Hey folks as I said in the video I messed up on the psi at depth: it’s 5700 psi not 57,000! 😂 My bad: I don’t deal with imperial measurements very often so my spidey sense didn’t go off til I was editing the video. My apologies!

@pedroteixeira4369

Жыл бұрын

They most likely did explode. The explosion occurred immediately after the implosion. The pressure vessel would have acted as a diesel cylinder and the uncompressible incoming water as the piston. So the water pressurizes the content of the pressure vessel that has essentially air with oxygen, and hydrocarbons ( fat from five persons ) to a point where they will self combust, creating an explosion. it can be visualized as water compressing down the contents of the interior of the pressure vessel all around to a minuscule dot, that then suddenly explodes when it combusts.

@_pianoN_

Жыл бұрын

well on a positive note, you clearly watch your videos before you post them and recognise your mistakes. that is a very rare thing for content creators on youtube.

@douglasmoore5078

Жыл бұрын

@@pedroteixeira4369 I agree then you are jello, contributing to the food chain way down!

@lynguy8824

Жыл бұрын

👍 the point still stands

@hizacaine

Жыл бұрын

What could possibly go wrong with a little math error? Add some janky engineering. Hmmm

I never believed that in 20 minutes I could understand the relationship between the pressure of gases and fluids as well as the reaction of the human body in such a beautiful and conceptual way.

@DrKnowitallKnows

Жыл бұрын

Thank you. I know production quality wasn't the best because I was traveling but I tried to break it down well and really appreciate the compliment!

@mhern57

11 ай бұрын

​​@@DrKnowitallKnows Dear Dr. Since you are explaining things clearly and scientifically as best you can, I'm a little surprised that you would choose to round up instead of simply saying what the pressure actually is. 14.7. At least to begin with. And then to make it easier say, or about 15 pounds

I remember a Myth Busters episode where they put a human body equivalent into a deep sea diver suit to prove/disprove a myth that a diver could be compressed into his helmet. I forget the depth, but it didn't seem all that deep... Sure enough, when they cut the air hose providing air and counter-pressure, the dummy's body was shoved all the way up into it's helmet!... Was an eye-opener-- The awesome forces at play!

@1dash133

Жыл бұрын

That was a case of dissimilar pressures. Pressure in the helmet was basically ambient atmospheric pressure. Pressure on the suit was whatever depth they were at. The pressure on the suit forced the meat up into the helmet. They could just as well have done the experiment in a lab, high pressure vessel to low pressure vessel, with the same results.

@paulbarrow8631

Жыл бұрын

In long past "hard hat" diving, back in the "olden days" - using the copper helmet connected to the suit via the corselet, making the helmet and suit all one pressure vessel, a rupture of the air supply hose on the surface, or much shallower than the diver would cause a catastrophic loss of pressure in the 'system'. The suit, being relatively flexible would collapse and the helmet, being rigid, obviously wouldn't, leading to the "contents" of the suit being rammed into the helmet. In those days it was known as a "cupping glass blow".

@RiffMusic1970

Жыл бұрын

How did I miss that one?!

@andya857

Жыл бұрын

And there are fish that that live deep. .Amazing ..🐙

@FollowerOfYeshua1974

Жыл бұрын

​@@andya857God created the fish for that environment.

Thank you!! The media questions about recovery of the bodies did my head it. It's a horrible situation which shouldn't have happened but the instantaneous nature of it is a blessing to the passengers.

There is an interview that James Cameron did that says their community (submersible community) was told that the Titan dropped its weights and tried to signal to the mother ship that there was an emergency. If thats the case..they may not have felt the actual implosion but they definitely knew something was about to happen which makes it even more sad because the thought of knowing you are about to die..i can only imagine the anxiety panic and fear. The whole situation is sadly terrible and seems like something from a movie.

@wormhole331

Жыл бұрын

I'm sure that thing delaminated like crazy before imploding. They heard that going on and tried to go up. I can't imigine how scary that would be hearing the sub starting to give.

@fredharvey2720

Жыл бұрын

​@@wormhole331or the window giving out

@clarkscarborough959

Жыл бұрын

It was reported that Stockton Rush heard creaking noises coming from the frame (I wonder which part of the frame?) and dropped the ballast. But it probably wasn't many seconds after that that it imploded. The black box would tell more, but too bad we won't have a video of where Rush looked after the sounds occurred. The remains of the carbon fiber-to-titanium connection may have shattered so badly that the NTSB will never be able to show us the actual spot at which failure occurred.

@kawikajones9436

Жыл бұрын

@@clarkscarborough959 there was no black box on that sub

@soots-stayingoutofthespotl5495

Жыл бұрын

Well, in response to ay's concern and knowing what we do about the man, if he was actually working to try and get the sub back up to the surface for a number of minutes, I can't help feeling that Rush (through his own delusion and self-belief) would likely have stayed calm and reassured the occupants of the Titan that all was going to be fine. That would have been the only saving grace to the situation quite frankly, aside from a quick death perhaps, but obviously if it wasn't for the former (mindset) we wouldn't have had the latter.

