I did a guided tour at a german turbine manufacturer and they told me the turbine blades are made out of monocrystalline material and they use a casting technique with a crystal starter to get a single crystal. Machining is then done with erosion technique and extremely precise grinding because the weight of each blade has to be exact so there is no vibration and imbalance.

@prapanthebachelorette6803

Жыл бұрын

Interesting

@JohnMullee

Жыл бұрын

Ti-Al

@thorwaldjohanson2526

Жыл бұрын

Was it MTU Aero Engines? I worked there :)

@mememaster147

Жыл бұрын

Was it inconel or something exotic? My dad used to work at Rolls Royce and they started doing single-crystal titanium turbine blades in the 80s or early 90s. The previous stage was getting the crystals to grow so that they were orientated along the length of the blade.

@anthonylepore516

Жыл бұрын

I have also heard of this! Seems like a lot of materials and a lot of time to fashion and create such a scientific war machine, but it also makes me wonder how the Germans got the time and materials beings it was the ending of the war!

That was incredible! You should do an episode about single crystal superalloy turbine blades. They're even more durable and the manufacturing process is super interesting. Might not be something you can demonstrate at home though.

@ph11p3540

Жыл бұрын

Good luck with that. Most of the info on that system of manufacturing is still a very closely guarded secret

@dergunter1237

Жыл бұрын

demonstrating that at home is very unlikely, you need very specialized machines. single crystal alloys arent necessarily hard to do as the alloy itself but rather creating the environment to cause the alloy to form a mono crystal is the issue.

@lorez201

Жыл бұрын

@@ph11p3540 I hate trade secrets so much lol.

@AndrewMerts

Жыл бұрын

@@ph11p3540 Other than the black magic metallurgy the process for single crystal growth is simple enough in concept, it only gets fiendishly complex when talking about how you actually implement it. When the liquid metal alloy solidifies it will tend to solidify along an existing crystal. This means if you have the mold cavity tightly thermally controlled you can use a corkscrew shaped passage in the mold to start the cooling process. Before the corkscrew as the metal solidifies it forms many crystals as you'd expect but as it's solidifying up the corkscrew the geometry of it favors the crystal on the inside edge so by the end of the corkscrew that innermost grain has overtaken the others to form a single crystal.The hard part of implementing this is dealing with the precise thermal gradients, temperature control, vacuum casting, etc to actually keep the solidification process consistently along a single crystal growth boundary. Bismuth is pretty good about growing large crystals, it might potentially work to show that corkscrew method working in bismuth although I don't know if there's an easy way to show grain boundaries in a solid piece of bismuth like you can with etching steel. It might be possible to make a plaster mold and demonstrate the difference between the corkscrew passage and no corkscrew on the crystal growth as an amateur. For anyone interested in the topic there's this video that gives a bit of the history of turbine blade manufacturing, kzread.info/dash/bejne/Y658ta1mfs_HqpM.html and an excellent video by AgentJayZ kzread.info/dash/bejne/nHeWmI-Fd8nLeMo.html

@sterling9257

Жыл бұрын

@@AndrewMerts 6:12am how would have know the metals cause such reactions. 😊

You're the coolest scientist on the internet right now 💯

@BackYardScience2000

Жыл бұрын

Much better than what Nile Red has turned into. I wouldn't even call him a scientist or chemist anymore. More of a sh*t posting channel that lost its way. Thank God for Thoisoi2!

@NotaWrxTrek

Жыл бұрын

Thoisoi, applied science and Nilered are top tier science channels, wish Nile still made full videos tho

@knrz2562

Жыл бұрын

@@NotaWrxTrek Nile is more of a chemist lab science

@redallaround66

Жыл бұрын

100% hes got a cool science channel

@randomsugarcane4950

Жыл бұрын

Both Thoisoi and Nile are great but Nile still doesn't upload

This is the best chemistry channel on YT and the guy explains scientist's level stuff in basic and understandable form, kudos 👍.

