Participle Clauses in English Grammar
In this lesson, learn how to use participle clauses in English: present participles, past participles and perfect participles. This is a must-see lesson for anyone who needs to write in English. A very useful lesson for students of IELTS and Cambridge exams such as Advanced or FCE.
00:00 Intro
00:11 What is a participle clause?
00:42 Why do we use participle clauses?
01:26 Present participles
01:58 using present participles to give a reason for an action
02:51 using present participle clauses to give the result of an action
03:05 using present participle clauses to add information about the subject of the main clause
03:18 using present participle clauses adjectivally
03:38 past participle clauses
03:52 using past participles to give a reason for an action
04:04 using past participle clauses to add information about the subject of the main clause
04:24 to give a similar meaning to an if conditional sentence
04:51 perfect participles in active sentences
05:02 using perfect participles to give a reason for an action
05:12 using perfect participles to show event order
05:45 perfect participles in passive sentences
06:15 Tips for participle clauses
09:05 Quiz
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Пікірлер: 472
If you enjoyed this lesson could you do me a favour and HIT that like button on the video! Helps me a lot ❤ subscribe too so you don't miss the next lesson coming out! Thanks guys! 🙏🏻
@mahmet288
5 ай бұрын
What is the difference between Subject + got+ pp and S + be+ pp? when can be used S + got +pp example e.g They got promoted to higher positions in the company due to their outstanding performance.". another example e.g They got invaded in the Opium Wars." The peaceful village got invaded by marauders last night." "Our computer systems got invaded by a sophisticated malware attack."
Woman, this is so clear. I found it impossible to understand during my class but now I think is so much clearer, hopefully I will be comfortable enough to use it soon.
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
@mohsankayani
2 жыл бұрын
Sadly i understood these after 27 years . Lol
@arkampug34twilk78
2 жыл бұрын
@@mohsankayani Not funny man
@shoeingtontheshoe3354
Жыл бұрын
i sleep
@mahamedyasin1847
Жыл бұрын
What is the difference between these two sentences? Do they have the same meaning? I found the man sleeping. I found her sleeping.
Having a grammar test tomorrow, I find this video very helpful and clear!
@oxfordenglishnow
5 ай бұрын
Glad to hear it!
Watching this video, my undersrandung has become more thorough than ever! A wonderful teacher! Thank you very much! Awesome!
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Wow! Thanks zarojanu!
@Krucezam
2 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow will you please me understand why did you start clause preposition WITH?
Amazing, the way you tought participle especially when to use subject as with, it or there. I bet this is the best video on the internet amongst millions out there. May God bless you
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much Virendra for your kind words. 🙏🏼
Having searched some other websites and read grammar book online , I was quite disappointed. Fortunately, I gained full concepts and their use from you . You are a wonderful lady, teaching us English .
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you Yiling, such kind words!
Your lesson is very clear and easy to understand. First time i watched your video and i caught all things perfectly.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Glad it helped!
I loved how you explained it, so detailed and clear, thank you very much for making videos, greetings from Peru.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
You're very welcome! Hello to Peru!
@shoeingtontheshoe3354
Жыл бұрын
i sleep
I do feel more confident about the participle clauses, and happily I'll illustrate them to my students just as You did. Thanks a million.... Taking and taken ;)
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the kind words Shaimaa. Correct answers, well done!
So happy to see you back !!! Please bring us lots and lots of new lessons!!!
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Thanks Edouard. That's what I am planning!
@Randhawa90218
3 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow dear please help me to learn
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
@@Randhawa90218 I will ! 😊
@Randhawa90218
3 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow thanks if I want to get classes from you then how much money plz tell me I am from India Punjab but live in Dubai
@Randhawa90218
3 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow please contact me
Three pages in my typical shorthand writing . Excellent. In my new note-book! The other fully finished .
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Wonderful!
So informative , clear to understand and enjoyable . Thank you so much
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
This is the best explanation of using participles i've ever seen. Many thanks!
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
your videos are definitely the best ones! sending all my love from Argentina
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Hello to Argentina!
Thank you for this informative video. Really helped me plan my English lesson. :)
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
You're very welcome!