I posted a little while ago or I should say re-posted an interview on this subject with James Cameron of film legend including aliens,, abyss, Titanic. People don't generally no but James Cameron is an engineer by training and he had a great deal input on some of the early Mars rovers, he designed and had constructed his own submersible which he then took to the bottom of the Mariana trench it over 35,000 ft. I would recommend anyone that's interested in what happened to this submersible based on what is known at the to watch the interview with James Cameron.

@singularity4049

Жыл бұрын

James Cameron said they will have heard creaking and will have known what’s coming next. How terrifying that moment would have been for them? Granted they will not have known any pain when it happened, but the dread of knowing what’s coming is still terrifying.

@RobCLynch

Жыл бұрын

​@@singularity4049I've thought about this and I have convinced myself that Stockton Rush and the French pilot guy would have known the danger, but I don't think they would have shared it, as they would have been busy attempting an emergency ascent procedure. Yes there may have been some anxiety, a bit like when we experience turbulence on a plane for the first time, but I think the two guys mentioned wouldn't have had time to explain the details. And of course, I think we all agree that the actual implosion would have happened so quickly that nobody would have known what hit them. Ultimately, I personally have a slight relief that it wasn't the other scenario...that they were trapped in a tube on the bottom of the ocean, with oxygen running out!

@artnull13

Жыл бұрын

Damn shame he can’t write a good story though.

Regardless of your mistakes, you have opened up my mind. Knowing physic, I can relate to your explanations and images that those five individuals did not suffered at all. And this incident should have not happened had the Oceangate builder knows science completely.

@kelvinbarber1765

Жыл бұрын

When u r rich, u think u know it all.

Great summary of pressure differences as you ascend into the atmosphere and descend into the ocean.

@cloudberry27

Жыл бұрын

Yes and anyone with a half decent education already knew that. But his cavalier attitude to that people actually died and he seems like this is a pig out picnic to him is absolutely vile.

Thank you… I wouldn’t want to hear this from any other ‘know it all’. Respectfully added. Great breakdown and summary.

Since carbon fiber is more for tensile strength than compressive, it would be dumb for a submersible

@davidadams3669

Жыл бұрын

Solid truth. The only strength under compression would be the epoxy. Now the real question is, who's stupid...yes stupid, idea was it?

@CR-wk2re

Жыл бұрын

​@@davidadams3669it was Stockton Rush's idea. There's plenty of footage if him talking about the carbon fiber hull and how proud he is of it.

@gingernutpreacher

Жыл бұрын

​@kingfuqurmahmen6792I think he means to stop them breaking off samples

@otenow2865

Жыл бұрын

@,-,@

@TheRoosje1964

10 ай бұрын

Agree. It should be banned and prohibited. Well said. 🫡

Thanks Dr Gibbs for this informative video. Glad to hear that the Titan passengers didn't have to suffer like getting stranded and the oxygen runs out.

The very first message from the Coast Guard said that there was an accident from "water column implosion". A perfect, but graphic explanation. Later releases removed the words water column since few people knew what it meant and perhaps also for the comfort of the families.

@sahhull

Жыл бұрын

Or. Dumbed down the statement for the American audience.

@fredharvey2720

Жыл бұрын

The media have gone out of their way to avoid explaining what happened to their bodies

@sahhull

Жыл бұрын

@@fredharvey2720 You need an explanation. Meaning you cannot imagine for yourself what would happen to a body when it's exposed to that amount of pressure, that quickly

@cremebrulee4759

Жыл бұрын

​@@fredharvey2720something that graphic would be very upsetting to many people. And certainly the families of the victims don't need to hear that.

When I did my diving course they told me a true story of how a scuba diver offered his regulator to a snorkel diver about 10 feet down. The snorkeler took a breath, held it, surfaced and died when his lungs over expanded.

@wilfredvanvalkenburgh2874

Жыл бұрын

Likely from a air embolism.. Air pressure can be forced into the blood stream. When the air bubble hits the brain, the brain stops working. Similar things can happen to the body, including the brain, when dissolved nitrogen is released from too rapid decompression. Then it's called "the Bends'". Learn before diving.

John. Accurate assessment. I know it only would have lasted for a millisecond, but the air would have become super hot as it got compressed. Scott Manley estimated that the amount of energy released during the collapse would have been the equivalent of the explosion 50kg of TNT! Incredible.

