How relaxing it is to watch a video without forced smiling.

@JordanReed1

4 жыл бұрын

What videos are you watching?

@aidanwoodford8195

4 жыл бұрын

@@JordanReed1 Best scenes of the Joker

@JohnM-cd4ou

3 жыл бұрын

What

@avalondreaming1433

3 жыл бұрын

I think the forced smiling is a totally American thing.

@trancebodega2739

3 жыл бұрын

@@avalondreaming1433 not accurate at all.

Not gonna lie: I was expecting a video on Neanderthal proto-language.

@briandiehl9257

4 жыл бұрын

That would be awesome but we have no information

@ofwoden

4 жыл бұрын

Brian Diehl. That's not totally true. Steven Mithen has done a lot of work looking at this. Let me know if you want some specific references to his work.

@sodinc

4 жыл бұрын

@@ofwoden we want

@tymmiara5967

4 жыл бұрын

I am afraid that the conclusions about Neanderthal proto-language might not go far beyond some simple fact that they probably used mouth to communicate.

@ofwoden

4 жыл бұрын

Tymoteusz Miara They do. It's funny that the skeptics come out for this but not historical linguistics. Granted there's a long tradition of historical linguistics but there's some really cool transdisciplinary work looking at Neanderthal language.

Simon, do you take requests? My girlfriend and I were leisurely chatting away about language and accents, and how they evolve. At one point she said: "I wonder whether someone could predict how people would speak in the future." To which I said: "We should ask Simon Roper!". So here's a question: is there a way to use your knowledge of how language has changed in the past, and use that knowledge to say how an accents would evolve in the next 100-300 years? I kow it's a silly question and that there are probably too many unknown future factors that would have an influence in how an accent actually evolves. But it also seems like a fun thing to think about, and we thought you might give it a go. Absolutely love your videos, thanks for making them and sharing them with the world. PS: as a native dutch speaker the 2-3 times I heard you pronounce dutch words, they were spot on!

@EvilGremlin100

4 жыл бұрын

Imagine leaving a message for future archeologists to discover, in their future language, but leave it somewhere surrounded by current culture? I bet it would freak them out real bad. It would be like us discovering an ancient buried pyramid, clearly not been touched in thousands of years, and cracking the door open and there's "hello there" written on the wall in English, or any other language of today

@silverandcoldone

4 жыл бұрын

I'm not Simon, but I'm graduating foreign philology this year (I'm Polish, I study English, had been learning French, German and gently touched Czech). If I were to predict the future developments of a language, I would take into consideration the language economy principle, evolution of fictions, globalisation, the stage of technological advancement, pragmatics and the uncontrolled variable of random events, such as, you know, a global pandemic ;) Language economy principle - languages tend to evolve in a way that allows to convey the most information with the least effort. So weak forms of words, shortened versions etc. would be promoted by such tendency. I'd say mumble rap is the epitome of it lol According to Harari, the ability to speak about fictions is what actually enabled sapiens to prevail over other homo species. Language shapes imagined realities (or social constructs) but it also goes the other way around. So social constructs lead us to use phrases like "amen", "i'm loving it" and "species". Depending on what imagined realities develop into, we may greet each other with "blessed be the fruit" someday. Globalisation - its pretty obvious that English is the lingua franca of contemporary times. It serves this very purpose at this very moment as a Polish girl replies to a Dutch guy. Boundaries of countries (which btw nationality is also a social construct) mean less and less but nationality and markers of that identity continue to matter to people. So borrowings from the prevailing lingua franca will shape native languages (we don't have a Word for weekend in Polish so we incorporated this word into our vocabulary) but also the other way around: i'm sure you have heard of pierogis - a plural form of a polish dish brought into English speaking environment and doubled down on plural with English grammar system (which is good, there is no such thing as too many pierogi). The influx of Polish immigrants who spoke broken english also normalised saying Holland instead of the Neatherlands ;) Technology - I find it absolutely fascinating how Milennials and Gen-Z, being the first internet natives, developed a language system that works in terms of conveying the meaning without non-verbal elements of communication and perhaps this is the most promising place from where the future of languages could be predicted. Pragmatics - pragmatics is the study of how speaker meaning is conveyed. It analyses the contexts of speaking. I recently saw some Fourth Wave Feminists postulate that we should abandon the use of hedges (words or phrases that indicate uncertainty and soften the meaning in the name of cooperative principle). There is a lot of power struggle and a lot of social tension in our times. Depending on the outcome of those, we may see a change in the preferred politeness strategies that will influence language development. I think its safe to say that contemporary feminists (like myself actually except I disagree with not using hedges) prefer the, so called, negative politeness strategies where the speaker appeals to the listeners negative face (the need to be independent) so that would be a trend I could point to. And finally - random events make it rather impossible to forsee the exact trajectory of a language. Nobody knew the word covid a year ago, few knew the term coronavirus. The pandemic will surely reevaluate our social rituals such as handshaking and eventually call for new fictions to be created... So anyway, if you are interested in who that mysterious Harari person is - its an Israeli historian who wrote Sapiens: A Brief History of Mankind, a study that combines history, sociology, biology and linguistics to make a case for what made sapiens exceptional so that they dominated and domesticated the Earth and what future may hold. I don't really have a great source to study pragmatics. I do however have a recommendation of a Netflix show - The 100. Its a TV series that starts out as a typical post-apocalyptic teenage drama but goes beyond that and explores things I have mentioned - religions, gender roles and boundaries of imagined realities, and LANGUAGE - the show goes as far as creating their own language called Trigedaslang. To know why it exists and how it works you will have to watch the show. Sincerely recommend it ;)

3 жыл бұрын

Due to human laziness, they will say less with fewer words and less letters with more abbreviations and acronyms.

