Hahaha. I laughed out loud at the intro joke. Good times.

@paulocarvalho5518

2 ай бұрын

Helo

@paulocarvalho5518

2 ай бұрын

2:32 helo

@paulocarvalho5518

2 ай бұрын

Helo

"You're as hot as quark-gluon plasma". Extreme pick up line --w--

@Nehmo

7 жыл бұрын

I always thought the "hot" sexual term derived from erogenous body parts getting warm with extra blood flow when excited. If a girl was hot, perhaps her nipples were engorged with blood - and thus hot. This term then mutated into meaning sexually attractive.

@Cristhian318

7 жыл бұрын

It totally makes sense now.

@zacharyhizon5165

7 жыл бұрын

Cristhian318 *hotter

@davidwhite9193

6 жыл бұрын

Cristhian318 this has to be used at sum point sir

@trenzinhodaalegria8012

6 жыл бұрын

Nehmo Sergheyev well it also has to do with the overall acceleration of the body's metabolism during arousal which increases overall body heat. The word "cool" however has to do with being calm, collected and precise because if you think about it... Someone who is calm and collected is less energetic, therefore less hot, therefore cool. Both words are used as compliments though...

This is the first time I've heard about a quark-gluon plasma. This channel does a great job of making these topics both fascinating and fun. Thank you!

Very helpful, I’m a eighthgrader and I didn’t expect to understand any of the terms but I was able to understand everything

@coruscaregames

Жыл бұрын

You're in 12th now, right? Hope that's going well for you!

This is another good video on making the abstractions of quantum physics more accessible to the average person.

I love these videos. This is one of the only channel that presents modern particle research in a way that is both accurate and interesting. I will watch your videos as long as you keep making them. Thanks for keeping us smart!

@Lazy84.20

9 жыл бұрын

Cody Nault Check out World Science U. I think you will like their master classes.

I just can't wait for Dr. Lincoln's take on negative Kelvin temperatures :))

@mounteverestiiiii2932

9 жыл бұрын

***** Hm...?

@apburner1

8 жыл бұрын

+gavinwince They let kooks like you comment on real science channels?

@brendanotoole5871

8 жыл бұрын

+apburner1 Lol, sixty symbols has the best video on negative kelvin. gavinwince isn't a "kook", it's strange concept, but entirely real. If you define temperature as the population density of particles with a given energy, you can look at the inverse of the regular shape of the curve and that special population density is what is being referred too. If you're going to be vindictive about something, inform yourself first.

@lawrencedoliveiro9104

6 жыл бұрын

Negative temperature is when the entropy goes *down* the more energy you put into the system. Yes, it can happen.

Can you make a video about the Bose-Einstein Condensate?

@davidrosner6267

5 жыл бұрын

I second that!

@Idiotic4454

5 жыл бұрын

kzread.info/dash/bejne/oHV7sqObZNLIo5s.html

Excellent video on a very cool topic!

THANK YOU PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!!

I submit to you the theory that gluons must have an antiparticle known as a "peeloff". *_Your move, Don._*

@Tadesan

6 жыл бұрын

You don't know much latin. That's my retort.

@TheRojo387

5 жыл бұрын

Gluon is a neologism derived from the English word "glue" and the Greek suffix "-on" that denotes an entity. Proton therefore means "first being" in Greek, and electron means "resin being".

@TheRojo387

5 жыл бұрын

@@Tadesan My retort: That's Greek, not Latin!

@paultorbert6929

4 жыл бұрын

i thought they put that Peeloff under my chicken last night at supper....... tasty antiparticles !

@johnlujan1347

4 жыл бұрын

Hextator i am starting to feel that the gluons hold the answer to string theory.

that certainly is totally cool. Thanks for the video!

Absolutely awesome video. Thank you so much!

Great description!

This channel is precious as antimatter

A great teacher. I wish I had such back in my days... :(

Great video, and the gag at the beginning was hilarious!

What if I add even more energy? Yeah, I'm waiting for you quantum gravity.

@cazymike87

7 жыл бұрын

No , you dont . You probably will first reach the Grand Unification , meaning that you will create strong electro weak type a force. Then , after that , you will need yet again another input of energy , and then , and only then maybe quantum gravity . But I dont think its posible in our 3D space anymore given the fact that Gravity can escape throw dimensions , and maybe thats why it got diluted .

