A persistence context is a cache or environment that manages entity instances. These instances can hold data and be persisted in a database. The Entity Manager controls the lifecycle of the entities and they can access datastore resources.
The persistence context is the first-level cache that fetches and saves entities from the database. It's located between the application and persistent storage. The persistence context keeps track of any changes made to a managed entity.
In Hibernate native APIs, the persistence context is defined as the org.hibernate.Session. In JPA, the persistence context is defined by jakarta.persistence.EntityManager.
The process of synchronizing the state of the persistence context with the underlying database is called flushing.
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Jakarta Persistence is a Jakarta EE application programming interface specification that describes the management of relational data in enterprise Java applications.
The final release date of the JPA 1.0 specification was 11 May 2006 as part of Java Community Process JSR 220. The JPA 2.0 specification was released 10 December 2009 (the Java EE 6 platform requires JPA 2.0). The JPA 2.1 specification was released 22 April 2013 (the Java EE 7 platform requires JPA 2.1). The JPA 2.2 specification was released in the summer of 2017. The JPA 3.1 specification, the latest version, was released in the spring of 2022 as part of Jakarta EE 10.
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JPA 2.0
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Development of a new version of JPA 2.0 was started in July 2007 in the Java Community Process as JSR 317. JPA 2.0 was approved as final on 10 December 2009. The focus of JPA 2.0 was to address features that were present in some of the popular ORM vendors but could not gain consensus approval for JPA 1.0.
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Jakarta Persistence 3.0
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The JPA was renamed as Jakarta Persistence in 2019 and version 3.0 was released in 2020. This included the renaming of packages and properties from javax.persistence to jakarta.persistence.
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