Very informative video! Thank you! I've never done SCUBA diving but I've put on an SCBA quite a number of times since I was in the fire department when I was younger. We never learned any of the stuff about the regulator increasing the amount of air based on pressure but we were working basically at or around atmospheric pressure so I wonder if the regulators we had were ever capable of changing the amount of air in the same way as the ones designed for when you have the U in the mix. My gut tells me that they still might do that but only because when I was in fire academy, there was only one other woman who made it through the entire academy and we ended up teaming up on this exercise where you'd crawl into this box maze and have to find your way out through feel alone because they made it so that no light got into that maze at all. The hard part wasn't finding your way out as much as it was doing so before the air in your SCBA ran out. Of all the two person teams who went into that maze, the other woman and I were literally the only ones who got out with air still in our SCBA bottles and we always came out with more than half our bottles left, whereas all the guys ran out before escaping the maze. We thought it was so much fun that we did the maze several times and never went below half a bottle. I think it had to do with not panicking because, while many of the guys were bigger people than we were, there were plenty of guys in our academy who were the same size (and even a couple of smaller guys) who still couldn't make it through the maze without running out of air. If it had only been the people our size and smaller to make it through with air, I would think that the regulator was changing the amount of air based on our lung capacity but we were literally the only ones who could make it through. It might still have been the regulator delivering more air to the others but I think probably the best way to explain this would be that they panicked in there where they were in an enclosed space in perfect darkness. I'm claustrophobic but it turns out that I don't feel that way when I can't see that I'm in such an enclosed space even when I can clearly feel that I am. Anyway, I just thought this was an interesting tidbit about what happens when you use a bottle but you don't go underwater with it.

@wilfredvanvalkenburgh2874

Жыл бұрын

In a maze, take the turns to the same side. All lefts or all rights. When you mix them up, confusion and panic ensues.

Early steam engines operated off atmospheric pressure. The steam was used to drive the air out of a cylinder and then cooled to make it condense back into water and create a vacuum in the cylinder.

Wow, I never knew any of the info regarding scuba diving, very interesting and complex :O and just highlights how dangerous it is if you don't know what you're doing. Thanks for that.

Thanks for the good/better sound this time. The only unknown is if there were mechanical noises (or, maybe just one noise) prior to the rapid compression. If the occupants heard that before they instantly died they might have suffered fear/anxiety for some unknown length of time.

@YKSGuy

Жыл бұрын

Based on information released by the US navy they heard a boom around the time of the initial descent, those random noses detected during the search where way after that and likely unrelated..

@JessiBear

Жыл бұрын

When carbon fiber fails it fails spectacularly. They were turned to jelly before their brains could process the event. The implosion released the energy of 50kg of TNT in 0.003 seconds.

@traveloasis8389

Жыл бұрын

According to Cha-GPT there are warning signs…creaking & pops, water intrusion, bulging of the window, sensors going off, etc. James Cameron said there were sensors in the hull of the vessel.

Great video! this is by far the best explanation I’ve heard yet!! Thanks so much!!

I was in the Submarine Service of the US Navy in the 1960's. During our training in Submarine School in Groton, CT we were taught how to make an emergency escape from a submarine. The figures we were taught was the pressure increased at 44 pounds per square inch per 100 feet of depth. So at 100 feet the pressure on your body was 44 PSI. Your description of what would happen to the human body was pretty much correct. The body would liquefy. We all knew this in the subs. It was a fact we all were aware of and lived with. The many things taught us would work in limited situations but in reality we knew that if something was to happen was to do the anatomically impossible and kiss our butts goodby! It was a great life on the boats and almost everyone of us loved the life and people we worked with. With our qualification training we knew we could count on one another and trust one another. Two songs that explain sub life the best: Big Black Submarine: kzread.info/dash/bejne/qKxhrsmglpW6iMY.html ...and: Diesel Boats Forever: kzread.info/dash/bejne/q6OZm5d_hNbMnJM.html

Thank you for explaining what would of happened. I thought the bodies would be floating out there ,so sad what happened.

They most likely did explode. The explosion occurred immediately after the implosion. The pressure vessel would have acted as a diesel cylinder and the uncompressible incoming water as the piston. So the water pressurizes the content of the pressure vessel that has essentially air with oxygen, and hydrocarbons ( fat from five persons ) to a point where they will self combust, creating an explosion. it can be visualized as water compressing down the contents of the interior of the pressure vessel all around to a minuscule dot, that then suddenly explodes when it combusts.

@edrogers9530

Жыл бұрын

I'd agree with that, When you compress air rapidly, It heats up. At those pressures, The speed of compression increases that much more rapidly. For a brief second, The air would exceed that of the sun until the water extinguished it. It would have tried to explode against the forces of water.

@taylorkerr4415

Жыл бұрын

Every action has an equal and opposing reaction. I think.

@YON_RO

Жыл бұрын

So like when the cavity made by a bullet in ballistic gel collapses on itself and generates another little explosion

@mikestanmore2614

Жыл бұрын

Yes, Gay-Lussac's law.

@jimschutz

Жыл бұрын

This is an outstanding explanation of why the structure blew apart instead of crushed.

