watermelonlalala

2 жыл бұрын

Is it Tree of Life or World Tree or something else? Because it sounds like there is Abrahamic influence here, "Tree of Life".

@ffgffg645

2 жыл бұрын

@@watermelonlalala “ Ağaç “ Word it self( Tree ) like life opener or starter in Turkic . Scientifically not really the answer but Abrahamic culture is not absolute answer either. But looks like Indo Europeans and far north got cultural connections long before . Thanks for responding

@aliandrtr670

Жыл бұрын

@@watermelonlalala it is same as in nordic mythology. both shared stuff with each other

The tree of Life, in Italy we have a lot of churches dedicated to Saint Maria of the Oak.

Tengry/Tэнгэр/Father Sky Umay/(Умай)Этүгэн эх🌏/maternal uterus Erlik/Эрлэг👹/messenger of death Tamag/Там/hell Yer su/Үер Ус/flood Water Ashina/(Чину)Чоно/Wolf Turkic/Mongolic/English Let's all Tngrist gather to keep world green!!! Greeting from Mongolia🇲🇳🇲🇳🇲🇳

@robertomassa731

2 жыл бұрын

I agree with you! The Sky Father is worshipped in Eurasia since the Bronze Age, if not centuries before... All the peoples of Eurasia were under TENGRI originally... No matter the language and the skin color... PEACE. 🕊

@MrHoonza

2 жыл бұрын

@@robertomassa731 thq. Tngry bless Euroasia rise again!💪

@watermelonlalala

2 жыл бұрын

What about the tree? He never gave that name. Is it Life or something else?

@watermelonlalala

2 жыл бұрын

Hey, when we sing Imagine, we should sing it "Above us, Father Sky".

@robertomassa731

2 жыл бұрын

@@watermelonlalala 👍👍👍 🤣🤣🤣 Father Sky was the original Deity of the ancestors of the Europeans!!! DYAUS PATHER!!! GÖK TENGRI for the Turks KÖK TENGER for the Mongols

Teşekkürler harika bir çalışma...Türkçe alt yazı verseniz çok iyi olurmuş👌👏👏🇹🇷

@ahmetatci7745

8 ай бұрын

Sen tercümeyi ac!!!

Bravo! Very informative and enlightening. The year of 681 is also considered the birth year of proto Bulgarian state, whose religion for at least couple of hundred more years was Tangreizm as well. You surely have my attention and one more subscriber. *:) Salutations!

Rusça altyazı eklerseniz,bütün Türk halklari da izler ,dinler bence

This is GREAT. Thank you so very much.

Emeğine sağlık 👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼

Anatolian farmers must have brought tree of life into belief systems of Europe thousands of years ago ( if it wasn't there already). There really is a world religion. So much in common

Thanks again!

Great work :) where is Ülgen?

GREAT WORK.; Yashasin Turk

I love your video! Can you please provide information about sources you used to create this video?

I’ll buy your book.

I wonder if any connection to the town of Tingri (can sound like Tengri) in southern Tibet. And the Uma of Hinduism eg Uma Thurman.

I only heard about the story of some "great tree" growing between world of darkness and light. I don't remember other details, but i think it used to hold balance between them, the peace. And it was called: "a rich tree", "Bai - terek"

@JY-fs4iy

2 ай бұрын

Oh, you mean the one in Elden Ring? Yeah it's really big.

Can someone explain at 4:08 what they symbol of Tengri means (the circle with the rune inside)? I'm looking for to buy the book from the playstore