@polyglotboi3426

3 жыл бұрын

Silverandcoldone has given a beautiful explanation. Also I think predicting languages will have its limitations because, even if you could predict with 100 percent accuracy, the very prediction can influence the future language, unless you keep it very private

@gabestanton1949

3 жыл бұрын

I have no professional or academic credentials, but in my understanding as a language enthusiast, there's no real way to "predict" future versions of a language because even though sound changes are standard, the vast majority are not foreseeable. We can see some trends in english grammar and predict that those trends will continue, but we can't foresee all of the sound changes that are going to take place in the next couple hundred years. There's also the issue of dialects, because different varieties of English will probably diverge and develop in different ways over the following centuries. That said, I think making a guess about what future English will look like can be really fun. Personally, I imagine that General American English in a couple hundred years might resemble modern AAVE in a lot of ways.

I wonder if the Neanderthals possesed more than one shirt

@simonroper9218

4 жыл бұрын

The average Neanderthal owned 9 paisley shirts

@stripeytawney822

4 жыл бұрын

Simon Roper David Attenborough approves!

@colinp2238

4 жыл бұрын

Only the rich ones.

@colinp2238

4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 I misread that as parsley lol.

@chaosdweller

4 жыл бұрын

🤔

Whoa! I wish I had a friend as cool as you! I love language and history! I feel like those subjects bores or even upset everyone I know. Lol

@JonnaaM

4 жыл бұрын

So true haha. I need a nerdier friend than myself

@ericmoore7413

3 жыл бұрын

@@JonnaaM international nerd convention, coming to a community center near you.

@whatgoesaroundcomesaround920

7 ай бұрын

@schwartzorn I am 75, and all my life I have found anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and the possibility of future space exploration fascinating subjects -- mostly talking to myself because few others had similar interests. So your plight is nothing new.

“species are not natural categories; they are man-made” That’s the first time I’ve heard that, nice work.

@anahatamelodeon

3 жыл бұрын

Yes - I hear many arguments traceable to the human obsession with categorizing everything. It's a useful tool for organizing information and trying to understand things, but it's good to remember that the boundaries are artificial.

@benoliver5776

3 жыл бұрын

@@anahatamelodeon I think it's a general human obsession yes but the version/continuity of it we're accustomed to - here specifically Linnaean taxonomic classification - is definitely a product of the Enlightenment and the social changes that precipitated it.

@paavobergmann4920

3 жыл бұрын

@@benoliver5776 I´d rather think the linneaen taxonomy is a result of the necessity of finding an efficient way to organise information to make efficient communication possible (which is waht modern science is all about). Btw, because of its obvious clash with what really happens in evolution, this is the exact reason Hennigian Phylogenetic systematics came about, and gained a lot of traction in modern taxonomy, especially on the higher levels of taxonomy like families and so on. Hardly anyone uses the fixed linneaen categories of class, etc. anymore in modern biology, but there are many very common and useful names for hennigian monophyla around, like e.g. Afrotheria, or Perissodactyla, etc. The binomial nomenclature for species, on the other hand, is just so convenient that it is kept, and strictly regulated, and likely will be kept indefinitely, although there have been serious attempts to replace the category "species" altogether for its obvious artificiality and ambiguity. www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature/the-code-online/ Atm, trained biologists know and appreciate its artificial nature, but keep using it because it makes science so much easier to communicate. That is btw, exactly the reason why a new species name requires a written and published species description, including a diagosis why the authors think this entity they found justifies a new name, and there are several logically very different potential reasons for this, like. e.g., it is unambigously identifiable in the field and/or collections, or it is genetically obviously different from very similar looking specimens, or the natural occurrence makes actual interbreeding extremely unlikely for a long period of time, etc. pp. So I actually have no idea what social changes you refer to here. Afaik, Linneus was a stout monarchist and devout christian.

@benoliver5776

3 жыл бұрын

​@@paavobergmann4920 Yes Linnaean taxonomy is outdated but it represents a step in the continuity of the taxonomic cataloguing of the natural world, at least in the doctrines of Western natural science. Modern science is in a post-Enlightenment period but much of the foundations of what you and I are accustomed to are products of the Enlightenment, particularly scientific rationalism and the reintroduction and adaptation of Aristotelian methodologies during the preceding Renaissance. Hennig's cladistics very much do away with a lot of the Classical Linnaean system but they are still outgrowths of said continuity and predicated upon these older obsolete methods of analysis (ie Linnaean taxonomy). With regard to social changes, I'm referring the the very general large scale political, economic, civic and social changes in the European and Atlantic world between the 15th and 18th centuries (the 'Early modern era'), and the series of economic and social shifts away from feudal and manorial methods of land management and economic production towards a sophisticated mercantile economy. Part of this is the emergence of both new landowning classes (during the Agricultural Revolutions) and mercantile classes, amongst which the ideas of Renaissance humanism and the early Enlightenment were popularised and disseminated. Linnaeus's applied science was inspired not only by the instrumental utilitarianism general to the early Enlightenment, but also by his adherence to the older economic doctrine of Cameralism, which was a science of administration in Prussia and Sweden that aimed at strong management of a centralised economy. The discipline in its most narrow definition concerned the management of the state's finances, involving the use of quantitative data for systematic planning, especially regarding long-term economic growth. I'm talking about the general Enlightenment as precipitated by the Scientific Revolution and the development of Renaissance humanism before it, both of which were representative of and concomitant with large scale social change in Northern and Western Europe. With regards to Linnaeus' personal views and the relationship between being a monarchist and Enlightenment values, during his lifetime the concept of 'Enlightened absolutism' became dominant in the majority of European monarchies. The Swedish monarch during the last period of Linnaeus' life, Gustav III, is touted as a classic example of Enlightened absolutism. archive.org/details/linnaeusnaturena00koer_0

@benoliver5776

3 жыл бұрын

@Paavo Bergmann if you'd like further clarification on the kind of social change I'm talking about I can recommend Fernand Braudel's trilogy on the 15th-18th centuries.