@billynomates920

Жыл бұрын

i'll let periodic videos, nile red/blue and that bowtie guy know they need to up their game! 😃

I’m an aerospace welder and we build the jet engines for cruise missiles and small private jets. It’s amazing the different materials and alloys we use.

@lewisavinash1

Жыл бұрын

used to work for PW ;-)

@magicsasafras3414

3 ай бұрын

And what are these alloys?(and what are the recipes?(and what are the exact ratios?))

@GingerGigantus

3 ай бұрын

@@magicsasafras3414 don’t think I can tell you that hahahaha

I wish I was half as much of a backyard scientist as you. You are one of the best channels.

@stevengill1736

Жыл бұрын

I remember my excitement as a high school student when I visited an engineering metals shop and was given a sample of an inconel alloy. At one point I put it in a vise and tried to hacksaw a piece off....and tried is the word for it all right... ;^[}

@MichaelKingsfordGray

Жыл бұрын

Start by investigating what your real name is.

Important correction: Young's Modulus (AKA Modulus of Elasticity) does not change much with temperature, the Yield Stress does. Hot steel is nearly as stiff as cold steel, but the amount it can deform elastically is much less. Also, I don't think aluminum powder is capable of reducing titanium dioxide, I think you need magnesium powder for that.

@absalomdraconis

Жыл бұрын

Might be some temperatures and/or pressures where that changes, but yeah, for shirt-sleeve conditions titanium reduces aluminum, rather than the other way around.

@Nuovoswiss

Жыл бұрын

@@awashburn6944 I guess I'm thinking that most metals are not used at temperatures where their young's moduli start to deviate much from their room-temp value, but you've got a good point for high-temp alloys.

In 1987 I was privileged to sit and listen to Chuck Yeager give a speach. And during the speach he spoke of the first time he ever broke the sound barrier. He said he done it while diving in a piston driven airplane.

Inco is fun. it welds like a stainless aluminum blend. I worked at an electron beam welding shop for a few months and that would punch a 2"+ deep weld with a 0.02" heat affected zone. We were doing things like welding parts of the rotating assembly of 737 max engines and things like that. it was really fast too, like 100+ inches/min. at production speeds. if you tried to slow down, the weld would "fall out" because it was overheated. the beam would just slice right though and into the other side of the part. the whole process was done under high vacuum in a giant chamber, and the beam is steered with electromagnets. the welds would offgas inco and vapor deposit it in the chamber, so we had to swap out glass slides to see, and the lights inside the chamber were mirrors on the inside and just dull gray on the outside instead of you know... releasing light.

@embersaffron5522

5 ай бұрын

You've sent me down a rabbit hole Electron beam welding sounds like black magic to my tig welding ass

@seldoon_nemar

5 ай бұрын

@@embersaffron5522 lmao, I ended up leaving that job before I got trained (problems on their end) But I got to tool around with the machines, and yeah, they are nuts. They operate in high vacuum, so the roughing pump was a 10" roots screw blower, and the main pump was an oil diffusion pump. It's as high a vacuum as you can get without lab equipment. The beam would collide with the air Everything is done with rotation and oscillating tables, as the beam is fixed like a lightsaber. You're looking through basically a rifle scope mounted coaxial to the beam. The beam is shaped with magnetic fields and can be a fixed point, or made to spin in a circle, ellipse or a line. The tracer power to sight in is enough to etch material. Cranked up, we had a 4" round billet of titanium they used as a focus blank and it looked like a church candle 🕯 My favorite part was that it made metal vapor deposits all over the inside of the chamber. Even the light bulbs were mirrors.... The wrong way (crunchy outside, all the light reflected inwards) The scope had a piece of quartz on a slide so you could keep a clean section on the part

@embersaffron5522

5 ай бұрын

Thats absoutly incredible. I know a bit about electron beams on liek the sterilization and medical side. But to pump enough power to weld metal is so cool. Did they ever show off with ot to the newbie or anything?@@seldoon_nemar

Written by three Russian metallurgists, with a trove of experience in Al-Li alloy development and processing spanning many decades, Aluminum-Lithium Alloys (part of the Advances in Metallic Alloys series edited by D.G. Eskin) provides the theoretical foundations for melting, casting, forming, heat treatment, and welding of Al-Li alloys, so critical in the design of lightweight, high performance structural elements used primarily in civilian and military aircraft and aerospace in general. The book reviews the work done on Al-Li alloys since the 1960s until today, Titanium constitutes around 30% of the aircraft's Tu-160M2 Collier Trophy

As soon as I hear "Helloo Everybody!".......I know exactly what time it is. Thoisoi time!