@ergun9980

6 ай бұрын

That symbol implies the new moon shining in darkness which also means the light shines from heaven onto you to defeat the darkness. As a matter of fact , crescent moon ( as new moon ) symbology became a symbol of Islam way later on after the Turks were forced to converted by Kuteybe bin Muslim. That is why most arabic nations still use other symbology to represent Islam. Because the turks were dominant to represent as ruler along the islamic history, that Symbol have been adapted by many nations. BUT there is a hint : whoever uses this symbol as nation's flag, they have been mostly converted to Islam by Turks or Ottomans. Vertical line is however implies truthfulness, righteous path, direct ( as talking as it is without softening or converting) but mostly Ascension to the heavens. Some say it also implies balance or 2 way of living ( good-evil, right-wrong etc) That symbol's origin was speculated by many since there is little written evidence left by ancestors. But Atatürk thought that symbol was left as a remnant from MU ( a.k.a Lemuria ) culture. As in Himalayan nations and culture, Turks share large number of symbols with southern asian nations like swastika ( originally means 'peace' until Thule organization chose it to represent Hitler's evil organization) , opposite ( side standing) crescents etc. Buddhism also adopted those after buddha's philosophy changed to religion. Most of the European nations (i.e. hungarians, Fins, nordic german tribes, ukranians and polish, bulgars , moldavians , vikings etc.) were mixed with Turkic tribes for millennia but they refuse to accept that because of the influences of Vatican, semitic cultures, Zionism and Greco-roman culture. They usually prefer to accept "Caucasian" or "Indo-European" as terms. Actually that "indo-" prefix was perceived as india but it is not. It represent "Indus Valley" which is in Pakistan ( with crescent on his flag 😉 ) You can solve the puzzle by searching and digging deep in cultural elements and linguistics without any prejudice. I can guarantee that you would be puzzled greatly. P.S M.K.Atatürk was using his position to search deep in the cultures and linguistics to find the ancestry of Turks. In his late decade, he sent many historians and linguists to Turkistan geography including Yakutsk, Tuva , Kazakhstan and interestingly Mexico. Maybe that is why he was killed by masons by slow toxication from overdose of Quinine.

@nyulbela

6 ай бұрын

@@ergun9980 Thank you!

German Version of this ? BTW Great Video

@KhansDen

2 жыл бұрын

Thx! The German version is coming next Saturday 💪🏻

live and let live my friends , we are all in this materialistic world waiting and searching for redemption of some kind . waiting and searching for answers when we can feel and when our souls have the emotions to live life in our fleshly bodies we are so fragile and caring but also can be so fierce and strong and so careless .. Every living thing is waiting and searching for love , but love is all around us in every living being , we just have to let ourself be loved and give love in return . We are waiting and searching for justice , because not every loving man should be wicked and not every wicked man should be loved , but every wicked man can love , and every lover can be wicked . With love and peace to this planet . Don’t forget people , Life is short , our souls have retrieved body’s . not the other way around , our bodies retrieved no soul . let’s make humankind great again . let’s spread the love . And may The Almighty God Bless Us . I hope Tengrism and Judaism and Christianity will keep growing in this rate for the upcoming years in Turkiye . With much love and peace people , and much Thank’s to the uploader Khan’s Den , Thanks for your precious time . Sagolasin , kendine iyi bak dostum , güzel bi video olmus .

Novice question, is this religion shared by the scythians and protoindoeuropean groups? Wouldn't that also make it closer to the root religion for most European and Indian religion? Great channel btw.

@ffgffg645

2 жыл бұрын

Yes they were in contact with each other which is no one wants to see . Nomads Indo European or Altaic always being dynamic nations and culture carriers…. But interesting and what is super amazing is Northern American Natives have same fate systems

@gwynbleidd_doethbleidd

2 жыл бұрын

The Scythians likely believed in Tengrism, but Proto-Indo-Europeans is far-fetched, given that they lived from 5500BC to 4500BC. I doubt that Tengrism dates that back. Also, did the Proto-Turks and the Proto-Indo-Europeans even probably not know of each other either.

@slappy8941

2 жыл бұрын

@@gwynbleidd_doethbleidd I think that all people once believed something similar, considering that so many religious philosophies are so similar in so many ways, even though they evolved differently within the last few thousand years.

@gwynbleidd_doethbleidd

2 жыл бұрын

@@slappy8941 But even if people had one common religion and it evolved throughout time into new religions-Tengrism being one-, would it nonetheless be considered Tengrism? I mean, we all derive from Homo erectus, but are we Homo erectus?

@robertomassa731

2 жыл бұрын

For sure there was a common Eurasian culture that became fragmentated and partially lost through centuries. PEACE. 🕊

Could this spirituality go back as far as or further than the Yamnaya, also from the Steppe, to 3000BC? The Indo-European languages & cultural similarities go back to Yamnaya - such as Celtic culture which has many spiritual elements similar to this.

@robertomassa731

2 жыл бұрын

It is possibly from the ancestors of all the peoples of the steppes when they were still living in Siberia...