@Shenron557

5 жыл бұрын

@@cazymike87 Beyond that, we'll probably reach the Planck temperature (which is thought to be the highest attainable temperature 1.4x10^32 K). 😃

Impressive video. Great!

Another great video.

Thank you Don! This was very informative and entertaining :)

Nice job explaining QGP. Even I could understand this (IT background, not physics). Thank you for explaining plasma - the first clear explanation I've heard. :) Very cool area of research. Looking forward all the new stuff we'll learn!

Thank you Fermilab, Thank you Don for your excellent analysis and description of the correct description of what quark and gluon plasma Is :), peace and love , Doug. PS Thank you Dept. of Energy for your support :).

Excellent!

Love this channel

As always a great video

Excellent presentation for a commoner like me but interested in science.Thanks

I never imagined understanding such a thing! Keep the amazing work on

I love this guy. Thanks!

Epic opening Sir

Quark gluon plasma is pretty toasty.

@teknifix

9 жыл бұрын

Fermilab Is there an upper limit to temperature? In the video it's stated that a collider can generate a temperature approximately a million times hotter than the centre of the sun. Is that the limit? Or can temperature go on to infinity?

@BrownHairL

9 жыл бұрын

Fermilab Is it as hot as Don, though?

@TheRealFreznoBob

9 жыл бұрын

teknifix The hottest places in the universe are the emptiest, the voids between galactic sheets. The sun is cool in comparison.

@phxmarker

9 жыл бұрын

Fermilab yes, pretty toasty *_AND_* behaves like a fluid. Can you explain why your vacuum behaves like a fluid?

@phxmarker

9 жыл бұрын

***** so this incredibly highly energetic plasma all of a sudden behaves like a fluid like water? And you need to crank up the #LHC energy *_just a little_* more to gasify the products of the collision?

Geez~ Thanks for this vid. It makes sense to me now.

**CAN YOU STOP THE MOTION OF QUARKS AND GLUONS BY FREEZING BARE NUCLEI TO ABSOLUTE ZERO?** I'd love to know the answer to that one. I've had 2 questions for a while now: 1) if you add enough heat to a nucleon, can you 'disassemble' it, then what happens after that? Your video here answered that for me -- thank you. 2) if you chill a bare nucleus, what happens to the gluon and quark activity inside? Does the energy drop? . . .

@sindreherstad8739

5 жыл бұрын

Note I am no doctor, tho I have hadd it is school and read a bit 1) If you heat the quark gluon plasma I dont know what happens. But you might end opp with enough ennergy inn an area to create a black hole. 2) we dont realy know what actualy happens, but a hypothesys based on quantom field theory is that the particle wouldnt have any ennergy, thus dont affect its field and thus be disspersed/stop existing

@tesseract2144

5 жыл бұрын

@@sindreherstad8739 To answer to 1), I think we enter into the Grand Unification Realm, where quarks and gluons and no meanings

wait, how are quarks seperated? if you try to seperate quarks, you get more quarks?

@lvintagenerd

4 жыл бұрын

Temperature.

@lolatomroflsinnlos

4 жыл бұрын

Yes and in a quark-gluon-plasma you add energy and get more quarks.They're not confined to a hadron, but color charge is still conserved. You can't have a quark gluon plasma with just one quark