Thank you so much, this lesson on the participle is just helpful. I often get quite confused when I come across such sentences in a newspaper but I believe it won't happen anymore. Do keep making videos!!
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Thank you! Will do!
@gorkababyan2436
11 ай бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow1. taken all things into account, I have decided to resign. 2.taking three times a day , these tablets will help your allergy. Am I right? Correct me If I don't pls
Took notes . Thanks ❤️🙏 keeps my brain clearer. No fog.🤗😍
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
So glad!
Wonderful lesson.i am glad you made this lesson.i hope you make more lessons.cheers!
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Thank you, I will
Such a clear video! I'll use it for teaching my students if you don't mind. Answers: taking and taken. Thanks a lot)
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks so much and right answer! well done!
Having saved this video to review , I realized participle clause is very useful in making sentences. Thank you.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Great to see you using them, well done!
You're brilliant. Thank you from the bottom of my heart.
@mariamkinen8036
3 жыл бұрын
Incidentally, my all-time favorite ENG TEACHER was called PAULA MARIA❣️Much love to.....
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Wow, thank you!
Taking all things into account, I've decided to resign. Taken three times a day, these tablets will help your allergy.
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Well done Malgosia, that's correct!
I'm Spanish speaker I'm from Nicaragua And I so love your video Thank you very much You're great I'm new follower
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Welcome to my channel Juan!
Having watched this video, I got much better understanding of participle clauses.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Great to hear! Thanks!
@piggyman1633
2 жыл бұрын
take that "of" down for your sentence to become grammatically correct.
This is a very comprehensive lesson on an important subject and I wonder why you don't do any more videos like this one. This lesson contains a lot subcategories each of which can be the subject of a separate video.
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Thanks Saeid! Great suggestion!
@shoeingtontheshoe3354
Жыл бұрын
i sleep
This video being awesome, I've watched it several times. I would think this lesson needs some follow-ups because of its importance. For instance, at 7:54, you taught absolute phrases, which need more in-depth analysis and scrutiny, or reduced adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses as well as other ways to add variety to our sentences in written English.
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Thanks Saeid, and thanks for the tips for follow on lessons. 🙏🏻
Hi from Germany, I really liked your video an appreciate it really much, I think it is going to help me for my exam tomorrow really much. Thank you and keep your good work up :)
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Best of luck! Glad it was helpful!
This was by far the best explanation of participlea.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for your kind words!
Thank you so much for such a detailed explanation. With such wonderful content now available, I am able to fill gaps I've had since school. Moreover, sometimes I feel as if teachers at school did their best to prevent us, students, from learning the language and becoming really fluent English speakers. I'm glad times have changed. Anyway, have a wonderful week!
@oxfordenglishnow
3 ай бұрын
You too and thank you for your kind words!
Jaw-dropping !! You are a terrific teacher!! No other video on this grammar topic I´ve ever seen was as good and clear as yours! State-of-the-art material! You are a star!! Thank you so very much for this amazing lesson! 🧡❤💛💙💖
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks SO much Ana for your kind words! ❤️❤️
@shoeingtontheshoe3354
Жыл бұрын
i sleep
@meropepo1084
11 ай бұрын
What is the answer for the last example? Please
Found my favourite teacher 💕😍❤. Thank you so much teacher. I really appreciate ❤🙏God bless you sweet teacher
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you! 😃. Such kind words Hanoo! Welcome to my channel!
Thank You sooo much for this Video, its really good 💗
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
My pleasure!
Thank you so much. It is very useful lesson for me.
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
You are welcome!
You deserve more hits. Neat and clear. Do I find it useful? Definitely. Thanks.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Much appreciated! Thanks
U have made the most complete instructions of participle clauses, thanks you very much woman
@oxfordenglishnow
6 ай бұрын
Glad you liked it!
Outstanding explanation my doubt removed thanks🙏🙏
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Glad it helped
Oh, At last I see Oxford. ❤video is perfect. We ll learn participle together. Great thanks. My lovely school❤.
@oxfordenglishnow
9 ай бұрын
Glad you enjoyed it
Oh, Hello Sarah! Nice to see you again, my teacher. Thank you for the interesting lesson. I have spent more than an hour to listen and write down all your examples. The following is my answer. 1. Taking all things into account, I've decided to resign. 2. Taken three times a day, these tablets will help your allergy. I miss you and your lessons all the time. See you very soon.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Perfect, well done Nam!