There may be too much syncretism here. We first notice this in the Horsed man with the captive eagle- This practice, the original falconry was ONLY practiced by herding tribes, which were, admittedly Turkic. Those purer older Mongolic and Siberian peoples would not consider such a thing, as the Eagle was central to a quite different story, as it was regarded as the animal most associated with the Great Sky- which is what Teng-Gri MEANS, translated. But travelers going N-S in Central Asia understand the Bon , who in the long past south shared the idea of the high-flying vulture, who carried the body[parts] of the dead [all dead, whether human or Other Animal] , and from the Arya (who were at first a steppe people, - the word Iran MEANS Aryan, and of course, that group swept into the Indus, their lineages and beliefs carrying the disposal of the dead in"Towers of SIlence" where the dead were laid, and the silent vulture picked bones clean, taking them to the Sky. In the Tibetan Bon, special men had the job of chopping up bodies and spreading the chunks on mountainsides, for the Vultures to take to Great Sky. The ridiculous islam thing of prophets and social rules and "blasphemy" had NOTHING to do with Teng-Gri, Who rains and snows and dries and has Its seasons as do all its creatures, without favoring one over another, whether individual or species. There is no "submission" there - that hierarchical groveling was an artifact of societies "domesticating" - enslaving, for such farce as irrigation agriculture city-states of SW Asia. Only when humans overpopulate do such practices arise. The Mongols regarded themselves as offspring of Wolf, and would return their dead out to the grass to return them to the carrion-eating Wolves. Other peoples , sometimes having to explain with death stories, regard themselves as People of the Swan, connecting that common death in childbirth with the woman returning to her Swan Skin which the child accidentally found, and disappearing again (that tribe gave the original story distorted into Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake." . I will not tell these and other stories in detail here, as you will have to go to Siberia, when the Russian empire finally soon dissolves, to recapture the wisdom of each Humans, were the only animals who cannot understand the speech of other animals, and there is a story sequence concerning that phenomenon as well. THe narrator above may have understood the essential ecological ethos, as he referred to it. TO some Steppe-Siberians it is a grave wrong to dig into the earth, as it harms all the living roots of life. THe Steppes you now see from Kazakhstan East, are the result of Russian attempts to imitate the agriculture of the rich fertile lower Don, Dnieper, Dniester. They failed because of the higher and drier climate, turning huge grassland areas to dry scrub. [this also happened in the Norht American West when Euros came and destroyed the grass. Once bison roamed, lopping off only the young green, moving on as do normal nomadic denizens. It was the farming and cattle raising that destroyed Steppes now overrun by desert plants. We've reconstructed the pre-abrahamic , more practical realistic beliefs across much of high Asia. NO permanence is given to lives, though , due to similar behaviors passed down among MANY animals, plants, ideas of "reincarnation" arose. But the Teng-griists largely understood the ABSOLUTE uniqueness that arises only once, just as scientists understanding the never-repeated DNA and epigenetic molecular changes that make NO individual organism like another. Why the ancient Chinese Daoism is like Teng-gism is clear. We, say both, cannot understand the Way, and can only learn through attentive observation all our days. What is translated as "heaven" merely means Sky, distorted by those abrahamic religionists who seek to dominate, control, collect, from others.

I see similarities between Erlik - Hades Tepegöz - Cyclops Umay - Gaia? Isis (umay being the protector of children and women (some believed that she also protected the people) and Isis being the Goddes of birth. Turkic people prayed to Umay when they wanted a child) Asena Legends - Romulus and Remus legend

@berkanthan7487

Жыл бұрын

Kut - Qi „Ötüken“ reminds me of legendary places like Shambalah, Argatah or El Dorado

@moam8908

8 ай бұрын

Do u know any similar deities to dionysos in tengrism

Tangri is foundation of Korea 5000 yrs ago.

@bamsbeyrek4939

2 жыл бұрын

Woww😊

@robertomassa731

2 жыл бұрын

All Eurasia were under TENGRI originally... The Sky Father was worshipped everywhere from west to east, no matter the language and the skin color... PEACE. 🕊

Please can u release russian version‼️‼️❓❓

@user-zj1kn8vx7w

2 жыл бұрын

Rusih shvaine Relis kasakh and kirkiz and turkie

Never heard of this

@ismayilarifoglu6226

2 жыл бұрын

Time to learn then

I am a tengrist . Watch the HU .

