As a photolithography enthousiast, I approve this video😊. Fantastic work Ben!

@alifesh

10 ай бұрын

You have a great channel as well!

@pixels_

10 ай бұрын

Collab opportunities!??

@AppliedScience

10 ай бұрын

Thank you! Maybe you know the answer to this: What is the minimum f/number for a multi-element camera lens made with glass in air? One of the other comments indicates the theoretical minimum is f/0.5 due to numerical aperture of the final element being limited to 1. Thinking about microscope objectives, this seems to make sense, but I feel like there are a lot of assumptions being made, and that the theoretical limit would be lower if the focal plane can be curved, or if non-spherical optics are used, or if the lens design is asymmetric, or if the object is at infinity. I searched around the web, and there is a whole bunch of conflicting information and poor explanations. What do you think?

@TheNewton

10 ай бұрын

​@@AppliedScience always like these projects that bring up interdisciplinary questions and the big meta question of how to find quality answers.

@HuygensOptics

10 ай бұрын

@@AppliedScience Indeed the maximum NA of air microscope objectives is around 1, which is caused by the critical angle of the light passing the last glass air interface. This critical angle is generally around 42 degrees but is also dependent on the difference between the refractive indices. It's the reason why ASML uses (water) immersion lithography in their DUV machines, otherwise they cannot get the light out. Same for oil immersion objectives. So if resolution is your goal, then you should find the "water plant equivalent" of the Geranium ;-). I don't think that is the case though, so if you are determined to increase NA, try projecting on a spherical image surface and you can go higher than NA 1. At some point though, the local temperature increase by the light might slow down or even stop the photosynthesis.

So rare to find a channel that ONLY uploads complete, well produced and documented projects. These are ideas I’ve never and likely never would have heard of. These would make unbelievable gifts

@Prophes0r

10 ай бұрын

I understand your sentiment and agree with it. However, I don't think the word "complete" actually works. It's almost always "I have been working on this for a while, and I'm comfortable saying I have learned X much about it so far." Ben rarely ever seems to "complete" anything, because most of the videos he shows us are about interesting tangents or simply play. (Which is TOTALLY fine. Taking those "Huh. I wonder if/how/what..." thoughts and actually DOING something with them is a rare gift indeed.)

@bulka5305

10 ай бұрын

​@@Prophes0rhe probably talks about how other channels do 15 minute video only about lenses, and the whole process will be like 5 or 10 videos to make more profit

@nathanieljames7462

10 ай бұрын

I appreciate that he doesn't premeire and just uploads the vid

@Prophes0r

10 ай бұрын

@@bulka5305It isn't always for profit. When I plan lessons, even ones showing a single topic like this video, I like to break them up into bite-sized pieces to make it easier to digest. It can also make them easier to return to specific sections to refresh yourself on specific segments. But, there certainly are some who would break things up for profit reasons...

@CableWrestler

10 ай бұрын

LTT take note.

I've been so excited for this video since we spoke about it at opensauce and it's even better than you described. This is amazing!!

@skivvy3565

6 ай бұрын

The youtuber Neptunium is building a homemade particle accelerator and needs applied science’s advice, please help ben get in touch with neptunium. And go watch his video!

Miss your projects Ben.

@sparc5

Ай бұрын

came here just to say that.

@donaldklopper

Ай бұрын

​@@sparc5 same here. Hope you're doing well Ben

@bejay69

Ай бұрын

Been 8 months, he is still active on X

Something you can do to extend the useful life of the alcohol is to include charcoal to it. For a while at my job we were having to remove chlorophyll from IPA and a filter impregnated with charcoal worked fantastically.

Always an instant click from me. This channel is an absolute gem

@BeholdTheCraqueNetwork

10 ай бұрын

Ditto

@Lukesab3r

10 ай бұрын

Same here!

@markgreco1962

10 ай бұрын

Yup!

As always, you come up with something even experienced science enthusiasts have never heard of! What a fascinating interaction with physics and biology

I'd be super interested in a sheet of "photo paper" made from algae. Would love to see if it captures more detail than the leaves. Great video!

@ferrumignis

10 ай бұрын

Interesting thought, though not sure how you'd make something robust enough to survive boiling in alcohol without falling apart.

@sirdumb1592

10 ай бұрын

Oh i love this idea

@Scrogan

10 ай бұрын

Keeping the algae alive wouldn’t be easy, the paper would have to be pretty moist. Also I’m not sure to what extent algae stores energy as starch.