I am pleased that your hand has healed. Your work and videos are great. I learn much. I study quantum physics and you teach me about the chemical side. Thank you.

Well, thank you for all this information and your hard work. You do it right. The best channel for chemical perspectives. Thank you so much

I am a aerospace welder and I happen to be certified to weld 718 inco it's a neat metal

@jasonmajere2165

Жыл бұрын

What's the pay range of said job and how much extra training over welder?

My right upper femur ball joint (hip) is an inconel alloy. Guaranteed not to rust, bust, bend, tear nor rip at the seams!

Great visual demonstration. Thanks

The only thing I can think of that comes to mind is harder than inconel is an unpopped piece of popcorn

This is among the best channels of its type on YT.

Thank you! That is a lot of work you put into these wonderful videos. You are awesome!

If it involves thermite it's a chemistry win!!! Exciting reactions! 👍

@absalomdraconis

Жыл бұрын

Some more exciting than others, avoid copper.

"afterburner, when an engine works like a rocket" A surprisingly short, informative and useful description!!

Did anyone notice the structure of Inconel. It looked very similar to the stones they used in building massive structures thousands of years ago. The stones they used were of all different shapes and sizes, and they were almost earthquake proof, because of that. His statement, saying that because of their shape, they were pretty much locked into place.

@johndelong5574

Жыл бұрын

Strange how primative ape persons got lucky like that.

@snakewithapen5489

Жыл бұрын

@@johndelong5574 this is a chemistry channel, put your racism away

@johndelong5574

Жыл бұрын

@@snakewithapen5489 Your virtue is duly noted.By the way, what race are apes?

How about a follow up video covering crystal control when casting super alloys, how a cold block on one end of the casting mold and a hot kiln on the other end creates linear crystal growth, like a bundle of rods. The addition of a pigtail after the cooling block forces the multiple rods into mono crystalline structure. All of that happens before the solidification of the cast blade itself, which will be mono crystalline. Mono crystalline castings exhibit the greatest strength and stiffness of super alloy turbine blades. The inability to create mono crystalline super alloy blades prevents the chinese j20 from achieving super cruise. If they want to fly as fast as Americans they need to use after burner, which gobbles up fuel and provide a great signature for heat seeking missiles. Making their stealth plane, non stealthy.

@sarojaband4664

Жыл бұрын

I appreciate your detailed answers. Do you know anything about DU depleted uranium ordnance?

Really enjoyed your video Thoisoi. Thanks!

I love your videos but you missed one bit about the turbine blades that they are often grown from a single seed crystal to improve strength much like silicon wafers :)

I would love to see you attempt to forge this home made alloy just remember to heat it as you hammer it to prevent cracking. I'm a welder that have worked with many different human made metals, and I get quite a kick out of playing with new and unusual metals. Love the Chanel and this is yet another exelent video keep up the good work 👍

Inconel is also used as material used to grind other materials because of its toughness. There is however an issue, it looks like cast iron after it's been used for a while. The problem isn't cosmetic, the problem is if it gets recycled, the material won't melt into iron. The results are billets of iron that are unmachinable because the cutting tools keep being broken off. It's a real problem

@yelims20

Жыл бұрын

you'd think they used a magnetic separator... Inconel isn't very magnetic

I love your channel. Please don't ever change.