I'm not suggesting that anyone take this as science, but, logically speaking: if, theoretically, you (as a Euroethnic modern day human) had 50,000 discrete ancestors at 40,000 BP, when there were still Neanderthals interacting with Hss populations, out of that 50,000, 1500 would statistically be Neanderthals. (There's no unqualified way to scientifically quantify the average person's ancestors beyond anecdotal memory, except in rare cases, but I'm only appealing to logic.) I can't see 1500 "random" rape/abduction scenarios if the alternative is, "well, he's funny looking, but he's a good provider." Many a modern woman has made that choice....

@bnic9471

4 жыл бұрын

Pretty sure my umpty-umpth great-grandmother opted for a funny-looking good provider. My hunting enthusiast brother looked positively atavistic, with more than one casual observer telling me "Roger looks like a caveman." He had the brow ridge, the prognathism, the occipital bun. So it did not surprise me in the least that a DNA test put me in the 91st percentile for having Neanderthal traits.

@bhopcsgo7172

4 жыл бұрын

just a funny looking good provider searching for my modern woman....

@neilbuckley1613

4 жыл бұрын

@Martin Hodge Have you considered that human males may have found Neanderthal females too unattractive to mate with them?

@animalunaris

4 жыл бұрын

Not to cast shade on human men. But modern men will have sex with sheep and horses. They will have sex with vacuum cleaners and fleshlights. You’re telling me ancient man never got a bit tipsy and fell for the ‘big woman’ by the campfire?

@michaelnoyola7971

4 жыл бұрын

My thoughts exactly...and so even in CaveManTimes there were incels as a result human female hypergamous tendencies necessary to the maintenance and advancement of the species.

me, listening intently: hm.. yes... interesting simon: “IN BEFORE WANKING JOKE, HA HA HA HA HA” me: what? wai- oH MY GOD 😂

@blueberry1874

4 жыл бұрын

simon slips and drops chan lingo here

@patriciaadams3010

4 жыл бұрын

This is why Professor Roper’s Archaeology students will follow him to the ends of the earth someday... and somehow his supervising deans will never know. 😉

@schmozzer

4 жыл бұрын

It seems like everything is grist for the mill for Simon.

@jus_sanguinis

4 жыл бұрын

Imagine how many times armwrestlers or tennis players have heard such jokes... Btw new genetic research shows that not only Europeans, Asians and other people outside of Africa have Neanderthal admixture, but also black Africans.

I could listen to you for hours. Very gentle and very calm in manner. I like how you explain. And its so interesting!

Another very interesting video from you. I really enjoy every single video and like your calm style without the sensationalism some other channels have.

Best channel I have come across since the start of the pandemic. Your knowledge and enthusiasm for it is top notch Simon, keep them comin'.

Not many things like seeing a new video from this guy

@thomashaapalainen4108

4 жыл бұрын

It really is somewhat like an old friend stopping by to say hello in these confusing and often lonely times. I live his content and super casual delivery. It reminds me of conversations I used to have with my peers wayyyyy back in 2019

@chaosdweller

4 жыл бұрын

Ikr I was thinking the same thing , but I wasn't sure if I knew how to say it

@Haru23a

4 жыл бұрын

He's a faker

Its 6 AM in 🇩🇰. Perfect time for a coffee and neanderthals....

@vipertwenty249

4 жыл бұрын

You'll get hiccups.

The one dislike is a neanderthal Baldric kidnapped and tried to interview.

Love the video. I think you should make a few more videos like this one, very fascinating.

this man recovered from the rona to consumate his lecture on Neanderthals for us, how considerate

@Haru23a

4 жыл бұрын

How do u no he had the virus? U shudnt tell stuff like that. Cove idiot.

@Ptaku93

4 жыл бұрын

@@Haru23a calm down, 'tis but a joke

@gwhats

4 жыл бұрын

@@Haru23a watch the video before this one

@Haru23a

4 жыл бұрын

@@gwhats Another pathaeitic cove idiot. Duh.

@ericmoore7413

3 жыл бұрын

Neanderthals are immune to covid 19.

I love your videos Simon :)) keep doing what you're doing

You are my new favorite content on youtube. I feel bad that I just found you. This is amazing work.

I just discovered you last week and now I've subbed. You've got a style that's really grown on me.

I’m a new subscriber and so pleased to have discovered your channel (I love hearing you speak the old languages, it fascinates me and gives almost a feeling of travelling back in time). I really want to thank you for this video about Neanderthals! I’m so fascinated by them. I’m always interested in learning more about them and just hearing different ideas about our shared past with them. I look forward to your next video!

Always a good way to start the day. Thanks, Simon.

Fascinating talk. Thanks. The lives and fate of our lost "cousins" is always an interesting topic.

It’s funny you mention the spear-guiding muscle. I was a lobsterman for awhile and to retrieve the lobster traps you use a repetitive stabbing motion using a hooked pole called a gaffe. Working the starboard side all day I can see how the one-big-arm theory came to be presented 🤣

Yo Simon! good work bro! Long time fan here.. This conversations one on one are pretty nice, unlike other channels whith over produced videos, which is nice for visualization, but your talks are more unique and five a feeling of exclusivity, Im not an Anglo-Saxon but my family descended from Basque country and always felt connected to the gaelic and celtic folklore... Good talks man keep up the work

Just wanna say. I really enjoy this channel. I'm always interested in the topics.

Yay! A new Simon video for my birthday! 😊 Hope your dissertation went well!

@andrewhoward7200

4 жыл бұрын

Many happy returns of the day.

@simonroper9218

4 жыл бұрын

Happy birthday, friend!

@patriciaadams3010

4 жыл бұрын

@@simonroper9218 Thank you Simon! Thanks TO you and your inspiration and instruction, the side-by-side dual- language edition of Beowulf is my joyous spring reading companion. (I last read Beowulf in 1986... Not exactly by choice!)

Very interesting topic, I think the lack of tundra preserved Neanderthals in Europe makes it difficult to be sure. However the oldest musical instrument found was Neanderthal and they were making rope over 70,000 years ago.