@SafetyLucas

10 ай бұрын

@@Scrogan Seaweed is made of algae. He could just go to the ocean and pick some and cut it into sheets

@skylerlehmkuhl135

10 ай бұрын

@@ferrumignis It could be made of cloth, like a painter's canvas.

Bravo! Gas exchange is primarily done on the underside of leaves. The top of the leaf is usually used for photosynthesis and the bottom for gas exchange. You stumbled on this so fast it is impressive...

@TheNewton

10 ай бұрын

Do you know if the gas exchange affect starch production granule size?

@jonathanorlando1294

10 ай бұрын

@@TheNewton not that I am aware of... I don't know much about this, to be fair. Gas exchange is required for carbohydrates, but no idea about size correlation.

My parents were professional geranium growers when I was very young, and photogrammetry was my favorite darkroom technique in school; so this was an amazing intersection of these things for me! Thank you, I may have to dabble..:::😄

@thenickdude

10 ай бұрын

Photogerammetry, lol

@gus473

10 ай бұрын

​@@thenickdude😂 Or would it be "photogerainometry?"

Ben.. where'd you go?

If you want to try scaling this up to an absurd size, you should start growing some Petasites japonicus. Makes absolutely huge yet thin and delicate leaves. I've got some growing in my backyard, maybe I'll give it a go if I find myself with an empty weekend.

@LarsLarsen77

10 ай бұрын

Tobacco leaves are the leafiest thing in the universe. If grown in a high humidity environment they're extremely wide and long.

@steve1

10 ай бұрын

I was thinking banana leaves for a large format photo

@pattheplanter

10 ай бұрын

Gunnera manicata, prickly but massive.

@TheNewton

10 ай бұрын

Can such plants leaves grow sandwiched in glass plates to be even flatter or more uniform?

@the_eminent_Joshua_E_Hrouda

10 ай бұрын

​@@TheNewtondon't forget to let them breathe CO2!!

This channel is quickly becoming the last bastion of youtube greatness, never change, never give in to the algorithm!!!

Ugh I love your channel so much. Such a fantastic combination of whimsical engineering, interesting science, and thorough, clear presentation. Always the best thing I see that day when you release a video.

As an arboriculturalist this blows my mind. Many many thanks for sharing this amazing project.

@hardwareful

10 ай бұрын

Can we learn something about the plant by e.g. adding a grayscale bar? As far as I know, photosynthetic activity saturates as the light intensity increases, so this could be a way to average out daily exposure and measure it under real-world conditions?

"you are dealing with biology, which can be kind of fickle" spoken like a physicist xD awesome project Ben - you undersold it! I want to go back to the photography project world - I'm still thinking about a potato... those have lots of starches lol

Lugol's Iodine is fairly straightforward to make at home, and _significantly_ cheaper than you can buy pre-mixed.

@ciprianpopa1503

9 ай бұрын

... continue ...

Professors George Porter and Eric Laithwaite were childhood heroes of mine. Watching their Christmas lectures on tv in the late 60s and 1970s was a big motivation for me to pursue a career in science.

Every time there’s a new Applied Science video, “My Hero” by the Foo Fighters starts running through my head.

Great manual! We tried to make these images for my son's 2nd grade school project. And we did it according to the internet instructions. Now when I saw your video, it is hilarious to realize that we got EVERY step completely wrong! We did: 2 days in a dark room, clamped the leaf from both sides, indoor lamp, isopropanol, iodine tincture, drying with regular paper. We had no chance for success 😂

Dude, the cool unique and diverse projects you take on, with the persistence of a mad scientist lol, is pretty cool 👍

Amazing video! I had no idea you could also do it like this. I've done this before but much simpler. You take a leaf (already cut from the tree/plant. needs to be deciduous.), you print your POSITIVE image on some transparent or semi-transparent paper, put on top of the leaf and that pressed together with a glass and a sheet of wood or something, then expose to direct sunlight until you notice in parts of the leaf that are visible that it starts turning yellowish-brown (maybe a few hours, maybe a couple of days). So when you take it out you already have an image. The parts blocked by the positive are green and the parts not blocked are yellowish-brown. If you put it in a book or something it might last a couple of years but otherwise it'll degrade pretty quickly. There's some people that use a fixing process that uses glycerin and some house-hold chemicals. They call them "chlorotypes"

@pattheplanter

10 ай бұрын

I thought it might be something like chlorotype. With starch/iodine it could be an amylotype from the Greek for starch.