@Finnegan-er3pr
11 ай бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow Why not Having taken all things into account? He decided after that.
Excellent one ,more expected in the future ma'am.thanks lot
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks Jana! Yes another one out soon! Promise, I am working on it now!
Best video ever illustrating this topic
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Thanks Yasmin!
I understand it finally! Thanks a lot ❤ Keep your fingers crossed because I am having a test tommorow 🙄
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Good luck for the test!
Thanks for your reply Your videos and replies are really helpful.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks Akshat!
One of the best videos describing the topic. Special thanks for the examples at the end.
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Glad you liked it!
Hi dear, I believe you are one of the kinds when it comes to authentic teaching; I really appreciate it. Anyway, having read almost all of the comments, I couldn't find the answers to final questions provided in the end of the this video. Hence, I'm going to answer them. 1. Taking, After taking/After having taken, Having taken all things into account, I've decided to resign. 2. Taken three times a day, these tablets will help your allergy.
@oxfordenglishnow
9 ай бұрын
Well done! You are correct!
Wonderful explanation and extremely helpful for learners!
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Glad to hear it!
Thank you very much for this useful video. Having watched this video, I get more confidence to use the participles. Here are my answers to the quiz. Taking all things into account, I have decided to resign. Taken three times a day, these tablets will help your allergy.
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Thanks for the kind words BeerSura and well done for the right answer!
Terrific lesson, love it, but will be really helpful to have subtitles for it
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Thanks. There are subtitles in English.
Having finished this lesson, I wrote everything 😍❤
@oxfordenglishnow
11 ай бұрын
Well done! It would be better to say, “I wrote everything down.”
Thank you for a lesson! 1.Taken 2.Taking
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
That's correct Sweetalmond! well done!
@elodogcaun7410
2 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow that is incorrect I guess
I realy like how you are talking and i understand you you are perfect teacher i like you
@oxfordenglishnow
17 күн бұрын
Thank you for your kind words!
Because of you,this topic looks super easy now
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Great to hear this!
you are the sweetest teacher ever ma'am
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Thanks Melina! So kind!
taking and take , ty this video is so good hopefully I do good on my English final Tmr😭
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Hi cileen, the answers are taking and taken. I hope your exam went well!
Thank you very much It is very nice way of teaching
@oxfordenglishnow
6 ай бұрын
It's my pleasure
Writing an english exam tomorrow, you really helped me out😄😄
@oxfordenglishnow
5 ай бұрын
Glad to hear it!
Hi so thankful for your perfent teaching , i undrestand it very well🙏
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Glad to hear that
Well mam no words left to say. I 'm from India , studying 9th grade and looking forward to attend Cambridge University
@oxfordenglishnow
7 ай бұрын
Good Luck and congratulations!
Your hand movement is impressive. Nice video btw
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
My pleasure!
Thank you mam. I am able to understand participle clauses now
@oxfordenglishnow
8 ай бұрын
My pleasure 😇
Very helpful, thank you
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
my pleasure!
Hello. Thanks a lot for you video. It was great. Is there any book where I can exercise more with this participles clauses? Thanks
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Hi Music, I would recommend any of the grammar books by Oxford or Cambridge University Press. I have English Grammar in Use by Cambridge and they have exercises on participle clauses included amongst many other things. I hope that helps!
@somebody__4585
2 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow okay thanks!
A great video .. thanks a million I'm wondering what is the difference (in usage) between ( present participle ) and ( perfect participle in active ) .. since you used both at 6:30 ?
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Hi Arira, so the example I gave was, "After visiting/ having visited several shops, we returned to the hotel." The meaning here is very similar for both tenses. A perfect participle clause emphasises that the action they describe was finished before the action in the main clause, whereas the present participle is used here because it enables us to say information in a more economical way. The writer has a choice which tense to use. I hope that helps!
@Him0_0
2 жыл бұрын
So there are some cases that we can use both forms and the meaning is still correct .. right?
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
@@Him0_0 That's right Arira.