Hungarian folklore and subconscious are full of tengriism-like ideas based on universality and nature, yet the Humgarian official religion is the exact opposite, a Western religion based on exclusivity and virtuality. Perhaps that is why Hungarians tried to somehow reconcile the two in a very special kind of amalgamation, which became the theory of holy crown and basic ideology of the Kingdom of Hungary. To this day Hungarian spirituality is very different from Western European ideology in every way. Yet, very few Hungarians are actually aware of all of this. They just feel that something is off and foolishly believe it is a political issue, which is hilarious. No, this is about two words: egy, which is the root word for both unity and the universe represented by Ős ten, the father tengri; and szét, the word for apart, represented by Set, the Egyptian good of the desert, storm, war and seclusion, exclusivity and virtuality. All of this is my own interpretation and this is not scientific, merely an intuition from my part.....

@ergun9980

6 ай бұрын

Hungarians are also turkic my friend. Only religions and geography are different. Those changes occurred by time as we lived in different environments but that does not change who our ancestry is. Priests, Imams and naturally politicians hate this idea, so they have been trying to prove otherwise. BUT DNA does not lie ! Greetings from your ancestral cousin P.S I am not pan-turkist or Pro-turanist.

Dingir/ Tengir / Tengri and now we Turks say Tanrı to name of God. Also, Turks have believed in One God namely Tengri as source of life. (Much before Islam) Some sources say this is why Attila of Hunnic Empire got angry to Christian Trilogy and fighted to collapse Rome of Pope. Also, Quran mentions about a strong commander of a huge army most scientific for their age ruling all teritories from west coast to east coast. He is called as Zülkarneyn (Double Horn). I think he was a turkic prophet who did not punish any people without cruel and bad behaviours. I think most of turkic rulers have exampled him and tried to rule all world in goodness as he was their ancestor.

Iam Indian and iam extremely proud of being tengerist 🇮🇳🤝🇲🇳

@sentinel0096

Жыл бұрын

Are you turkic?

@koktangri

10 ай бұрын

you can't be Tengrist if you're Indian. Tengrism is an ethic religion of Turkic and Mongolic peoples.

@BattleofHattin

8 ай бұрын

@@koktangrino it’s not. Anyone can become Tengrist.

IYI

🇰🇿🇰🇿🇰🇿🇰🇿🇰🇿🇰🇿🙏🙏👍👍

Türkler bir gün kendi inanç ve kültürlerine geri dönecektir ben TENGRİ YOLUNA DÖNDÜM SİZ NE BEKLİYORSUNUZ 🤘💯🇹🇷

W

This might sound strange but it seems very similar to Judaism. It has shared motifs and has a lot in common with kabbalistic beliefs

@yunuskaya1516

9 ай бұрын

hatta bunun ötesinde yahudilikte kutsal olan davut yıldızının bir benzeri eski türklerde de kutsaldır hatta bir türk beyliği bugünün israil bayrağını 600-700 yıl önce kullanmıştır ismi de "Karamanoglu Beyligi"

türkcesi yada almancasi varmidir

@KhansDen

2 жыл бұрын

Evet var, bakınız: Die Kosmologie des Tengrismus: Baum des Lebens und Lebensstrom kzread.info/dash/bejne/i65tsLKwdbDPcqw.html

Wow these are the people that rulled my country for 500 years.

Wonderful video! Thank you for making it. The Turkish world should revert back to their Indigenous faiths! They will lead the world by example again. Islam and Christianity only beat them into submission and changed their orientation towards loving the oppressor. Mongol people would regain their self respect if they become devout practitioners of Tengri-ism again. Have to undo what the colonizers did. Hail Tengri!

Erlik nerdesin 👀😂

@moroRomantico

2 жыл бұрын

Cidden takip ettiğim her yerde var burada göremedim henüz 😅

@moroRomantico

Жыл бұрын

@Rain Man herkesin inanışı kendine... Erlik inanabilir fakat yobaz değil Efe Aydal ateist, Burhi Tengrist onlarla yayın yapıyor. Inancını kendi yaşayıp bana baskı yapmıyor zarar vermiyorsa herkes inanışını yaşamakta hürdür. Ister camiye gitsin ister avokadoya tapsın bize ne..?

