Am I the only one who find's it a bit strange that a lot of videos start with Pete at that large wooden shelf going like "Here is a very nice wire of element XYZ!" and then there is a cut to the Professor saying "I have never seen element XYZ!". I mean, just go ask Pete. I think he might even has a wire of hydrogen in that shelf.

Jesus doc, that little lump of metal is probably worth a few grand, and you got it as a gift?! you sir, are awesome!

Can't believe I'm balding in my twenties and PP is still going strong...

Best thing about the Professor, and good scientists and thinkers everywhere: He freely states, after some thought, that he doesn't know the answer!

will the rhenium salt glow under a black light?

I go past the Rolls Royce factory where they "grow" the crystals for the fan blades, on my way to work. I believe the process is unique, and is done nowhere else.

It's called Rhenium because the discoverers of this element Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke and Otto Berg came from the Rhine-region in Germany. (Actually Rhenium was discovered by Masataka Ogawa as described by @Bryce Allen further down)

Rhenium was actually discovered in 1908 by Masataka Ogawa and named Nipponium, after Nippon (Japan). However, he thought it was element 43 instead of 75, so Noddack, Tacke and Berg's name was used when they isolated it in 1925. it wasn't until 2004 that people realised Ogawa was the first to discover it.

4:06 absolutely brilliant editing. James Cameron quality.

Very informative, thanks.

@johntob123 I'm pretty sure it means the manganese absorbs green light, thus is purple, where rhenium absorbs ultraviolet light, reflects all other light, and looks white.

Thanks Brady and Professor Poliakoff for continuing to update the core periodic videos with new and fascinating information!

Delighted to see the IYC 2011 I gave to the Prof on the door window!!! It looks great! Excellent video as usual.

I'm always happy when I see a new periodicvideos clip! This is great :)

I was just learning about turbine blades in my thermodynamics class yesterday, same exact type as shown but larger. But since it's thermo, we just covered that it was a "special alloy" that can stand high temperatures. Thanks for teaching me more about a fascinating subject!

Always intriguing! Keep being elemental!!

Very interesting. This is the first video of this channel, professor and element that I've seen, and I was captured from the start in learning. Thank you for your time, good sirs!

@periodicvideos Thank you Brady ,that turbine blade is looks like a highly developed piece of engineering,probably right at the cutting edge (no pun intended) of current metallurgy & mechanical engineering.I have seen one manufacturing process by which such blades are formed,it's a dirty & noisy environment to the extreme with the forces required,as far from a lab environment as one could imagine.Yet here you have brought together for me the world of manufacturing engineering & science academia.

One of the best the Periodic Table vids. Prof. Poliakoff really makes you think about the structure of stuff.)

Great video as always Brady.

My aunt works for a company that machines rhenium parts for applications such as stints and what this man talks about. I shadowed her one day and was blown away not only at the equipment they use but at how dense it was haha. The piece I got to hold was worth about $5000

I didn't think much of the dimes until i realized that this is in England. I'm not sure how rare the coins from the USA are over there, so I imagine having a stack of them is special.

This is much more educational and informative than my class. I'll hang back and watch a few. :)

#1 woo. You know, even thought i'm an audio/music major, learning about all these elements is actually quite fascinating. I'm glad I've found periodicvideos :D

This video was so cool, mainly because I work for a company that makes these types of turbine blades, and it's fun to hear sort of an "outsider" perspective on our parts, particularly from a scientist. And he's not kidding about how amazing the parts are - some of our stage-one single crystal parts cast with rhenium in them will sell for a huge amount of money per part. The price itself is not what's impressive - it's that the customer is willing to pay that price to get them.

Thanks for another informational and educational video

very cool I never knew about this one element.Thanks!

@johntob123 Correct. Ultraviolet light is absorbed, which we don't see, leaving the full visible spectrum being reflected, hence giving the colour white.

Dear Prof, it's not really true that the grain boundaries are weak, it's that they allow atoms to diffuse easily, therefore they make the metal 'weak' in terms of the creep properties.

Interesting video, thanks professor.

Good question. When substances glow under UV, it's because they absorb the UV and then re-emit the energy as visible light. I've no idea if the perrhenate emits in the right range.

Will periodicvideos do a video about the recent meteorite sighting over the UK? I'd love to know more about the composition and chemical reactions on one.

Very simply put: permanganate absorbs all visible light except for the wavelenght of purple, so it appears purple. Perrenate absorbs in the UV region. No visible light is absorbed so its all reflected and appears white.