@Him0_0
2 жыл бұрын
YOU JUST MADE MY DAY 💗 I CAN'T THANK YOU ENOUGH ❤️
Hi , I wanna thank you for this wonderful video This is , perhaps, the only informative video about participle clauses. I have a question, can we use these clauses in Speaking , like: "Transport burns most of the world's petroleum, creating air pollution" Does this sentence sound natural in speaking part 3 in IELTS? Please kindly answer my question if you have free time Thanks so much
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Hi, yes it sounds great... good idea to show off what you can do. Well done!
@thayanhtienganhvacaccon969
2 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow thanks so much
A great lesson.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thanks! Appreciate your comment!
OH MY GOD!!!! Thank you Thank you Thank you soooo much. It is much more than I wanna know.
@oxfordenglishnow
10 ай бұрын
So happy to hear you liked my lesson!
Hello madam, thank you for your incredible explanation about the participles. But I have a question, does that mean present participles sound like active voice while past participles take passive voice forms? In other way, if I wan to use relative clauses or relative pronouns in place of participles, can I use past participle in place of passive relative clauses and present participle instead of active relative clauses?
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Hi, Can you give me some example sentences?
this is amazing!thank you!
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
My pleasure!
Thanks for the clear message
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
You are so welcome
I love you.you are so professional in teaching.❤😍😍
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Thank you so much Tina!
I love you lady! This video is amazing.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much
The Video is actualy useful
@oxfordenglishnow
4 ай бұрын
So pleased 😀
Hi Sarah , happy you are back. We need your grammar lessons badly 😃. As for the answers, l think they should be 1 - having taken, 2- being taken Waiting for your feedback 😁
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Hi Natalie, Thanks for the comment! As for the answers, yes you can say "having taken" for the first one, as well as the more simple, "taking." For the second one, it is just, "taken." Hope that helps. 😊
@user-uh4qd3mv9r
3 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow Thank you !
Thank you sooooo much!
@oxfordenglishnow
5 ай бұрын
You're welcome!
Lots of thanks to you !
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Always welcome
Thank you very much for your video teacher :)! I thought the right answer was having/had :/ Maybe the next time ;)
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Hi Guillermo, at least you got the right tense for each answer! The answer is taking, as the expression is, taking something into account and in the second sentence you take a tablet. Hope that helps!
Thank you teacher
@oxfordenglishnow
3 ай бұрын
My pleasure!
Thank you very much! Do I get it rightly? Transitive verbs: Present Participle Active (writing) Present Participle Passive (being written) Past Participle *Passive* (written) Perfect Participle Active (having written/having been writing) Perfect Participle Passive (having been written) As far as I understand there's no (Present/Past/Perfect) *Participle Passive* for intransivite verbs even for Past. Intransitive verbs: Present Participle Active (sleeping) Past Participle *Active* (slept) Perfect Participle Active (having slept/having been slept)
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
You write very long questions! If you want more in-depth help, I would recommend you become a patron at www.patreon.com/oxfordenglishnow! I hope that helps!
exams are next month and i feel relieved after watching this!
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Glad to hear it!
I am your number one fan. much larger fan than person called Edouard.
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Hi Tom, thanks for being my number one fan! ❤️
Thank you for this useful video. I just got one question regarding the second sentence with 'know'. Could we say 'being known by many people...'? Thanks
@oxfordenglishnow
3 ай бұрын
Yes, you can! I hope that helps!
Thank you teacher ❤
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
You're welcome 😊
It is a very easy-to-understand video for this relatively difficult English grammer. Is the answer to the last question in the video, 1=Taking, 2=Taken ?
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
Thanks very much! and yes you are correct!
Thank you alot. That helps .👌👌👌👌
@oxfordenglishnow
Жыл бұрын
You're welcome!
Hello I found very useful this video and I wanna ask you a qustion about this issue.''Talk of a European Super League has been around since the 1980s, with many top football leagues in Europe afraid of such a competition forming''. In this sentence ''comma and with'' are a participle??as a different subject??
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Hi mert, this is just a subordinate clause. A participle clause links the 2 clauses with a verb. Hope that helps!
@mertkaya1164
3 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow Yes ofcourse your reply become useful for me.Thank you so much.Regards!