I'm a machinist, and got a print for an in-house part to be made from non-magnetic stainless. Pick it from scrap, the supervisor said, so I picked my 25 mm bar and chucked it into my lathe, a South Bend made in 1930, leather belt drive and HSS tools. It burned the HSS, so I put a carbide tool in, and the carbide also burned up. Turned out, someone put a piece of 718 in with the 316L by mistake. The boss forgot where it came from, too! It was a whole meter long, it must have cost $1000! And he forgot about it! I got to turn this piece into refractory molds when an order came in for 718.

Awesome work dude great detail and demonstrations

I have a handgun made with scandium/aluminum and titanium alloys and the thing is so light that it seems like a toy at 1st, but has very punishing recoil with full pressure loads. It's so light it uses a pocket clip instead of a holster 🤣

@logicplague2077

Жыл бұрын

I certainly wouldn't carry it that way, handguns should always be carried with some kind of trigger protection.

@bendeleted9155

Жыл бұрын

@@logicplague2077 I can see how you would say that, but the belt covers the trigger and it's more secure than the expensive holster I bought for it, and other guns I've been carrying daily over the last 35 years, this one for 17. 👍

@logicplague2077

Жыл бұрын

@@bendeleted9155 Fair enough, as long as it has something.

@DropTheHammer556

Жыл бұрын

? What pistol is this? Not that I need an excuse to blow even more money on my firearm collection....

@kg4boj

Жыл бұрын

@@DropTheHammer556 S&W 340 pd models

Quite a brilliant introduction to super alloys. Thanks

As someone with an obsessive interest in making complex devices, I loved the neodymium magnet fix for the induction heater. I very much want to build my own induction heater soon, and I know it'll be far from the efficiency of a commercially available one, but it's nice to remember that whatever I end up making is in fact subject to the same laws of physics that those commercial ones are. That the potential problems those can potentially have aren't any more or less silly than the ones my DIY build will inevitably have.

Excellent presentation and the Comments are excellent too!

You can make a video about refractory materials such as Hafnium and Tantalum Carbide.

Some of the key improvements to Inconel, for use in the first jet engines, were made in England by Leonard Bessemer Pfeil. I've often wondered how his parents chose the name!

@trespire

Жыл бұрын

Not as bad as Isambard Kingdom.

@pwmiles56

Жыл бұрын

@@trespire Kingdom was Brunel's mother's maiden name. Bessemer was a famous metallurgist (sorry if you knew that), Pfeil senior was an accountant.

@davidschwartz5127

Жыл бұрын

I've heard a story that somehow some plant-touring Russian scientists stoled the material composition of that Inconel material by intentionally walking to the metal shavings at a lathe when a sample was being prepared for testing and then analyzed the shavings when they returned home.

@trespire

Жыл бұрын

@@davidschwartz5127 That's not a story. That is a well established trick to steal chips / dust / gold. One way to prevent such industrial espionage is to provide "safety shoes" to visiting guests.

@gyrogearloose1345

Жыл бұрын

@@trespire Not as good, I say!

Outstanding video as always, and your English spoken accent is a fantastic fit for the highly technical subjects covered!

Nice video about special alloys. Thank you Thoisoi2-san :)

I like the Aperture shirt, nice throwback to Portal and very fitting of the channel

Best science channel in YT! 🙌🏽

As always, very informative.

Straight outta this world performance and characteristics!

Excellent video. Thank you

I was a gas turbine mechanic in the navy. Those little holes on that example you shows lets bleed air through and makes a cold blanket of air that insulates the blade against the heat keeping it from reaching those high temps.

From just the simplest of his tests of the metals it’s definitely showed that the carbon steel that’s most often what sword blades of decent quality isn’t the worst choice. Especially along with price. I can’t imagine what an actual sword blade of approximately 30-40in and 1.5in wide would cost made of the super alloy! Yet I would bet that it would last for a very, very, long time. Plus also hold its sharpness for longer than other metals as well. I am certainly NO metallurgist by any definition, but I do understand the basics of metals. This was incredibly informative! Thanks! I only wish I had the ability to work with such metals and forge them into various things. And it would cost a small fortune! And that’s only if I didn’t burn the house down too. Awesome video!