Amazing video sir! It shows how smart people like you should be listened too and not ignored.

380 bar x 14.7 psi/bar = 5586 psi, not 55,000 psi.

@gcauldwell

Жыл бұрын

Sounds right, because I was multiplying 15 psi by ~4000 to get 57000; But 1 bar vs 380 bar is more like 400, than 4000. So I predict the prof will concede the correction

@PlumSack79

Жыл бұрын

Invalid correction, he's saying 57000

@tech5298

Жыл бұрын

55 million billion There fixed it

@ianbetts4435

Жыл бұрын

It's a lot earlier way. If a tyre blows up in your face it would frobably kill you and that's about 30psi.

@ronniebuchanan6575

Жыл бұрын

​@@ianbetts4435Possible but at 30 PSI would probably injur you maybe kill you. At 70 % probably kill you major explosion.

I am an experienced scuba diver (2000+ hours underwater). This is a reasonably accurate summary. However, your description leaves the impression that their bodies were compressed like down to nothing. Most of the body is water (which is barely compressible) and so those portions don't get compressed much. So there _are_ remains to find and they are normally proportioned except in the lungs and inner ears which are compressed. A sad story for the participants and their loved ones.

@pnketia

Жыл бұрын

Thanks for your explanation. I was wondering if there would be anything left of their bodies like bone fragments or clothing?

@forfun6273

Жыл бұрын

You know there’s also cavitation explosions. Like the oxygen in your lungs isn’t just going to crush down. It’s going to ignite and vaporize. So the air in your body and the submersible is going to explode violently and it may do it multiple times. So yeah I don’t believe there’s going to be much left. I was saying I would love to put a dead pig in a acrylic pressure chamber and bring it down a few thousand meters and then use a shape charge or something to weaken it causing an implosion and yeah having a high speed camera to catch it.

@dogfaceponysoldier

Жыл бұрын

That's not what happens in an implosion

@juggernaut316

Жыл бұрын

Cavitation

@suserman7775

Жыл бұрын

@pnketia of course there will. Teeth. Bones. Metal rings, fillings, etc. Don't listen to this video's author. He jumbles random thoughts without a methodical, careful way of thinking.

Great channel. Glad I stumbled onto it. Thank you Sir!

Wow very informative, i learnt to dive 25 years ago but have only done 30 odd dives since and this acted as a good refresher.

Every time you said "you will kill yourself" or "it will kill you" when you were explaining the scuba diving portion, it reminded me of what rout was taken when developing scuba diving. Trial and error mostly, and that error was death!

Thanks for explaining the pressure concept Found it hard to understand, but its clear here Thanks once more

Thanks for making it so understandable! Just last week I'm shopping for a simple dive watch. I guess 200-300m is very minimal.

5:43 ur close but you don’t want a cylinder going that deep you want a sphere because a sphere/circle pressure is distributed evenly. When you have a cylinder there are more loads u have a load pushing on the cylinder then a load from the end caps pushing into it so by design there are 2 loads again that’s why you want a sphere so you have one load

@maryalove5534

Жыл бұрын

Especially one that should never have been in the water!!!!! ... 😢 It's so tragic!!!!! ... 😢

Awesome info!

Thanks for helping me understand what happened and when the submersible imploded. I thought they could find remains easily, and now I know that’s unlikely.

@kdury9635

Жыл бұрын

Carbon fiber is strong in tension, but, if you put strong string in a matrix of peanut butter, ie epoxy, the compressive strength is tiny.

@ArthropodSpidey

Жыл бұрын

You don't need to be a genius to understand that they can't find the remains easily. The definition of implosion is enough.

@suserman7775

Жыл бұрын

Teeth aren't going to be completely disintegrated. They could help identify. Now if teeth are in the belly of a fish.......

@topfuel29channel

Жыл бұрын

The air temperature inside the sub went from say @70 F. to 200,000 F in (1) millionth of a second. They were vaporized to ash. It takes @(25) millionths of a second to react to feeling.

@po22etj3s_

Жыл бұрын

@@suserman7775 I don’t think finding teeth on the ocean floor is going to be easy.

If there's a weak spot the pressure will find it and once it does it's all over.

VERY INFORMATIVE! THANK YOU

i learned something about scuba diving today!

Good gory description 👌. Good job.

It’s comforting to know they didn’t suffer or have terror. I’ve been having nightmares. And the boy!!!😢 I guess he didn’t want to go but wanted to be with his dad. He had so much life ahead of him.

Very good explanation easy to understand thank you!!!

6:09 yes, there was some structurally weak element in this vehicle: the cylindrical carbon fiber wound middle component. Why they chose a tension material for a compression task is beyond me.

@vinnylamoureux1187

Жыл бұрын

Uh, stupidity? Or perhaps, failure to do research and listen to people who knew more than the designers did. Saving money is one thing. Thinking beyond the immediate challenge is another. Politicians are often guilty of this when they try to solve social problems.