I love hearing your explanations, you have such a great skill for teaching. Have you considered writing any books on these topics?

This was one of my favorites of your videos. Also, I enjoyed your collaboration with Norbert!

In 2018 scientists deciphered the genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father, putting to bed the issue of the infertility of Neanderthal mothers in the context of hybridization. The father of the child, a late Denisovan, also had traces of Neanderthal ancestry,, and the mother’s Neanderthal ancestry was more closely aligned with Neanderthals who later lived in Europe. The genetic analysis was performed on a bone fragment from Denisova Cave in Russia.. it may just be a matter of time before we find the remains of a first generation offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Homo Sapiens father.

@tomdale5810

4 жыл бұрын

Margarita Marín I appreciate your thoughtful comments. Clearly, while speculating can be entertaining, it’s important to account for the evidence, and you do. Like you, I look forward to further discoveries in this field.

Been watching quite a bit of Masaman's videos,learned quite a bit from him. Interested to see your take,here I am. Hope you're doing good and safe.

You're the best, Simon. You've made the lockdown highly worthwhile. Cheers from Santa Barbara! When you get a bit bored with all the rain in England, think about California!

Further complicates the mystery. Simon, you explore the unknowns and question the asinine declarations of the ‘experts’ who claim to know what they cannot know, I always look forward to your videos but this is my favorite;

re: Neandertal extinction - some time back I saw a video about the possibility that there might have been a massive volcanic eruption in Italy, that was so big it affected the western half of Europe. It could have affected the climate to such an extent, or poisoned the air to such an extent, that it wiped out either prey species or Neandertals themselves. Something like a sudden and catastrophic climate event, such as a volcanic eruption, could have been a big blow for Neandertals in Western Europe.

Great video. I am a third-year biology student and was therefore familiar with many of these concepts but I still learnt a lot from this video!

Omg! 4:13 scared me to death - i was just chilling out listening to the dreamy story with the nice blue walls

@rachel_Cochran

4 жыл бұрын

The scary grandpa face? Got me too haha

@lacyalay

4 жыл бұрын

It popped up the second I finished reading your comment and scared me too lol

Love your videos man! Great thoughts, keep it up.

You are awesome dude. Thanks for uploading these great videos.

Aren't there only around 7 mitochondrial lineages in the entire human population? The so-called "seven daughters of Eve"? So I'd think it's entirely possible that we used to have Neanderthal mitochondrial lineages that were simply lost due to genetic drift. Assuming no selective pressures, at any one time the probability of a mitochondrial lineage remaining in a population is equal to it's frequency in that population. So it's quite possible for a mitochondrial lineage to be lost after a few generations, while the autosomal mixing remains.

@JoeyVol

4 жыл бұрын

Yeah but they weren't all alive at the same time. A few of the shared sets are much more ancient than the others.

@dfpguitar

4 жыл бұрын

Simon reminds me a lot of a friend of mine who is an evolutionary biologist. perhaps I should try and get a Collab between them.

@nenirouvelliv

4 жыл бұрын

Exactly this. We have a ton of ancestors whose mtdna or ydna got lost through genetic drift but their autosomal dna exists in us still today.

@richarddelotto2375

4 жыл бұрын

DEATH, not drift. While there MIGHT BE any number of Untesteds out there, my yDNA clade seems to be dying out in this generation, for example... the few of us who had kids had daughters. My terminal mtDNA has less than 100 Tested-- my wife's has thousands.

@johnh6524

4 жыл бұрын

There maybe a selective pressure - even a quite slight selective pressure that worked against survival or reproductive fitness of the female line could eliminate evidence of Neanderthal mitochondrial eve quite quickly. The effect could be quite subtle (Neanderthal hybrid women being perceived as less "attractive" less (less neonate possibly?) might be sufficient) rather than serious developmental issues. Nevertheless it is odd that we don't find evidence (as far as i know) of Denisovan or Neanderthal eve in the mitochondria of modern humans.

Woah! I saw you on the recent Ecolinguist dutch video where your ability to work back from old English was brilliant. Also learning you are a not a linguistics but an archeology student is really interesting. By the way, I was wondering if you had read Dr. Wragg Sykes book on Neanderthals which was published last year, she goes through exactly the things you talked about here in detail and much more which was really fascinating

I didn't know you're into this stuff as well. One of my favorite topics.

Regarding the interbreeding of modern humans and Neanderthals: Could it possibly be a case similar to that of crossing a donkey and a horse? That is to say, even though most of the offspring, no matter whether its a mule or a hinny, will be infertile, not all are. And, it it easier to produce a mule than a hinny, leading to the conclusion that of the few offsprings who are actually fertile, they will have been the product of a donkey (male) and a mare (female). If it is the case that most, if not all, offsprings resulting from the interbreeding between modern humans and Neanderthals where those where the female wasn’t the modern human, it might suggest that Neanderthals had fewer chromosomes than modern humans. Alternatively, but this in line with the horse/donkey analogy, it could be that, of the offspring (regardless of whether its a mule or hinny), it would have been the females and not the males who had the better chance of being fertile. This would imply, however, that the DNA we share with the Neanderthals aren’t necessarily from a Neanderthal proper, but those of a fertile female hybrid offspring. This latter scenario may, however, be contradicted and rendered implausible by the genomic evidence already at our disposal.

@isaacolivecrona6114

4 жыл бұрын

Martin Hodge _Donkey_ is a quite interesting word. Or, so I’ve heard. For the longest time, apparently, a donkey was always known as an ‘ass’ (Germanic) in English. Then, suddenly, out of nowhere, the word ‘donkey’ appeared. The same goes for _dog,_ I believe, which was always known as ‘hound’ (Germanic) before.