@pattheplanter

10 ай бұрын

What about using the change to fall/autumn colour? Cercis has a reasonable size leaf and the pink/orange colours are from chlorophyll breakdown.

@TheNewton

10 ай бұрын

" The parts blocked by the positive are green and the parts not blocked are yellowish-brown." Am I not reading that right, wouldn't the blocked parts be yellowish-brown from lack of sunlight?

@nahueljo

10 ай бұрын

@@TheNewton this is using dead leaves. The sun turns them yellow/brown. You stop that process by blocking the sun :)

Loving that your range of production topics is wide - it shows that science is all things. As always, I learned from your efforts and I applaud your awesome. Thanks!!!

Where are you man?

You never disappoint. I will be thinking about this for years.

This is awesome and I had no idea leaf photographs were a thing. Thanks for showing off the process!

What a delightful experiment! Super cool, thanks for digging into this rabbit hole and sharing 🙂 I wonder if separating fixation for extraction might help, particularly with thicker leaf varieties? I.e. replacing the ethanol step with a fixative (paraformaldehyde or similar) and a membrane permeabilizing agent like Triton-X. That could then be followed with a more mild clearing step to remove the chlorophyll since everything has already been fixed in place. At least that's how I'd tackle it in cell bio... but plants are weird so huge grain of salt 😅 There's also been some recent work on clearing protocols like ClearSee (DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab033) and ClearSeeAlpha (DOI: 10.1242/dev.127613) that produce remarkably transparent specimens, intended for fluorescent imaging. Maybe these could be used in some way? The urea content of the ClearSee would be problematic with the starch I think, so it'd probably have to be fixed -> iodine stained -> ClearSee, which maybe wouldn't work? Dunno, but very cool project. Thanks again for sharing, love this stuff!

This brought back the smell of doing it in school. We used 'methlated spirits', or a mix of ethanol and methanol.

It's a shame you don't get more views. Each video should easily get over 1m views 😢 I think this is the only channel i have actually watched every single video with Nile red coming in second

Haha, the leaf photography with the bad ass custom lens is absolutely amazing

Jerry: Oh, you mean, shrinkage. George: Yes significant shrinkage.

WOW this would be a great pursuit for any week end scientist! Thanks for posting and take care!

Cool experiment, and I love your scientific approach testing different reagents and conditions 💖 I was shocked to see you boiling methanol outside a laboratory fume hood though 😱 I wouldn't even know where to buy methanol for private use anywhere in Europe because of its toxicity.

This was very interesting. A topic I'd never considered, explored accessibly and in some detail. Great presentation, excellent editing and clearly a ton of work & experimentation in the background. Much appreciated.

Coleus, which comes in all sorts of colours including pale green, is fast growing and can have larger leaves than Pelargoniums (which is what the 'geraniums' you used really are, even though they are often sold as Geraniums). For really large leaves, you could even look at something like the Princess Tree or Paulownia Tomentosa. Easily grown from seed and one of the fastest growing trees in the world. When young (or cut to the ground every year) they can have leaves around 0.5m or larger and they are very flat.

@pattheplanter

10 ай бұрын

Coleus leaves are thinner. Perhaps a Kalanchoe or Milkweed would be easier to work with?

Leaves have stomatas only on the underside. These are openings/"mouths" that facilitate gas exchange (O2 and water out, CO2 in). Makes sense, that closing the back side didn't work.

The idea is so simple yet elegant! Thank you for bringing it up!

You, sir, are a gem, and a national treasure!

I'm always surprised at how many cool projects you make. I wonder how cool your "to do list" for project ideas is.

Thanks! I'm glad that there are still practical science experiments being so well explained.

Rather than making a faster lens, I wonder if using a Newtonian reflector would be an easier thing to experiment with? Amateur astronomy telescopes can have pretty massive apertures, and are pretty hackable with standard diameters in the focused etc

@torkalovolodymyr5097

10 ай бұрын

Most telescopes are f/4-f/5 which is much slower than projector lens from video (8-25 less light than f/1)

In a time when half of America denies science as truth it is refreshing to watch videos like yours. Just looking for answers and exploring ideas that benefit us and make us all just a little bit smarter each time. I thank you for what you do.

Every video release is a such a special moment for me . Subscribed years ago and video is special. Thank you.

A rainy sunday without plans besides tidying up my workbench and living room; and I'm greeted with a new amazing Applied Science video right in the morning. Thanks as always, Ben, super interesting as per usual.