@rpondyke2121

Жыл бұрын

That is my thought exactly. Carbon fiber is a great material tension. But compression? Makes no sense. Good reasons why submarines are made of thick walled steel.

@maxmanx1294

Жыл бұрын

Because Stockton Rush believed he knew more than everyone else. He bragged about breaking the rules & using CF. Carbon fiber's properties have been well-researched & documented for years. But Rush decided he knew more than was identified in those studies. At least he seemed to really believe it vs know better & send others down there while he was safely top side.

@Iazzaboyce

Жыл бұрын

Considering they were wanting people to pay $250K for a ride - you'd think they would make something and test it to twice the depth of Titanic.

@8alltime

Жыл бұрын

Anyone who knows anything about deep diving and carbon fiber components can answer that for you. Your comment shows ignorance about the topic.

Funny you mentioned this...I once took a garden hose to the bottom of a 5' deep pool and I could NOT get a breath of air! After contemplating it, I realized, my lungs just weren't strong enough to displace that much water. A 25' swimming pool. In effect, I was trying to raise the water level of the pool by some finite amount.

Great explanation thank you very much

You’re are brave man to go scuba diving. I’m now so terrified my snorkel mask would implode the next time I go snorkelling, so I’ve given up on any water activities involving anything beneath the surface of the ocean. With that, I’m off for a holiday in Fiji this week where the only water activity I will partake would go no deeper than the depths of of the receptacle containing my gin and tonic cocktail.

@surajrajwani8773

Жыл бұрын

Lol 😂 Everything in life is a risk reward game. Experience makes you know what risk to take and what to not to

@Imw101

Жыл бұрын

Relax, You only need a mask to have an air space in front of your eyes so you can see clearly. The mask can never implode when snorkelling on the surface because surface snorkelling has no effect on air pressure. If you did dive down a few feet the expanded air simply would simply vent out through the gaps in the flexible rubber/silicon edge against your face,

@kerelistu

Жыл бұрын

@@Imw101 except the air in the mask compresses as you get deeper forcing the mask onto your face, to counteract this you blow air out your nose to equalise the mask. It's only as you go up that the air expands

@pilot8303

Жыл бұрын

I don’t like the ocean 🌊 we don’t know enough about it

@wilfredvanvalkenburgh2874

Жыл бұрын

@@surajrajwani8773 Death by mis-adventure is a real thing.

The Titan pressure vessel is made with fiber-carbon/titanium. No steel used in the cabin.

You keep saying 57,000, you mean to be saying 5700 PSI. In seawater every foot of depth adds .445 PSI, in freshwater it's .432 PSI per foot of death. And of course you would then add 14.7 PSI for the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the surface of the water. (Round off to .5 PSI times feet of sea water.)

@bdtang

Жыл бұрын

Takes away from his credibility

@macko-dad

Жыл бұрын

It must be hard for him to constantly convert the simple metric units to the idiotic imperial crap.

Great work. There was likely a heat aspect too from the rapid compression of the surrounding air. Similar to the function of a fire piston.

Great video, thanks!!

You forgot about the heat - compressing gas creates heat energy, and according to chatgpt, this implosion created the same energy equivalent to roughly 820lb of TNT confined to a small volume of space in that pressure vessel. The crew wasn't crushed - they were incinerated.

@adamoxen

Жыл бұрын

They were both crushed & then incinerated. The implosion itself lasts 3 milliseconds so everything takes place in like a super flash

@johnc2438

Жыл бұрын

Cooked goo!

@vicvega3614

Жыл бұрын

@@johnc2438 like taking a sledgehammer to a tube of toothpaste

Excellent video !

Very well presented

Thank you for this video. I have been looking for this type of video. I wanted to understand how the pressure would impact their body. Thank you!!!!!!

it’s such an unfortunate event😑 but now I understand wtf went down..thx dr👍🏼

Well done John! Cheers, Eric

I've wondered if they may have felt pressure in their ears shortly before the emplosion...and if they heard cracking noises inside the hull?

@erickrohn2970

Жыл бұрын

Yes im sure they heard cracking noises. In a interview of a guy that was in the Titan on his dive he had said the Titan is a death trap and he would never dive again in that Submersible. He spoke how the carbon fiber pressure hull made cracking noises on the dive. And was told this is normal because of the materials used to make the hull.

@annie-zn7bn

Жыл бұрын

Yes I am sure they heard something. Sad to say they new something. Unfortunately it was not instant no matter what people say. You're stupid if you think this was instant.. I am sure they hurt cracking noises or an alarm.

@lloydbishun9584

Жыл бұрын

They wouldn't hear anyting. This guy is talking about how they couldn't feel from their nerves to the brain!? Is faster than the flash at light speed. So when that cracking sound occurred, it probably won't travel to The ears normally slowly. Everything just folded at light speed...