@damo5701

4 жыл бұрын

Whilst you could be right, there are a number of possibilities that don't involve fertility at all. As others have discussed in the comments section, there does not have to have been widespread interbreeding for the Neanderthal DNA we see in Human DNA today, ie selection pressure for the genes. So if we assume sporadic or infrequent interaction between humans and Neanderthals and perhaps that initial and limited interaction was between women and Neanderthal males, it only requires the first generation of offspring to be female to explain what we observe today. There is a 50% chance the first offspring will be female and a 50% chance the next will be female and a 50% chance the child after that will be female. As we have observed with two up (coin toss) you can see a run of 10 heads even though it's a 50/50 chance each toss, and in families that have all boys or all girls. So assuming the cross breeding was intermittent or infrequent, sporadic, chance or luck would explain the situation just as well as fertility.

@hyzercreek

4 жыл бұрын

@@isaacolivecrona6114 Dog is the French word for Mastiff. Everybody knows that.

@isaacolivecrona6114

4 жыл бұрын

Abcde I thought it was derived from another word for sausage.

Thanks for your insights on this interesting topic. Where do we come from in terms of our ancestry is definetely a great puzzle, but pieces can somehow fit in...the question is where are we heading for as a spieces...your videos are clear enough as to be understood by all of us. By the way, you , Norbert and company did a terrific job. I am a new subscriber to your channel. And yes, animal comes from Latin. Ah, Tier(German),dier(Dutch,Friesian and Afrikaans) are all related to Old Englush Dēor. Thank you a lot.

“Huge musculature in the right arm of the Neanderthal men...” Glad to know the Neanderthals were coomers too.

Just found this channel. Top notch discussion. Subscribed

You video just popped up in my feed. Love the video. You have a new subscriber!

I really like your fascinating and thought provoking content. The evolution of speech is a subject I love to ponder and anything to do with paleoanthropology for that matter. The rub is the comments from viewers who lack a fundamental understanding of this subject. That's what I get for lurking through the comments section .

My half asleep brain read that title as Revisiting Netherlands. I'll let you make your own jokes.

Somewhere in Siberian ice there will be a frozen Denisovian body waiting to be discovered. I wonder what science would say if they had pointed ears like folklores trolls etc?

Always interested in early man. Thanks.

Hello Simon, lovely video, as usual

Great info! Keep it coming please!

Brilliant video, I particularly enjoyed this one.

6:50 I remember watching a documentary that suggested it was from butchering game and scraping hides to make their clothes, which required alot of right arm work. Using your arms occassionaly to stab things with a spear I doubt would build that kind of muscle growth, unless you were doing it multiple times every day. I think continual manual work and labour seems far more likely.

@samueldickenson2062

4 жыл бұрын

I agree, i find it hard to believe that one would stabbing enough animals to have that kind if impact on your muscle structure.

@ericmoore7413

3 жыл бұрын

Both are true. Plus the burden of inventing Music with his right hand. And keeping a beat while chipping stones, All Day.

@karsten9895

3 жыл бұрын

Hmmm. Bodybuilding suggests the opposite. Heavy lifting until total local muscle fatigue and then between 24 or 48 hours rest is the most efficient for muscle growth combined with a protein rich diet. Maybe the scientists surmissing the using of spears responsible for the findings that showed that Neandertal's right upper arms were enormous, took this into account.

@loolfactorie

3 жыл бұрын

@@karsten9895 Well lifting to maximum output in short durations (5-6 reps) is good for strength, but consistent rep range of 8-12 is required for hypertrophy (muscle growth), which leads me to believe it was from repeated daily stress. A builder/construction worker usually has very strong muscles and tendons from continued manual labour, rather than just a few short bursts every other days.

@karsten9895

3 жыл бұрын

@@loolfactorie I probably didn't express myself correctly. The 8 - 12 rep range for muscle hypertrophy was what I had in mind. You do that and then you pause for 24 hours at least (speaking for a certain muscle group if you're doing splits). Otherwise you undermine your own goals, if your goal is muscle mass and not endurance. True that construction workers are muscular. But lots of them are rather the wiry type.

In light of recent events, this has made me wonder if Neanderthals were largely wiped out from a pandemic in which they were far more susceptible to? Maybe early modern humans were carriers of said disease but weren't particularly effected by it? I know next to nothing on the subject, so I'm sure this probably isn't the case.

@Ptaku93

4 жыл бұрын

Pandemics come from animal species and arose only after the adoption of agriculture

@mrsmucha

4 жыл бұрын

Like the Native American population being decimated by diseases that Europeans brought to America.

@GotPotatoes24

4 жыл бұрын

@@Ptaku93 not necessarily, but it is true that agriculture is associated with a much higher susceptibility to disease. Put plainly, hunter-gatherers tend to live in groups too small and too spread out for massive pandemics to take hold, whereas the tight clustering of a population due to farming and urbanization makes the ideal environment for a contagious pathogen.

@oldgysgt

4 жыл бұрын

With only a few hundred thousand Neanderthals in all of Europe, "social distancing" would have been relatively easy. Maybe it was lack of Gun Control, or the breakup of the Neanderthal common market when Doggerland pulled out.

@vipertwenty249

4 жыл бұрын

@@Ptaku93 Too simplistic and not very likely to be correct. Hunter-gatherers are opportunistic, and will take advantage of whatever prey species are available - including marmots (plague), bats (plague, ebola, sars, etc), a very wide variety of birds (bird flu etc) - the list is a very long one indeed and there is no justification for imagining that agriculture is a prerequisite.

I just love your channel!

Love your videos. Would you consider making a video on the history of rhoticity in English, in particular its evolution from a trill to the alveolar/retroflex approximant?

A really interesting topic and fascinating presentation as expected from Simon but I get constantly distracted by that peculiar looking contraption next to him by the window.