Lesser known (ok, far lesser known) use of Re: geological experiments looking at how redox state influences element partitioning during mantle melting. Experimental charges have to be equilibrated at the oxygen fugacity in question, suspended in a tube furnace by metal wire. Re wire has to be used under reducing conditions, because Pt wire (usually used) alloys with Cr and V... Under oxidising conditions, Re can't be used because it becomes volatile.

This guy is a national treasure!

natural scientist hair :D

@Desmaad I thought so too, since Plutonium is mostly found in nuclear fallout and fission reactors, but then I double checked. From wikipedia: "Plutonium is the heaviest primordial element by virtue of its most stable isotope, plutonium-244, whose half-life of about 80 million years is just long enough for the element to be found in trace quantities in nature."

Grain boundaries are weak points at high temperature, but at low temperature they make the alloy stronger. I was disappointed that he failed to mention this, there is a reason we don't use monocrystalline metal components as structural elements at ambient temperature, instead we quench and cold work steel to add more grain boundaries. At normal temperatures the grain boundaries stop the progression of dislocations in the crystal structure of a grain.

Is it possible to put all the videos on just the elements in a separate playlist for easier finding? P.S. I've enjoyed just about every video I've seen on this channel

Lol, love that last part. Why that particular river? A great question :)

@Olhado256 Price is about $4500 USD per kilogram,so 16.8 grams is about $75

great video thank you.

I love his enthusiasm, it is infectious.

thank you my friend, I am smarter today because of you, I don't know if you are an educator, but don't forget how important that is. Have a good one cuz.

I work with the -220 engine for the F-15. Now I know why the turbine blades on my engines are so heavy for their size. As for the rest of the engine just keep the pure oxygen far away.

@ProgHead777 The per kilo price you are quoting requires minimum amounts purchased of 100lbs. This is a very common mistake when people just quote Wikipedia's information. So yes if you purchase 43 kilos of Rhenium a pellet of it costs you around $70. But the individual will have spent in excess of $160,000 to get that bulk discount. If you aren't spending that much it will cost you about $600+ for a sample like the professors.

Being a dense material, what is the process used to create the aircraft engine "blade?" Is it cast, forged, other? What is meant by "grown" from a single crystal? Great video.

This guys is awesome.

Great Video :)!

Could you please provide a link to the website of the company which provided Professor Poliakoff with the rhenium sample? I am looking for alternative sources of precious metals for my PhD project.

@Bear5177 If its really a single crystal, casting or forging wouldnt work. You need to have a chauldron filled with the liquid metal, and then you dip in a seed crystal and if you got the thermodynamics right, it starts crystallizing on the seed and you can slowly pull it up and get a crystal out of the liquid. Then you cut the shape you need out of a large crystal.

@valentinoian You won't regret it. I'm just starting my master's and I love it. Good luck!

Great ep ;)

@MrEpicLemon 99.9% pure is what might be described as a 'commercially pure' grade which might be good enough for some purposes. The remainder will be various contaminants e.g. other metals or common elements such as oxygen, carbon etc. As you get closer to 100%, the cost of removing these other elements increases exponentially, so it will only be done if the application demands it.

It is actually called after 2 places the Rhein and after Masuria(latin Renus and Masurium) and those were the hone areas of the both discoverers

@valentinoian I think I saw something about knowing the difference in what field of chemistry you want to be in. Something about the difference in being a Chemist, and a chemical engineer. I'm not quite sure myself, but just a heads up to know what you want to do

Metric (SI) measurements are more or less "accurate" than imperial units. Accuracy is a function of the device being used to make the measurement, not the units used. SI units however have the advantage of being more "math friendly" since they are based on powers of ten.

The Rhine is the longest river in Europe. It was the border of the Roman Empire for hundreds of years. It has extreme historical and cultural importance in some parts of Europe. That would be why it has an element named after it.

In response to the single crystal of the turbine blade, at the engineering school at Rutgers University, supposedly we were told that one of our professors developed the process for making the single crystal turbine blades before he came to teach at the univeristy....taught the class Mechanical Properties of Materials...just to let you know, don't know how true it was, but never had a cause to doubt it.

@culwin Yes, Wikipedia even says it is the longest river in Germany. Remember it is not the LONGEST river, just the longest length IN Germany.

He's totally awesome!

Would the white pyrhenae glow particularly well under UV light since it absorbs it? Great videos btw i've seen em all!

Nice video

@valentinoian I changed from CIS to Chemistry as well over two years ago and am finishing my last semester now. Just a forewarning; it's a lot harder and depending on the professor, can be extremely challenging.