@vicvega3614

Жыл бұрын

@@lloydbishun9584 well they dropped their weights and were headed up to the surface, they knew something was wrong, i bet they heard creaking and cracking, bolts and such, but the implosion was instant,.heres how i think it went: Censors in sides of submersible go off and some creaking sounds. Stockton Rush: "ok we are going to drop the weights and head up, dont be worried this happens all the ti.........." boom they're gone. Probably like 2 seconds

@lloydbishun9584

Жыл бұрын

@@vicvega3614 okay just so long as we think about it. If it's commonplace to have creaking sounds going on normal, in the midst of subbing... I would run for the hills from the beginning. How do they mlia secondly decide... Hey Captain... Sensors detect... Oh! It's a big woooosh!!! Meanwhile, any paper thin... Not able to make a sound Creak... Defect injury 🤕, could have folded the thing!?

Wow that was a fantastic lesson professor!!! Im a TSLA bull and feel sorry for those folks in the Sub. Happy to know it was quick

The weak points in the submersible's pressure hull were the joints between the main tube and the end caps. Given the magnitude of forces involved, EVERYTHING is a spring. All springs compress as their load increases. The end caps compress by reducing their diameter. The main tube is compressed by water pressure and forces on the end caps. The forces from the end caps compress the main tube by making it shorter. The water pressure compresses the main tube by reducing its diameter. The problem comes when the main tube and the end caps do not have their diameters reduced by the same amount for the same change in pressure. At the joint the spring that deforms more will transform load to the spring that deforms less. A contrived worked example: We have two springs. One has a rate of 1000 Newtons per centimeter and the other has a rate of 1200 Newtons per centimeter. We mount the springs side by side and connect the ends, so they must be compressed by the same amount and apply a 33 000 Newton load. If the springs were not connected and each spring carried half of the load (16 500 Newtons), the first spring compresses 16.5 cm and the second spring compresses 13.75 cm. The combined spring under the full load compresses 15 cm, but the first spring only carries 15 000 Newtons and the second spring carries 18 000 Newtons. The larger the disparity in spring rates, the worse the load redistribution becomes. This is why inhomogeneous pressure hulls are a bad idea. The stiffer component must be designed to not just resist water pressure, but the water pressure plus the loads transferred by more flexible components. Alternatively, the stiffer material section is designed to resist water pressure and the sections of more flexible material are designed to be as stiff as the other section

I was a structural engineer for 42 years. I am a certified SCUBA diver with NAUI and YMCA. I'm a certified single engine land pilot with an instrument rating, and I have taught aviation in two universities in Bangkok for 5 years. This video is great, however I think that all the reports of what happened ignore the carbon fiber reinforced polymer used, and the resin (glue) connection to the titanium end rings. In my opinion, this is the most likely area of failure. It is true that if you implode a 55 gallon drum, it fails in the manner which is demonstrated, but the material is continuous, and stress if transferred logically. So if you wanted to, you could model it. But Stockton Rush chose carbon fiber, which is used for fuselages (first being the B787) so he got the idea from that. It is also used on wings, but is applied at 90 degree angles back and forth to resist forces in many directions. With an airplane, the carbon fiber for the fuselage is terminated at the bulkheads, but the connection I think is very different than Rush uses. I think any structural engineer is spooked to see 5,600 psi of pressure and a suspect connection between the 5" carbon fiber tube "attached" to the titanium end rings with a resin (glue)! There are other possible failure points (the view port connection to the titanium door, and possibly the port at which the electrical wiring had to enter the cabin) but #1 is the connection of the tube to the titanium. If you look at what was pulled up from the bottom, it is very typical to see the clean shapes of the titanium rings (not distorted), but where is the tube? I think the tube may have shattered into pieces, or the resin which binds the carbon fibers failed, and by the way there are different types of resin and you need to use the right one, or the least bad one. One other thing: Originally I also thought that there would be no body parts, but thinking about this more, I'd say that there should be distorted body parts (cracked-up bones), with clothing particles (but loose carry-ons might have floated to the surface). I suspect they might find some teeth and maybe the jaws or partial jaws, but many of the teeth probably fell out of the remains of the sub, and disappeared into the surface mud. So when you said that it would implode, then bounce outward so that nothing of the bodies would be found is that part I disagree with. I think it would not rebound very far, against 380 bars--or 285 bars, if one report that it imploded at 3/4 the dept to the Titanic. I think having a SCUBA teacher is great to cover what you covered, but you also need a structural engineer, and the more experience he has with CFRP the better. Experience with fatigue failure also.

Thank you Dr.

Great video and explanation of Scuba, which is the best sport!