I love your channel! Just had to point out that you really remind me of Jimmi Simpson and Cillian Murphy, you'd make a good doppelganger for either one.

in regards to the pale skin and light hair, I found this excerpt: One interesting example of this was described in the MC1R gene from Neanderthals (Lalueza-Fox et al. 2007). This gene codes for a protein in the membrane of melanocytes that regulates the synthesis of two different pigments in the hair and skin: the dark, brownish eumelanine and the fair, reddish pheomelanine. A Neanderthal specific variant was found to produce a loss of function in the MC1R protein, thus resulting in fair skin and red hair in those Neanderthals carrying this variant. As in modern humans, it is likely that being heterozygous or homozygous for this particular mutation wouldproduce phenotypes ranging from blond-reddish to “flame” red hair (Lalueza-Fox et al. 2007). However, it is worth emphasizing that the Neanderthal mutation is not found in present modern humans; therefore, living red-haired people would have a similar phenotype but for different genetic reasons (e.g., different mutations in the same gene). (Lalueza-Fox Difficulties among Scientific Fields That Study the Past)

@LTPottenger

4 жыл бұрын

Neanderthals also had light eye genes, several of them had them recessively but our lying scum communist 'researchers' buried this deep in the data and made announcements they all had brown eyes. Even though we only have scanned a few and most of them have light eye genes.

This guy is incredible. I could listen to him for hours.

Also on the modern human man Neanderthal female pairing - keep in mind that almost the entire late Neanderthal Y chromosomal pool comes from a lineage more closely related to modern humans that introgressed into their gene pool. So the late Neanderthal samples we have are actually hybrids of this kind, albeit from a older sister lineage to modern humans.

@oldgysgt

4 жыл бұрын

I wonder if you realize just how few Neanderthal samples we really have? We have lots of bits and pieces, but as I understand it, we don't have one individual's complete skeleton, (although we have built a relatively complete Neanderthal skeleton by assembling bones from several individuals). And Neanderthal DNA is EXTREMELY rare. Most of it was degraded eons ago. Some Neanderthal DNA has been extracted from a few teeth, but the only "suspected" Human/Neanderthal is the partial skeleton of a young boy, and that possible hybrid was tentatively identified because of his bone structure, not his DNA.

@faroukabad

3 жыл бұрын

@@oldgysgt I thought there was a female discovered at Gibraltar

@oldgysgt

3 жыл бұрын

@@faroukabad; There may have been a few bones of a Neanderthal female found at Gibraltar, but no complete Neanderthal skeleton has ever been discovered. Science has managed to piece together bones from a number of individuals to form an almost complete skeleton, but that's it.

@richern2717

3 жыл бұрын

Ryan yes indeed. As far as I understand it they need more Early Neanderthal samples to prove beyond doubt that an early admixture event took place. It surely will be a surprise and actually Earth Shaking if some Early Neanderthals turn up with the same Haplogroups as the Later Neanderthals....

@Laura-kl7vi

8 ай бұрын

No complete, but some quite good. For the axial skeleton, you only need the vertebrae and one side, which helps :)@@oldgysgt

Would love to hear your thoughts on Homo floresiensis and whether it's a distinct species or a microcephalic Homo sapien

I have a theory that the Yeti is a folk memory of the Neanderthals. The description of the Yeti from the northern valleys of the Himalayas is of a powerful hairy hominid who would invade villages to steal women and children. Could this be a memory, passed down orally for many generations, of the last of the Neanderthals trying to keep their populations going?

@Laura-kl7vi

8 ай бұрын

Himalayas would be Denisovan territory. They found (perhaps after you posted this) a Denisovan bone fragment there, and were able to sequence the DNA.

EDIT: Noticed the description right after I finished typing this lmao, still gonna post since I put some effort into writing it: We haven't found any Neanderthal Y Chromosomal Haplogroups in Humans either, so it seems like quite a leap to say we could only interbreed with Neanderthal men, and not women; the opposite conclusion would be equally logical. It'd possible that we could only breed with neanderthal males, but that only female offspring were viable, or that we could only breed with neanderthal females, but only male offspring were viable, or even that we could produce viable offspring regardless of sex, and that the small proportion of hybrid offspring resulted in the neanderthal haplogroups being bred out of the population. Looking at the lack of one type of haplogroup and hypothesizing about sex-specific hybridization without acknowledging the fact that the other type of haplogroup is shortsighted at best.

Could it also be similar to a mule being easier to make than a hinny? Just a thought. Cheers from Vancouver.

@ericmoore7413

3 жыл бұрын

I hear that gender matters a lot. If a male Neanderthal mates with a female homo sapien, their offspring is not fertile. We decend from a female Neanderthal who mated with a male homo sapien. That's my favorite new theory.

@stuartking84able

3 жыл бұрын

@@ericmoore7413 that's the opposite of the evidence, as if there was a female neanderthal mating with modern humans, she would pass her mitochondrial DNA to the offspring, but there is no neanderthal mitochondrial DNA in modern humans. So, suggests male Neanderthals could produce fertile offspring with female h. Sapiens but not vice versa.

I've read the title as "Revisiting Netherlands", and I was surprised why would you all of a sudden talk about some country on a linguistic channel. Besides, I accidently discovered that "Netherlands" and "Neanderthals" are made from exactly the same set of letters 🤷‍ PS: I love your videos!

I have a suspicion that cultural diversity was minimal back then. That the quantity and variation of culture does not depend so much on landmass but more so time. This is why (at least I believe) that cultural diversity such as dialects in smaller older populations such as the UK being far greater than a larger landmass with much greater population like USA and Canada. I don't even see outside influences like foreign invaders and settlers are the nearly the most significant cause. Foreign language influence are mere cultural seeds added to a much vaster very dynamic pool of continually evolving or at least interacting , of domestic language. I think the evolution of culture is vastly underestimated by most analysing / studying humans as a species, their evolution and history. Humans even a couple generations before us are vastly different in their beliefs, behaviours and shared values of justice and such. This effect is more noticeable in locations which had less or no access to media such as film, books, art and music which act as cultural bridges causing different populations to evolve towards a similar psychology and behaviour. the further you go back in time , the more dependent humans are on evolutionary / genetically led psychological traits in conjunction with the life experience of their own generation which back then would be very similar to each other in locations very far apart, especially if the climate and geological features were similar. As time has passed we developed better and more sophisticated tools of sharing culture between people interacting face to face, between people alive at the same time and eventually people both extremely far apart and historically separated between many generations. These tools can be summarised as language/communication and data recording.