Superalloys are really inspiring

Nice to see a channel with so many subscribers not begging for money.

Great video, thanks.

Extremely interesting video. Congratulations !

This is like a Project Farm video! Love it

I'd like to see some experiments with the alloy you made vs that strip you bought. That was a cool termite reaction.

@guarami1

Жыл бұрын

Termites be different over there...

@billynomates920

Жыл бұрын

@@guarami1 😁

@treybarnes7932

Жыл бұрын

@@guarami1 Hey. Don't make fun of my Canadian accent lmfao.

@derek20la

Жыл бұрын

9/11 was the best example of a thermite reaction.

@craigslist6988

Жыл бұрын

no point, he didn't get anywhere close to making inconel lol at least he apologized to materials scientists, it's a big understatement that it's more complicated. As disappointing as it is for a youtube video, you can't make superalloys in your backyard. Unless you spent millions of dollars equipping your backyard..

Great vid ! Thanks!!

Great video, but that cat at the end was the icing on the cake. What a cutie!

It would be nice to make kitchen tools and/or knifes with that super haloid. If you can, ask to your friend blacksmith to he can help you (I'd like to see what he could make). Very good video program as always. 😀👍

@Thoisoi2

Жыл бұрын

Inconel and other superalloys are not suitable for making knifes because they are too viscous and don't get sharp.

@FedeG86

Жыл бұрын

@@Thoisoi2 I see. Another elements that I thought are plates to cook fast food, pots and trays for oven. Do you think Inconel would be good for those things that are used in direct contact with flame? Thank you very much for your answer. 😀👍

@Thoisoi2

Жыл бұрын

@@FedeG86 Kitchen stainless steel is good enough and much more cheaper than superalloys. They are used primarily in special conditions.

@MolexGamePlay

Жыл бұрын

I´m surprised that out of all the comments here, Thoisoi chose the one about kitchen utensils to respond to :D

Great video as always...

Thank you that was very interestimg.

Boss you are a great educator. Great Successes Many Blessings 🤘🏼

I used to make super alloys and vinadium is one of those rare ingredients used in turbine engines and we would induction melt under very high vacuum using oil pumps if that helps

excellent video, keep up the good work

I work with inco everyday. It’s damned impressive material. Thanks for the video!!

@DCG909

Жыл бұрын

Former sheet metal engineer. "designed" a mold for "bending" the outer edge of Inconel 625 sheets so they could be welded into round tubes easier. It had to be done in one go due to it hardening further with every cold deformation. Also reprogrammed a laser driller to cut holes under a angle of 20° in the flat state of the sheet.

You should do some research into the strongest metal alloys ever: maraging steels

@bapibarman7484

Жыл бұрын

He never mentioned strongest alloy. I think he mentioned it as heat resistive alloy

@freevipservers

Жыл бұрын

@@bapibarman7484 No im saying he should make a video on maraging steels aswell.

@bruhmania7359

Жыл бұрын

this super alloy is pretty close to it anyways

I would love to see you do "a Magma alloy" Video By melting down differnt stones together to see what you come out with. Like mixing Tigers eye, quartz,lapis lazuli,amethyst,Jasper,and Agate. As long as your foundry can get to Between 600 and 1,300 degrees Celsius you can melt rock. I am honestly considering getting a Propane Foundry to try this myself. Great videos man! Love the Science!

Very Interesting Video, Thanks For Posting. 👍

Awesome thanks for sharing

The ME-262 was the first but the Tommy’s think they were 1st!😂😂😂😂😂

thank you thoisoi.

Really cool and interesting video!

Amazing video, well done :)

Great video!

I have worked alot with machining inconel 718, if you want to drill it you need slow rpm

The secret to powered flight, for the Wright brothers, was the aluminum engine. Previous attempts at a glider with engine used steel engines that were simply too heavy for the designs of that day. The Wright brothers actually painted the engine black to try to hide the fact that they were isn't aluminum.

Yea, great video again. Keep up the great work.