WOW! Your experiments are outstanding! Best channel ever and by far! Thanks for sharing! Inspiring!

legit one of the very best channels on the internet

a beautiful and comprehensively made project, I think this is one of your most appealing and should be reproduced in many high school biology/physics and chemistry crossover lessons! Thanks Craig!

I have been enjoying your videos for a long time now. I just wanted to say thank you for all the epic level screwing around! It is so very interesting, thank you for sharing the fun!

This guy has the best job. He just does cool shit all the time. IMO this is one of the best KZread channels ever.

Great job as always, thanks Ben.

So cool, I look forward to that light comparison video. :)

I did not want that to stop. Very interesting! And inspiring.

Amazing yet again.

This is awesome! I work for a company that grows millions of geranium seedlings (among other ornamentals) each year.

Just amazing, Ben.

By about the 2.5 minute mark my jaw was dropped. Actually dropped- not exaggerating. And then you whipped out the "plant camera" Wow. Great job man. 11/10.

I'm just glad that this isn't a "what emergency responders tell you when you encounter grey scaled leaf negatives" derivative. And what I'm mostly relieved about it is that there's probably little chance of it becoming a medical emergency call...

Amazing stuff as always. Thank you!

Super interesting, love the prints!

Has Ben cured cancer yet? This man can do anything.

The result are amazing! and I'm definitely going to be building one of those lenses.

I'm no biologist, but it seems there'd be a photosynthetic sweet spot for the plant: the balance between water, sunlight, temperature, soil composition, age, available nutrients, pH, etc. Perhaps even known ways to encourage extra starch storage in the leaf. This is the best project I've seen in a while. It's simple, the reagents are readily available, the result is fun&interesting.... In the future, we'll discover new ways to reinvent the past.

You totally made my day. Thank you! :D

Hope Ben is fine. Haven't seen anything new in a while. Oh maby just busy.

@dasraiser

3 ай бұрын

look at his X

It's always a good day when applied science uploads

> 9 months ago he's either had a kid, or he's waiting to develop a super long-exposure shot of a nebula on a leaf. hrm. do some more electric or sound based cutting stuff, that is always awesome! or create a modular chemistry kid - blocks that take inputs and outputs, that can be reassembled by a robot, and can run many chemical processes automatically, at scale. idk. more videos!

The photo of the old truck is amazing. What a neat experiment

That's both crazy and awesome

Using photosynthesis to create photos of leafs on leafs 🤯. Very cool!

Very interesting idea! Like most of your projects, this one presses all my buttons simultaneously 🙂 Well done!

Amazing content, as always.

Been a (small) patron of Krasnow's for years now, and this is absolutely why. Accept no substitutes for inspirational work. So now I'm left wondering.. Projector?

looking forward to seeing that lamp. the technology was tested by a major agrochemicals company, they decided it wasn’t worth the investment and kept growing their lab plants with MH lamps.

Best channel on KZread

excellent comment on the successrate! Thanks!

Very interesting project, thanks Ben.

It makes so much sense ! of course photosynthesis as a camera! very cool! I am definitely trying that!

Can't wait to watch this tomorrow but I wanted to say, that's a great looking classic truck.

What a fantastic video Ben. I hadn't considered this before, it was really cool watching your process.

Thanks! Love it when u uploade

🌞🌞 That was interesting to be reminded about and being done anew. Thank you

You make my brain make those happy chemicals every time you upload. Thank you for that. And thank you for being such a nerd. Makes me feel less lonely :D

Ben is truly a mad scientist!

most unique brain alive. you are a gem.

Binh Danh has a lot of cool art that must use a similar technique.

Wonderful rediscovery!

Fun bonus footage of the leaf drifting through the supercritical CO2. It looks otherworldly, like some kind of metaphysical time-slow-down chamber.

Applied Silence 😶

Ben my man, original as always!

This video is awesome, I especially enjoyed then leaf that underwent explosive decompression

Ah, it's my fav genius cutie! You always look like the cat who ate the canary! So cute!

This is really interesting Ben! It's always great to see a new video from you on my feed.

I learned about this from a science fair idea book when I was a kid. Very cool!

awesome video! love your channel

👌😎👍To me the image of a leaf on the leaf itself is the most impressive 👌😎👍❗

Very cool!

This is so cool

ben might not make the most videos.... but you KNOW when they are released they are above top notch and FULL of information and original research thank you for the continued INSANELY high quality productions

@frogz

10 ай бұрын

also, you can get any bottle of vodka and fractionally distill it in any pot or bucket pretty easily

WOW..Super interesting.

Great channel, thx.