I remember a computer model set up to study whether the arrival of H sapiens in N. American was instrumental in the disappearance of the mammoth there. I remember there being a critical tipping point. At first all's well, but over repeated interactions the very slight additional pressure on the mammoth population meant their numbers went into a terminal decline. It's a subtle numbers game, not a conscious effort or a single event/weakness.

Also please link to the collab you mentioned cos I cannot get enough of this boffinry!

I have read that in order for modern humans to still have 3% Neanderthal DNA 25-30,000 years after they were last to have likely bred , that means the interbreeding must have been on a much greater scale than you seem to imply. BTW great videos, thanks

Neither mtDNA nor Y chromosom was found. Also when homo sapiens left africa it was a group of 10.000. However just one of their mtDNA survived the genetic bottleneck occuring during adoptation to the new enviroment and the other mtDNAs survived and are still fine in africa, they are not defect at all.

Re the way of interbreeding (10 min.) I heard on the French radio (Radio France Culture, Carbonne 14) that there had been found archeological evidence in France that Neanderthal and Cro Magnon had lived together peacefully for a while, at least in one area.

Very interesting! Thank you Simon.

Hey Simon, could you discuss the split in centum and satem languages?

That shirt is fire bro, thanks for the vid

Regarding the lack of Neanderthal mitochondria in the population of modern humans, isn't it possible that those lines existed but just died out later along the line, rather then the children produced having anything wrong with them? With modern humans, they have "found" our nearest common female ancestor, but that didn't mean that there was anything with the other female lines; they just at some point failed to produce any female offspring.

@Onetwelvefourth

4 жыл бұрын

Emery Paine exactly.

@danielbateman6518

4 жыл бұрын

Same the other way round, since (as far as im aware) there aren't neanderthal y chromosomes. Maybe I misunderstand the way things work, since biology is not my strongest subject.

Is there a source for the image at 5:15 ? I tried a reverse image search and couldn't find a match- maybe i'm doing something wrong ahaha. Your videos are incredible!

I’d really like to know what it was like communicating with them ? Did they talk ? The same language as humans ? Who learnt who’s language if it’s the case ? It would be fascinating to know

Would you hold that (semantically) different groups of people (using haplogroups, for example) is akin to subspecies. Essentially, we could apply the same semantic descriptors to people as we do to dog breeds.

is there any evidence of modern great apes or acting in a similar fashion to how N'thals and Modern humans may have interacted. So whether it is cooperating on a hint, trading, living in common communities? Or is that too simplistic a way to extrapolate likely behaviour?

If climate change may of killed some of the Neanderthals, that may of forced a migration of tribes/people into more habital land that would be occupied by the modern human ancestors, which could of caused tensions and possibly small scale conflicts between tribes- which seemed to be a commonly accepted theory for the Neanderthal going extinct. This could also give reason for the cross breeding, either due to their now close proximity cause more interactions or perhaps women being used in peace treaty’s. These wars could of drove them back to the lands they fled, where the changing climate could of finished off the surviving populations. I’m not a historian or archaeologist so take this with a grain of salt, I’d just thought I’d share my personal theory on the matter. Loved the video in any case, looking forward to more uploads!

Have you ever heard Forth and Bargy dialect of english from south east Ireland there arent many videos on it. Supposedly developed seperately from middle english. Im sure you have. Fascinating stuff

YERY few have “recreationally tested” yDNA or mtDNA… the tests themselves are uncommon compared with the “cousin-checking” autosomal tests. Many were scared off either by suspicion of daddy-variance, and others because early test results changed quite rapidly as more people tested at greater depth-new deep branching were popping up frequently about 15 years back, confusing a lot of customers as their clades kept shifting. There might be considerably-sized populations of undiscovered “Otherly Human DNA out there just waiting for a spit test or cheek swab. Changes continue-new REALLY deep yDNA clades A0 and A00 and some “ghost populations” were “recently” discovered in Africa. (According to the GENO2 tests I am 2.3% Neanderthal, 1.9% Denisovan by ancestry. 23&Me says I have 285 Neanderthal traits, more than 65% of their clients.)

Wait -- but we don't have neanderthal Y chromosomes either, which means that all we can say is that Neanderthal men only effectively had part-Sapiens granddaughters and/or Neanderthal women only effectively had part-Sapiens grandsons.

@simonroper9218

4 жыл бұрын

You're right - I'm drafting up a correction to this to put in the description :) Thanks for pointing this out!

@stripeytawney822

4 жыл бұрын

Afrodisiac please do! as a mere interested onlooker, any sort of information like that would be welcome. youtube has way more aliens than science stuff, any good reading tips appreciated.

It’s actually very easy to not pass on either mitochondrial DNA or a y gene. My parents, both only children, had only two daughters, no sons. So I carried my mother’s mitochondrial DNA but not Dads y gene, so his y gene is not carried on and had died out. I have one child, a son who will have his fathers y gene and my mitochondrial DNA. My son’s children if he has any will inherit their mother’s mitochondrial DNA not mine. So in just these few generations both my parents and my lines have died out after having survived from the beginning of humanity. Rather sad don’t you think?

In Baseball the power arm of a left hand batter is the bottom hand right arm. The left of a lefty is the top hand guide arm. The power arm is bigger at the bicep/tricep.

It's refreshing to see some good, old-fashioned logic in your thinking, rather than the immediate jump to postmodernist conclusions, as is the way today.

@Saya-vk9dr

4 жыл бұрын

You really don't know what post-modern thought is, especially to provide it as an overarching singularity as opposed to many disciplines like modernism has.