@Mr.Nichan

4 жыл бұрын

It might be a little questionable to say that quarks are being "separated" to each other in a quark-gluon plasma. They certainly aren't confined to hadrons in the traditional sense, but they can't leave the entire plasma, which must be color neutral. Thus, it might not be too unreasonable to call the entire quark-gluon plasma one enormous hadron. The other place you hear about QCD matter is in the hearts of neutron stars that are just a bit too light to become black holes. It is hypothesized that, under such extreme pressures, the neutrons (and potential other hadrons) would fuse into some sort of giant hadron/quark-gluon fluid which quarks and gluons could flow throughout, and that the only stopping the star from collapsing would be the fact that the Pauli Exclusion principle prohibited quarks from occupying the same state. I think this is actually a different state of matter than the quark-gluon plasma created by high temperatures, but I'm really not sure. The border temperature between quark-gluon plasma and hadronic matter, at least when the amount of matter is similar to the amount of antimatter, is called the "Hagedorn Temperature". Below this temperature color is confined to the interiors of hadrons and above it it "isn't", and quark-gluon plasma can form. This is apparently the temperature needed to spontaneously pull pions out of the quantum foam, i.e., the energy that creates the new quarks in that process you're talking about. I think the stability of quark-gluon plasma also has something to do with something called "screening". This is called "electric-field screening" in the context of ordinary plasmas, but obviously it's color-field screening in this case. I'm not entirely sure what it is, but it's something to do with the idea that the effects of charges can be cancelled out by other charges over distances through plasmas and is somehow related to the densities of charged particles in different places and how they might respond to the charges of particles. As you might have gleaned, I'm definitely no expert, but what I've been reading makes me wonder if maybe these temperatures are just where the energy is so high that it creates so many quarks by the process you're describing that the density gets so high that quarks run past other quarks before they get far enough need to create more quarks, i.e., the entire plasma is hadron-like in density, at least in terms of something, maybe quarks-per-unit volume. It's also worth considering that these states obviously only exist for a very short amount of time, at least in practice, which leads to the question of whether or not it takes a certain amount of time for the high energies to result in new quarks being created. This also might mean that the density wouldn't have to be hadron-like in terms of quarks-per-unit-volume, even if did last for a longer amount of time, because all that would matter would be the time it took quarks to get past other quarks and be screened, which would obviously require less quarks-per-unit-volume to be true the faster the quarks were moving, especially considering time-dilation (I think).

nice work!

Cool I learned something!

Thanks for making these, they're awesome

Nice video

Where has this channel been all my life, fuckin love this stuff. Thank you

great vido help wit h scenc phys 👍

After seeing this video I need to review my definition of the measure of temperature and heat. Wasnt it due to agitation of molecules with the outcome being the change of state as the observable outcome? In plasma, the electrons are stripped off but where do they go? And then how do the nucleons exchange heat? And how does the sensor/transducer measure the temperature directlt from the nucleons? How do we define temperature and heat now?

thank you Don!!!!

amazing.... as always :D

Awesome video, I feel smarter now,,thank you. Please keep making more videos. Does the Higgs boson particle exist "naturally" or was it created at the LHC as a byproduct of smashing protons?

@peepdawg8995

2 жыл бұрын

They do exist naturally. They were only discovered when nucleons were collided in the LHC

No comments? Awesome video mate

Totally cool!

Intro joke was awesome😎

Nice data Don. Of note I rendered a Gluon from a Punctuation Accelerator which I built that was supplanted with my sister Linda's name, my brother Rob's, and the name Rich. We fostered the brainchild and named the Gluon "Gluon Kretzschmar" and as an forein exchange student entered him into the Johnsburg Illinois education system. You would make a good Godfather for Gluon Don. I hope you can attend Gluon's baptism.

Sir said very nice information. This is very important information. I have a question Does the fact that quarks and gluons give too much heat away from each other mean that there may be something in the quarks as well?

Absolutely amazing! I didn't think that was possible. If qgp was cooled back down would it reassemble into the same/similar form of matter or is it a permanent transition?

@chrisjones7837

8 жыл бұрын

thats what i figured. thanks for the response

Thanks I was thinking about getting one for my mum for her birthday

If the phase change from gas to plasma is called ionization (the reverse recombination), then what's the phase change to CGP called?

Still accurate 4 years later. What happened to those 'discoveries on the horizon' you were talking about?

So you heat it up so much it becomes QGP? What's happened to all the electrons?

@nafrost2787

5 жыл бұрын

Good question, I don’t know for sure because I am not a particle physicist, but I have three ideas: 1. The electrons are fused with protons to create neutrons like they do in neutron stars, you would still see the same type of quarks on the quark gluon plasma, because neutrons and protons are made of the 2 same types of quarks. 2. The electrons escape from the quark gluon plasma, the only think that keeps electrons with nuclei is the electric attraction, if the protons and neutrons are stripped into their component quarks, the electric attractions, might become so random, that the electrons could escape. 3. The electrons stay in the QGP, but Don hadn’t mentioned them, because they are less dominant on the properties of the overall matter, and because this video focuses on what happens when you heat matter into higher and higher temperatures.