The molecular structure of the superalloy reminds me of how the walls are put together at ancient south American sites with the irregular shapes that cants move past each other locked in place

I was expecting your cat at the end. I was not dissapointed. 😆 Thanks for this cool video. I'm a big fan of F1. Can you make some video of the materials used there? Thanks!

Good job Thank u for this informations

it feels like they just mixed every element that has some good qualities and got a satisfying result

@Slop_Dogg

7 ай бұрын

Hey, that’s chemistry/metallurgy. You can try to estimate the properties of a metal alloy, but you can’t be completely certain until you’ve actually made it

I just visited the Wright Brothers hangar last week. Pretty cool stuff. That plane could be dismantled to fit inside.

A very common alloy is aluminum/magnesium, used to make mag wheels for cars. It was originally developed to build ships but an incident at the end of the second world war where a torpedo hit the engine room and the METAL ship started to burn. They had all that metal laying around for years until someone started using it for mag wheels and I have not heard of a mag catching fire yet. . . . Thank you for your program TGC Blessings:)

Thank you for the share

You should do a video on high-entropy alloys!

A very impressive and interesting video.

Excellent video, cool shirt btw

Monel Inconel and Hastelloy because nickel keeps the metal in gamma prime phase.

Would this alloy help with Tellurium embrittlement for MSRs?

You can make that a lot easier. It's just baby powder, milk and ground wood nitrate. Leave in the sun for 2 days, drink and stir heavily. Powdered sugar can help or you can substitute powdered cow horn if your vegetarian.

The pictures of the metal crystal structures was super neat!

@Doug_in_NC

Жыл бұрын

The crystal structure shown was from a single crystal super alloy, not IN718. IN 718’s structure looks much more like a stainless steel, which isn’t surprising since it’s basically stainless steel with some of the iron replaced by Nickel. It’s technically an iron-nickel superalloys. The iron was removed in more advanced superalloys.

I'm rrally curious to learn about the resulting composition, and the characteristics, properties (and microstructure) of your homemade alloy!!

A pure molybdenum strip of material similar in thickness, width, and length would also pass your weighted bend test. I also never mentioned the material-making process term as "Powder Metallurgy".

I had a plate of iconel similar to yours but a bit thicker. Ended up cutting knife blanks out of it with the waterjet cutter at work. That will slice and dice almost anything 🤓😁

@yoppindia

Жыл бұрын

how did you sharpen it?

You are the super alloy of the internet right now ! 👍🏻

Another interesting type of super alloys are tantung and similar chromium, cobalt, tungsten alloys. These are much harder but also brittle. They do also keep the hardness at high heat.

I saw a Typhoon airshow video a few years back that almost made me piss myself! The pilot was a true Maverick doing a ground bank maneuver that came within a few METERS of the back of the jet hitting the ground! The guy that was filming it was like " SH*T SH*T SH*T!!! " as he was literally right next to the Typhoon's location! 🤣

Cobalt is key to everything. Cobalt is the only high temperature metal that can make all high temperature resistant and high temperature melting point alloying ingredients to dissolve completely together and having no alloying flaws in terms of unmixed particles of alloying ingredients.

Beautiful video, Very educational, and by the way your English has improved 100%. Thank You.

It would be very interesting to see how welding affected the metals.

Drilling any stainless with a pistol drive doesn't work well, stainless tends to work harden really quick so it needs a high feed rate and not allowing the cutter or drill to dwell or it'll work harden straight away and won't cut

Fascinating. I wonder how is its conductivity? Is there a mixed alloy as well that conducts better than pure copper or gold?

I was gonna criticize you for using a thermite reaction instead of the induction heater but then melting the nuggets in the heater, but I don’t blame you for wanting to make thermite. I’d do it too

I fantasize about having a sword/ metal armor made out of something like 80% palladium that people dig up in thousands of years and think "holy shit"

good video and I have a question, what about it's magnetic properties?

@Doug_in_NC

Жыл бұрын

Superalloys have a crystal structure that’s basically the same as stainless steels, and thus aren’t magnetic.