As far as the difference in humerus size, I am sure they were doing a lot of processing furs, making tools and other intensive activities that were frequent and repetitive. Hunting down game and thrusting spears is likely only one moderate part of their muscle building life. Did the women also have this size differential? I would be really interested in seeing vitamin D related genes. Have those genes been pinpointed at all? There has been a few small mentions of immunity of Neanderthals contributing to the Modern Human immunology. I've not read enough to know for sure. The incredible advances in genetics that has happened since I studied anthropology in college several decades ago...wow. I can't grasp it all!

Ooh more on this topic please and thank you.

fun fact: I read it as "revisiting netherlands" and was shocked to see the pics in the thumbnail lmao

This is one of the more realistic points of view of the Neanderthal extinction. There were small populations existing in isolated places until 37,000 years ago. Population sizes of Neanderthals, and humans in Pleistocene Europe, were small. Deep forests, and plentiful fauna, were bounties and dangers. There would not have been one cause. I tend towards a combination of increased group size of humans - and so strategic hunting, as you infer - and possible use of dogs, spread of warmer-climate pathogens by humans, dramatic variation in climate with the advance and retreat of ice and tundra, possible Mediterranean vulcanism with short-term effects, and different reasons for each isolated population, as you said. I think that humans would have had larger group sizes, due to their learned huning & gathering, and their more gracile frames, less adapted to the cool, forested Europe of that time. I agree that there will never be one answer to the Neanderthal extinction.

I watched twice. Thank you very much and see you soon.

Keep up the great work :-)

I am no scientist or a academic so maybe I missed this point in your video. But is there any suggestion that Neanderthals might have been predominantly left handed (in the same way that we, as a species are predominantly right handed?) Thank you

I really really liked this topic

@Haru23a

4 жыл бұрын

Cos u got no life 4 sure

@tomgunton

4 жыл бұрын

@@Haru23a What the hell is your problem lol. Your life must be so great that you have to deride random people on the internet to help you retain some semblance of self worth.

@WozWozEre

4 жыл бұрын

It's a fascinating subject

Interesting video and most ideas correspond with my own thoughts on the topic. Not sure whether I agree with your statement that "no neanderthal mDNA in modern humans implies no neanderthal female x sapiens male reproduction, and that all neanderthal DNA in modern humans originates from neanderthal males" though. Because mDNA is only passed on through the female line, mDNA lineages have the tendency to die out (or reach a 100% frequency in a population). Given that neanderthal x sapiens reproduction was rare means that neanderthal mDNA lineages were more likely to die out than sapiens mDNA lineages. So absence of neanderthal mDNA does not imply absence of female neanderthal x male sapiens matings. Via recombination however it may still be possible that some modern human DNA derives from female neanderthals. Cheers

An enlightening insight into possible Neandertal (no h) life was given by Mrs Jean Auel in her "Earth's Children" series. The first book, Clan of the Cave Bear, follows the experiences of a 5 year-old Cro Magnon girl catastrophically separated from her family who were presumably killed, and, surviving an attack by a cave lion, was adopted by a band of passing Neandertals, or the Clan as they called themselves. Although obviously fictional, Mrs Auel had done meticulous archaeological and anthropological research, basing her characters on the remains found in the Shanidar caves. She credits the Neandertals with a far higher level of intelligence than was usual to that time. But she has them communicating with hand signs and grunts, so the discovery of the tiny hyoid bone in a Neandertal skull may not have been made when she wrote the series. In this book, she writes of two specific half-breeds, both of which were handicapped in one way or another, rather like the donkey, horse, mule outcome of today. Her Cro Magnons called the Neandertals Flatheads and they referred to the Cro Magnons as The Others.

My great grandfather was George T. Roper, who was a Confederate soldier in the American Civil war. His father, Joshua Roper goes back to 1814 Virginia colony. We may have a common ancestor back down the road somewhere. Where did Ropers come from anyway?

@emilioschmidt2106

3 жыл бұрын

Are you 81?

The theory about them potentially using their left arm for the spear but right for everything else is interesting. I don't appear to have access to the full study but it makes me wonder if it's possible that they were actually both/mixed-handed. This idea is probably completely off-base and probably just my personal bias since I'm mixed handed (pretty much 50/50 left/right) but it always fascinated me how that happens and where that comes from because nobody else in my family is anything other than right-handed and relatively normal. I therefor wonder if both-handedness or ambidexterity could be a recessive gene inherited or derived from neanderthals/other human ancestors or whether it's simply a naturally occuring 'defect' if you will (or maybe my brain just decided to be weird which to be fair is the most probable conclusion all other details considered lol). Still, I wonder if there's some further studies or information out there on why some brains become mixed or ambidextrous. On a related note I also wonder about non-neurotypical brains in general like people on the autism spectrum or whom are just generally neurodiverse and whether that different way of thinking and seeing the world are merely remnants of how perhaps neanderthal or other ancestors brains were wired. At this point it's hard to believe it is just a 'birth defect' of some kind and not just a recessive difference in wiring that survived natural selection perhaps for a reason. Seeing how neurodiverse people can be extremely disabled in severe cases it could perhaps partly explain why other human ancestors weren't able to survive if the genes involved were too volatile like that and while sometimes created a high functioning brain it often enough didn't enough so to cause a decline. Meanwhile the 'neurotypical' Homo Sapien brain might've simply been more stable and therefore thrived. As someone whose high functioning myself the current society just isn't build for people like me yet it has always required neurodiverse people who thought differently or less neurotypical to make any real impact or change which I find kind of ironic. I certainly belief that those who are high functioning but neurodiverse aren't disordered but rather just different enough in a way that it's not compatible with the norm which I know basically means you have a disorder but it would imply too much that there's something inherently wrong with that. I think society as a whole would progress much faster if it accommodated and supported neurodiverse people better. Some of the greatest minds in history have been thought to have some kind of disordered thinking afterall. I wonder what all our other Human Ancestors discovered or passed unto us Homo Sapiens that helped us to thrive that could've been overlooked. Anyway, rambling on as per usual, just some thoughts that popped into my head. I don't really know much about all that and my ideas are probably terribly wrong since I haven't done much research into it but I sometimes like to think about random stuff like that.