Thanks for you effort on explaining this .. but there are much much more clear paths to a good explanation … from a designer of 6000 to 10,000 psi products for the past 50 years .. also have done much work with vacuum down to 18”hg / 400torr…

Fascinating conversation thank you

Lack of Safety, Criminal negligence? there have been reports that they were told numerous times Titan was unsafe yet OceanGate refused to get an independent Safety Inspection.

@adamrak7560

Жыл бұрын

Is this _criminal_ negligence? They were working on international water, and all occupants signed a very _hefty_ waiver which referred to most of the potential problems. It is true that for most countries you cannot sign away all your rights (right to live), but in this case it seems debatable.

@yutakago1736

Жыл бұрын

The OceanGate management have the same mindset as former Boeing management that cause Boeing 737 MAX 8 MCAS disaster. Both disregard passenger safety for profits. They believe innovation means they need to break all the rules. Including safety rules.

Hard to imagine 900 pounds of flesh and bone essentially just liquified. Do you believe the passengers bones and teeth aren’t at least partially intact?

@mailfraudvoter6620

Жыл бұрын

Nope not even the Logitech controller made it

@coraelizabethbrna439

Жыл бұрын

The femur can snap around 1700psi, they were around 6,000, so it doesn’t seem crazy at all

@stevenhill3136

Жыл бұрын

@@coraelizabethbrna439 Broken pieces of bone sure but again not liquified

It's crazy to think that at a pressure of 5,700 PSI, the force on a standard letter sized sheet of paper (8.5 x 11 in) would be about 533,000 lbs or the equivalent force of the mass of an empty Boeing 747 resting on that sheet of paper.

Also was waiting 4 the News of the recovery of the bodies, But after watching this video I give up Thank You

Thanks Dr for such a complete explanation. Regards from Costa Rica.

I was doing my scuba certification in a shallow reef. One thing that surprised me was how to regulate buoyancy. One can either sink down, remain neutral, or float up. I accidentally put a bit too much air into my ballast pouch and what I didn't realize is that the air expands as less pressure is put on it the higher I got up, so I shot up like a cork! Later on, I did some cave diving. And I realized that even regulating the amount of air in my lungs was affecting my buoyancy.

@RunPJs

Жыл бұрын

What cowboy outfit did you train at? That's basic instruction they should teach you before you get in open water

@priestpilot

Жыл бұрын

@RunPJs Ummm, they did teach us that. But I was doing my open water test and it was one of those things that slipped my mind.

The air also heats up when compressed, because the outside is doing work on it! This means that the implosion should have been very luminous too, pushing the internal temperatures _far_ above white hot, for a brief moment. So they would have been cooked inside and outside, and crushed too. It has imploded maybe somewhere around the 2km depth. That is around 20MPa pressure! If I suppose that the internal volume of the sub was 10m^3, than this means around 100MJ energy is released! Most of the energy will turn into thermal energy of the shrinking air bubble.

@olgatrilogymartin3143

Жыл бұрын

You're intelligent!

Thanks Doc.

From what I understand the passengers of the titan sub were incinerated and turned to ash before any part of the sub or water reached them. Using Gay-Lussac's Law Calculator, air temperature would have reach 200,815 F.

@mrbuck5059

Жыл бұрын

Wow!! 200,000. Damn.

What happens to what they wore, and also how creatures can survive there if any does?and can there be no situation of slight water leakage then the vessel giving up..?

Speaking of ruptured lungs. In 1979 a stuntman, AJ Bakunas was trying to break a world record jump of 315 ft onto an air pad. The pad broke and he hit the ground. He was still conscious and completely aware of his predicament. He lived for 24 hours. Seems like his aorta would have torn and he'd of bled out within seconds . Life is dangerous enough without taking these crazy risks.

I believe Dr that the portal cracked after an electrical failure. It sank fast. And the ceo, because he didn't like being disturbed by the top ship while he was exploring 🙄 , eliminated voice communications. The portal wasn't tested at the depths of the titanic. The ceo said he was fast enough if the portal started to crack. The arrogance of that men

@ChrisAndCats

Жыл бұрын

I don't understand that thought at all! It takes 2 hours plus to dive to Titanic vs a millisecond for an implosion. How can he have thought that was even remotely possible!?

@traveloasis8389

Жыл бұрын

This wasn’t the 1st trip. It had been down there 4-5 times before. Repeated pressurizations weakened it.

@tarlison2k1

Жыл бұрын

its pride ...too much of it is never good couple it with green and now you have a disaster waiting to happen

@TrojansFirst

Жыл бұрын

@@traveloasis8389 He needed to replace the carbon fiber hull obviously.. But probably really expensive to do so.

@cloudberry27

Жыл бұрын

The ceo was a killer.

Every time he says under pressure, all I can think about is the song, “Under Pressure” by Queen playing in my head. 😅

Those folks on the sub were yeeted into the afterlife so hard the reaper had to duck. A shame it had t happen, but perhaps this can be a good lesson in 'Listening to and heading red flags' when they pop up

Do you think they heard a crackling sound the second before it happened?

for the snorkel trick, you have to breathe in through the tube, out through the nose/mouth. Past a few feet though nothins comin in without pressure

Feelings verses science, is all the rage!