@tesseract2144

5 жыл бұрын

@@nafrost2787 In fact it is neither of those. It is so hot that electrons and leptons in general "disappear". To be more precise, there is constant creations and annhilation of lepton-antileptons pairs happening everytime and everywhere

@nafrost2787

5 жыл бұрын

@tesseract ` how can extreme heat cause a creation and annihilation? And even if there is creation and annihilation, shouldn't matter and antimatter be created in equal amounts leaving behind the same amount of electrons?

@paultorbert6929

4 жыл бұрын

dont electrons like to "jump" to a nearby valence bond(orbit) ??????? so, they DO kinda "disappear", as energy.... wouldnt that be represented in a Feynman diagram as a virtual particle/photon ????? i am a musician who likes to read, so dont whack me.......

Usually jokes in science videos are cheesy, but I actually genuinely laughed at the ones in this video.

Could you pump a spherical faraday cage(While it already has a near 0 kelvin Hydrogen and Helium in methane and Ammonia hydrates.) full of positive charged plasma with some thorium? And let a bit of the Hydrogen leak out so the rest become more concentrated... While you pump in more.. Or better yet, make the cages reppeling stronger? Would that work to the point of fusion?

*So are there two different types of plasma, cold plasma where only the outer shell of electrons are stripped and hot where where you have bare nucleus* ?

Genial!, hablo español y le entendí perfectamente bien

Thumbs up for the best intro ever!

Would be great to dive a bit deeper on QG plasma. Thanks!

The I am hot comment then behinds the scene talk about that is hilarious.

You know what they say. If you can't take the heat, stay out of particle physics.

What instruments do particle accelerators use to measure the collisions?

If you have a metal, the electrons are shared at low temperatures between all the metal nuclei but don't leave the surface of the metals unless they get a lot more kinetic energy by putting a voltage across the metal. Is there any room temperature or low energy equivalent for quarks and gluons? Maybe something to do with nuclear decay?

Really Interesting. You have covered in this presentation the positive extreme temperatures. Request you to cover extremely low-low temperatures, near about -273.16K. What are the states of matter in this neighbourhood. Regards!! Mantosh Tewari, INDIA

when quark-gluon plasma cools back down does it form back the original matter? or it can form into some different matter?

Don you're my hero

How does a nucleon melt? and what does it melt into? and how does the particle accelerators withstand the temperature caused by the quark gluon plasma?

I would love to see this happen

Humm..what happens when they cool down again? Does thr strong force return back to play, and do they return to their generic atomic structure?

So, earth, waters, air and fire. Cool. :) I wonder what you get when you cool a QGP down. Likely not the same matter as you started with, but will it tend to hydrogen or will it dissipate into nothing?

Are gluons quantify? It says that there are eight types of gluons on wikipedia, if we can categorized them, they must be formed as segments no? So, I wondered how many gluons a proton contain? Or is it just pure energy moving and changing color charges ?

I have just got my copy of Don Lincolins book

I'm confused, when you said you could melt the nucleons, does that mean that the quarks are contained inside an actual shell of energy? like the colored charge gluon encases quarks inside a physical shell of a strong force material, is that what the jets are? If this shell of energy exists, where does its particles go after you melt it? Or is that just a simple analogy, because I'm awfully confused here?

So, it's been 5 years, any news / updates on quark-gluon plasma?

Hi, If gluon is what confines the quarks and the mass of these can be understood as this confinement of energy, should we not expect that in this guark-gluon-plasma an enormous amount of energy as in an atomic explosion would be released and therefore these constituents would cease to exist? Thx, congratulations for the vdeos...

So many questions! Protons and neutrons can melt? Since you say melt and not evaporate, does that imply they become liquid specifically? Can subatomic particles have states of matter? If so, are protons and neutrons usually solid? Are there separate states of matter used to describe subatomic particles? From what I understand, the process of becoming a plasma is ionization and, thus, requires electrons. Why is this called a quark-gluon plasma then? Is my understanding of a plasma incorrect? Okay just rewatched some of the video; this is describing the nucleons within a plasma. So, it's a plasma within a plasma? Or... a nucleic liquid within a plasma? I'm just hurting myself here... Please help me...