Visit the Rheinlands (especially to Karneval) and understand why an element is named after that river!

Could it be possible for you to combine all of your videos to a disk cd dvd so I could enjoy them without interruption or delay ?

@MemorySPACECard Mechanical Engineering at the University of Arizona. ME and AE have a lot in common, so it's a lot of work, but I'm still seeing it as worth it.

I'm living very close to the Rhein! :D

its a turbine blade from the rear of the jet engine not from the front. front part of the jet engine is compressor (which doesn't get in contact with hot gases and all the blades are made from magn-alum alloy ) and the back part is the turbine (witch takes all the beating from the pressure and the temperature and its made of blades which the professor presents).

can you make a ring out of rhenium

My suggestion is that you make it clear ( in the video description, or something ) what in a video is new.

@kurtilein3 @nicko198718 We don't really know for sure if we've seen all the stable elements. We're pretty sure, but there are some theories about "islands of stability" that might exist further down the table. The periodic table is probably complete as far as stable elements are concerned, but nobody knows for sure! :)

love your tie

@OnInnocence That's incorrect. Current Rhenium prices are about $4,420 US per kilogram. That means the Professor's pellet would be worth about $70 US. I'll bet the metal in that turbine blade is worth a good deal more than that.

Only a truly brilliant man would admit to not knowing the answer.

Can you upload another aluminum video?

@OnInnocence You are incorrect about my source (not Wikipedia, which cites an outdated price of $10k per kilo) but I have no grounds to doubt what you say. I stand corrected.

So they grow spare parts these days? Mind blown!

Any chance of a video about tetrahydrocannabinol?

@kovo248 Not exactly... I seem to remember that catalysts just lower the activation energy needed for a reaction, or something... A levels was a long time ago ;-) So it will make a reaction proceed faster, or more readily than it would without a catalyst present.

@OnInnocence I wonder how much 15 grams of uranium and plutonium costs Is there a site you can check the price ?

@somorastik I thought that angular speed is measured in degrees or radians over seconds, not units of "linear" velocity. If you really want to use machs for that you should at least precise which point of the blade you are referring to, or just admit you meant the air flow velocity, not the angular speed.

which jet engine it was from?!?!????

The prof is awesome

5 American 10 cents pieces. Never heard a dime called that before haha!

I have a question is the periodic table have every element possible or could humans discover new elements on different planets?

@nicko198718 its complete. The extremely heavy elements also decay extremely fast, so you have to artificially create them to study them, they dont exist in nature. Everthing that lasts longer than a millisecond is in the periodic table. Thats why the element they are looking for in the movie "Avatar" is called unobtanium, from unobtainable. They put a clue that its a fictional element right in the name.

Fun fact: Rhenium is the highest boiling point at 5595 degrees Celsius.

Why do the Periodic Videos not work for me unless they're on 240P when the Sixty Symbols videos work at higher quality?

@MrEpicLemon It's impossible to make a 100% pure sample because there are a few other atoms that couldn't be separated from the rhenium ones. But even being despicable the amount of elements different from rhenium inside the pure sample, it's technically wrong to say that a sample is 100% pure, because liking or not you can't separate every single atom from it.

*locks the door* Time to drink, or get funky, not sure which one.

I maybe wrong but I think lots of little crystals in metal makes it stronger, but a single crystal is better at avoiding creep, ie a slow deformation over time, even if the metal is slightly weaker.

haha professor has the mad scientist from lego

Apparently those blades can operate at temperatures higher than the melting point of the composite elements. Source: BBC How to build a jumbo jet engine.

@mariomario42 What do you study? Are you in uni? Im interested as I am going to study Aeronautical Engineering next year, hopefully in Imperial once i complete my offer.

@culwin Look at the entry for Rhine in Wikipedia. If you measure the lengths of rivers in Germany (that is ignore the parts of the rivers that are not in Germany) you will find that the longest is the Rhine.

was impressed about ho they make the blade out of one Crystal

Can you make a video about solar cells? you could make one about silicon solar cells in sixtysimbols and another about dye sensitized solar cell in periodicvideos.

That is incorrect. The majore of metals are crystals where the electrons instead of sticking around in their respective orbitals run around relatively freely and jump from atom to atom whenever they feel like it. Normallu they take on a polycrystalline form where a lump of it is made out of multiple crystals instead of just one big one, Hhwever it is possible to grow single crystals out of metals (though it is expensive so generally it's only done if there's a good reason).

@Olhado256 Word on the street is that 15 grams of 99.99% Rhenium in pellet form goes for about $687.