@moroRomantico

Жыл бұрын

@Rain Man 😁

@moroRomantico

Жыл бұрын

@Rain Man genau Hampelmann passt zu dir 🤘🤪

@moroRomantico

Жыл бұрын

@Rain Man Heyecanlı kardeşim sen doğrusun, kralsın,en büyüksün, herşeyi biliyorsun... şu son yazdıklarından akıl yaşının 12 olduğundan yola çıkarsak haklısın tabii. Biirini savunmak için onun inancına, cinsine, ırkına bakmam haklıysa haklıdır. Islam dinini kimin daha çok araştırdığını tartışabiliriz ama küstahlaşmanın alemi yok. Amerika'da veya Almanya'da yaşamadıysanız bu konuda yorum yapmak çocukca ayrıca müslüman olduğumu nereden çıkardınız. Sen inanmıyorsun o inanıyor özgür olduğunu söylüyorum Zenciyi Müslümanı bırak ben neyim diye düşün 🙈🙉🙊

Actually in Christian Catholic theology, which is the only sect that uses the term purgatory, hell is the place where you burn forever, purgatory, which may not even be a place, is a temporary state of purification. All those who undergo purgation are guaranteed entrance into Heaven.

this is the background for the bible stories.

Tengri is "he" or "it"?

@azrayldz9833

6 ай бұрын

there are no gendered pronouns in Turkish/Turkic languages. All living beings are pointed as ''O''.

@LuisAldamiz

6 ай бұрын

@@azrayldz9833 - I like that. Basque is also non-gendered, except for a rare dialectal form which distinguishes masc/fem of "thou" (you singular), only used for close acquaintances (and animals except bees and donkeys, which are treated with particular respect). So Tengri is "it", I can also roll with that.

@HatredForMankind

12 күн бұрын

@@LuisAldamiz It is "IT", neither Tengri nor Turkic languages have gendered pronouns or nouns.

Ravens and wolves? Was GOT informed by Tengriism?

@bb-mi5uq

Жыл бұрын

Yes actually khal drogo inspired by Turkish warriors

gOd is a volcAno and she is comin

wtf i am tengrist mongol, the names are so twisted and some description of the powerful beings are mish mashed as if some one that self thought have described it to you

@KhansDen

2 жыл бұрын

These are the Turkic names of the deities. Thus, Tenger becomes Tengri and Ece becomes Umay.

@watermelonlalala

2 жыл бұрын

What is the tree called?

@KhansDen

2 жыл бұрын

@@watermelonlalala In Turkic, they say "Yaşam Ağacı", which literally translates to Tree of Life.

@watermelonlalala

2 жыл бұрын

@@KhansDen Thank you!

@HatredForMankind

12 күн бұрын

These are Turkic versions.

Tengerism is most true religion witch people don't relise

Uçmağ is not about to fly, its from sogdian language and its not Turk word. Also Tamur not belong to us. but when we met sogdıans theır mythology affected us and we accept it. shortly we dont have hell nor heaven our original roots didnt have.

i never understand how those people tell kagan as cygan or something like that. it's a hard word not a soft one. kaa-gan. in you alphabet maybe it can be like: ca-ga-un

@KhansDen

3 ай бұрын

It's the voice actor I had hired, not me.

Btw are you a Muslim or a follower of tengerism 🤔

MAKE MONGOLIA TENGRI AGAIN 🎉🎉🎉

Suhuf indirilen peygamberler Âdem Peygamber'e 10, Şît Peygamber'e 50, İdrîs Peygamber'e 30, İbrâhim Peygamber'e 10 sahife. Hz Musa tevrar hz davut zebur hz isa İncil hz Muhammed kuran bir rivayette 125 bin başka rivayette 250 peygamber gelmiştir Allah katında tek din İslamdır rituele bakınca hepsinde islamdan bir parca görebiliriz o gün tengri bugünmu alemlerin Rabbı dogruyu en son peygamber en son kitap soyler

Useless information

@KhansDen

Жыл бұрын

Why?

@-Athena-29

Жыл бұрын

Bruh to you it may be . But to some it's something that can change the way of their thinking patterns

@-Athena-29

Жыл бұрын

@@KhansDen you did a great job.keep up with your work!bless you👌

@Gurjantsingh-os2lc

Жыл бұрын

🤣🤣 so u are useless birth ?? What have you accomplished. Rather then having internet connection

@HatredForMankind

12 күн бұрын

Then why did you bother to be here in the first place and also bothered to comment?

tengrizam = sotonizam.......