@DeFaulty101

9 жыл бұрын

Wolfgang Kenshin Okay, so here's what I think I understand. A quark-gluon plasma is not a plasma but occurs in the nucleons within a plasma. It is not a liquid but it is comparable to a liquid, composed of quarks and gluons. Is that right?

@DeFaulty101

9 жыл бұрын

***** Cool. Are liquid and fluid synonymous?

@DeFaulty101

9 жыл бұрын

I'm familiar with superfluids. But the kind I know about are the product of super cooling, not super heating. :P

I know I will probably never get an answer here, but if we assume that QG Plasma is created in black holes after neutron degeneracy pressure is overcome by gravity, does this prevent further gravitational collapse into a singularity?

Ok, so an obvious question. How much must be massive a black hole to generate a quark gluon plasma core?

I admire your sdroWork.

For some reason I thought it was impossible to separate quarks without something weird happening. Don't they somehow resist separation so strongly that if they become far enough apart, the amount of energy released simply makes new quark partners for the ones separated, thus making it nearly impossible to keep them in a plasma state?

@SeanRhoadesChristopher

9 жыл бұрын

Okay, I think I get it, a text book I have says that at these energies, it is believed that the "Baryons and baryon number lose their meaning. When the nuclei interpenetrate and stop each other at energies ≳10-20 GeV/nucleon, the hot nuclear matter will have a very large density. The quarks from a particular nucleon will be shielded from each other by gluons and quarks from other nucleons so that the color binding to a particular nucleon will be dissolved and the quarks will be free to move throughout the whole compound nucleus." The baryons are simply "froze out" of this hot plasma. Book is from 1991.

@SeanRhoadesChristopher

9 жыл бұрын

When you say normal temperatures, you mean to say the range between absolute zero, and the those found in say neutron stars? Can we go hotter than a QGP?

Wait. So because temperature is an emergent property of motion, a particle moving at the nearly the speed of light is very hot? Or does heat come from interactions?

The 3 quarks in the neutron or proton are bound together by gluons, right? Do gluons also hold the atomic nucleus of protons and neutrons together?

Yes, that IS totally cool ! 😎

I know I'm six years late but, anyhow, assuming the singularity does not exist, what should we expect to exist inside black holes: neutron stars or quark-gluon plasma? Are they "hot" (energetic) enough for the latter?

Is there a limit to "hot" above which there is nothing else to split apart or melt?

These videos are easy to understand and covers really complicated topic. But it's soooo sloooow. Good thing youtube has accelerated playback speed option.

I've seen some people debate this, but the superdense inner core of a neutron star consisting of quark-gluon plasma is quite possible, (if not likely), right?

Do you get shirts printed for each episode 😂😂😂

Nice video! I love learning about this stuff :D PD: I hope to work in something relationated with particle physics someday

@nicolasbeatlesacdc

9 жыл бұрын

YEAH! I'll start college in 3 years... I'm in high school yet

That's amazing how matter still doesn't become information or (thermodynamic) we have work to do with higher energies at the Lhc

We've not been able to split a magnets North/South poles into a monopole, much like we haven't been able to split two quarks into a 'mono-quark', a single quark. Are they linked in any way? If you keep shrinking a magnet, you'll eventually reach the realms of quarks and electrons. And how is gravity linked to this from the high energy of quarks-gluon plasma?

I see the word Ads/cft on the blackboard, it can be used to study QGP

How do they detect something so small? What are the detectors made of?

is quark gluon plasma now a state of matter beyond the known 7?

🖖 funny & informative

(0:19) LOL (congrats for the good spirits) But how about the statement I hear sometimes that you can not separate and individual quark from the nucleus of an atom, b/c so much energy is needed to do so that by E=m*c^2 you end up creating some other quark(s ?) ?

@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179

4 жыл бұрын

Someone has been watching veritasium

thank u

. Gluons are a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. The actual source of the Strong Force is found below. Conservation of Spatial Curvature (both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. The model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles. .

nice