Watching this video, I was asking for a hello of the one and only >> Oxford English Now Lady
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Hello Can Gurz! How are you?
@pilot9370
2 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow im Good
Literal perfection. الكمال الحرفي.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much 😊
Thank you so much
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
You're most welcome
Dear teacher please make a video on full explanation on participle with all uses I hope you will help me about this difficult topic because I read newspapers every day in the news it comes often and I get confused to see what is that mainly adjective phrase like I think it is only action but sometimes it works as adjective.
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Hi Anand, yes I agree it is a difficult area of grammar. Thank you for your suggestion. I will put it on my list of upcoming lesson ideas!
@Randhawa90218
3 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow thx dear
@Randhawa90218
3 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow Sharing some glimpses of the Sheedi run that happened earlier today at Tikri Border. Is this gerund or present participle?
@Randhawa90218
3 жыл бұрын
A passenger train carrying an estimated 350 people derailed in eastern Taiwan on Friday morning, killing at least 36 people and injuring dozens more, the authorities said, marking the island's deadliest rail accident in decades. Is marking adjective here or all phrase is participle adjective?
I understood the lesson until 8:36. If the participle clauses do not have a specific tense, why would they need to be categorized as present participle("ing) and past participle ("d", "ed")?
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Hi, present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs whereas past participles normally have a passive meaning. I hope that helps!
thank you really help me
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
My pleasure 😇
Thank you madam
@oxfordenglishnow
7 ай бұрын
My pleasure 😇
Please correct me if I'm wrong. Hi teacher, I am confused. Is the comma in the first sentence (We lay on the beach, gazing up at the sky.) a typo? I don't think a comma is necessary here. Coz I was taught like > E.g. She met her friend walking down the street. I listen to the radio driving to work.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Hi Yu, for different clauses in a sentence you need a comma. There is no typo here, "We lay on the beach, gazing up at the sky," is correct. With your 2 sentences, She met her friend watching down the street. Do you mean, walking down the street? if this is the case it is not a separate clause but part of the main one and likewise with I listen to the radio driving to work. You need a comma if it is a separate clause.
@yuchin4763
2 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow thanks for your explanation.
Hi , I am Rahul from India. Your lessons are great. I want to know how do native English speakers ask the question ” Whicheth president of America is Joe Biden” for which the answer is ” He is the 46th president of America ? ” How do you ask such questions in native English?
@oxfordenglishnow
3 жыл бұрын
Hi Rahul, I think you would say something like: Which number is the current president? or Which number of president is Jo Biden? Hope that helps.
@rahulkrish7146
3 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow Thank you 👍
@Randhawa90218
3 жыл бұрын
The incident led to train services on the Yellow Line being disrupted for over two hours from 8:54 am to 11 am, they said ( tell me is this past participle adjective phrase) or simple past tense is (led) 2 form here plz explain me
Excellent
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much 😀
Thanks ☺️
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Welcome 😊
thank you so much
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
My pleasure !
Thank you.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
You're welcome!
Thank you 😊 sooooooooo much mam.
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Most welcome 😊
Hi! May I ask you a question? ~Realizing that I didn't know much, I began to panic. Is the subject of the participle clause is the same as that of the main clause? like~ While I was realizing that I didn't know much, I began to panic. or~Because I realized that I didn't know much, I began to panic. or both all correct? Thanks
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Hi Chris, the subject of the participle clause is usually the same as that of the main clause. Both your sentences are correct. Here, in your original sentence, the participle clause is giving the cause of the main clause. I hope that helps!
@chrischang1239
2 жыл бұрын
@@oxfordenglishnow Thanks ~
Hi! On what basis do we choose a past participle or a present participle? Is there a certain rule?
@oxfordenglishnow
2 жыл бұрын
Present participles have a similar meaning to active verbs whereas past participles normally have a passive meaning. So you would choose according to the context. I hope that helps!
@saeid9800
Жыл бұрын
Learn reduced adverb clauses & reduced adjective clauses (both active and passive sentences) FIRST. Without knowing them, this lesson is confusing.
@mohammadmomenan2699
Жыл бұрын
@@saeid9800 ThanQ Saeid. I know them quite well actually. I was trying to find a lees painful explanation for my student