Now I know absolutely everything I need to know about scuba diving! I'm going to stick with paddling a canoe! Seriously this was a good video.

On swimming up while holding your breath, through stupidity on my part I discovered that your lungs will not rupture. Your windpipe and whatever holds it shut when you are holding your breath gives out first. Very painful. Fortunately the pain makes you realize you need to breath out before permanent damage occurs. I need to stress the pain, it was bad.

You forgot about the ignition of air under pressure - thermodynamics...

Very interesting

May I ask why it feels so comfortable being underwater? I did some scuba diving a few years ago, after being used into breathing into the equipment underwater, there's just something incredibly comfortable being underwater and having the pressure on all sides.

Decent content Sir 👍. You did leave out an important point though. This being of the massive and instantaneous heating effect of the sudden pressurization. I have heard that it would have been as hot as the sun for an instant. What be your thoughts?

@lym3204

Жыл бұрын

Then they would have been instantly vaporized like the people who were reduced to shadows in the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Were they vaporized or were they compressed?

@soundscienceuk

Жыл бұрын

@@lym3204 i saw a video with a physicist which said they basically would of been an instant ash cloud essentially .

It was made out of carbon fiber,under pressure when it fails unlike titanium which cracks it shatters.

When I was a teenager I tried what he mentioned at 10:18 about extending the length of a scuba. Bad idea, I couldn’t breathe even if I were only a couple of feet deep. The water pressure was applying too much pressure on my rib cage so I couldn’t breathe. I even made it worse, at the end of the scuba tube I tied up a plastic bag as an air reservoir just in case I would want to go deeper than the length of the scuba. Then I thought hey, the plastic bag will be compressed by the water. So I squeezed it into an empty plastic gallon container and sealed it with dock tape. But, I knew I had very limited time of breathing caused by carbon monoxide. Anyway, I tried it cause I was wondering if it would work 😅

You make lots of Sence nice!

Thank you

i suspect the problem with a laminated material is that the entire cross-section (individual layers) cannot be inspected for stress failure. Only the outside and inside surface scan be inspected. This is probably why you want to use a truly solid material for structures of this type.

Why did it implode? I would say there is a high probability that those in charge did not put safety first according to the information that has come out over the past week.

It's funny that stockton was a scuba diver and the sub he build without the shell looks 100000% like a scubatank

I keep hearing that it would get crushed instantly. Would the water just push inward at the speed of gravity from all sides?

@david-dj8or

Жыл бұрын

After more time to think, I thought of other things. I thought that as crushed, the gas inside would escape through the holes rather than be compressed as many claim. As in relation to my earlier comment, I imagine if it was air rather than water that did the crushing, the crushing would be instant. I also thought of an analogy to the event. Imagine the sub was at depth in a strong sphere 50 ft in dia. This sphere had a 1in sq tube going all the way to the surface. The pressure would be the same as what had happened to that sub. But to be crushed it would have to wait for gravity to push the water down the tube hundreds of feet. In the event that happened to the Titanic sub, as the sub was crushed, the sea level would not be seen to have dropped so I don't think waiting for gravity would be an issue, but I still think the sub got crushed at the speed of gravity.

Wouldn't the air inside the sub, as it is compressed, heat up and burn up everything what is inside the sub?

@juggernaut316

Жыл бұрын

There would be cavitation explosion

what’s not talked about much is designing parts out of carbon fiber and how the strength comes into play. I worked with aircraft parts made out of carbon fiber and learned that the design of any part needs to be done by knowing the loads it will be under. With carbon fiber its strength comes from the load applied against the strands (tensile strength) like in a pressure cylinder where the pressure is on the inside pushing outward. With the titan submersible the pressure is on the outside pushing inward, so the design is relying on the glue not the carbon fiber strands that run end to end.

@clarkscarborough959

Жыл бұрын

Spot-on!

Just one minor point. Bar and atm aren’t completely interchangeable. They’re close (1 bar = 0.983atm), but you notice deviations when you get over 100bar. For instance at the depth the Titanic is, there’s a +4 atm deviation.

Did you hit Turneffe Atoll while diving?

Infinintely faster and flatter than crushing a bug underfoot: 🐛sppplllaaattt!!! 😲 Very interesting, informative video! Thanks.

I heard there is also a large amount of heat from the instant compression. What are your thoughts on that?

@jackwinemiller8358

Жыл бұрын

the air would have become superheated by the incredibly fast compression and then escaped as tiny tiny bubbles growing larger as they rose towards the surface however the implosion at most would happen in less that about 1/20th of a second

They had about 20 mins to contemplate this. They must have been in utter terror!

Great 🤔, i have learned how the pressure causes something to implode