The rule of the Bani Umayyad caliphate lasted for 1000 months, and during this period, the possessions of the Islamic territory were administered by them.
The first of them was Muawiya, the son of Abu Sufyan, the most famous enemy of Islam, and the last of them was Marwan, nicknamed Hamar, who was defeated by the forces of Abu Muslim of Khorasani in the Battle of Zab, and with his death, the dynasty of Bani Abbas caliphs officially came to power.
Muawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyan Ibn Harb, who was born about 15 years before the Prophet's migration, converted to Islam after the conquest of Mecca and is considered to be from the Book of Revelation. After the death of the Prophet, Abu Bakr and then Umar bin Khattab reached the Emirate of Syria, which the Muslims had taken from the Romans, and the center of the Umayyad caliphate was always Damascus. Muawiya's differences after the assassination of Uthman the third caliph with Ali bin Abi Talib, the caliph of the Muslims, led to wars that plagued Islam for a long time and caused a lot of damage to the Muslim unity. After the martyrdom of Ali ibn Abi Talib and the succession of Imam Hassan Mojtaba, a battle broke out between them, which led to the conclusion of a peace treaty, according to one of the clauses of which, the caliphate would go to Muawiyah and after his death to Imam Hassan while he was still alive. Absence is attributed to Imam Hussain, and Hussain always adhered to this covenant, but Mu'awiyah acted against this clause at the end of his life and gave the caliphate to his son Yazid and demanded allegiance from the people.
This violation of the treaty caused Imam Hussein to not accept when Yazd asked him to pledge allegiance, and the Karbala incident occurred.
In its 3-year caliphate, in the first year of the Karbala disaster, in the second year of the Hara incident, and the following year, Yazd recorded the burning of the Kaaba and the destruction of parts of Mecca. After him, his son Mu'awiya came to power, who was in office for a few months, and due to his belief in Imam Hassan's peace treaty, he was removed from the way, and Marwan's family, who were from the Umayyad tribe, took over the government. At the same time, there were uprisings such as Tawabin-Kisaniyyah, the exodus of Ash'ath-Taghian Abdullah Ibn Zubair, which was mostly suppressed by his son Abdul Malik after Marwan, and a lot of harshness was imposed on Ali's family and his followers. Hajjaj bin Yusuf gained power during the time of Abdul Malik and committed crimes and oppression in Islamic lands for 20 years. After Marwan, during the time of Walid bin Abdul Malik, under the command of Tariq bin Ziyad and then Musa bin Nazir, Andalusia was conquered in 92 AH.
The rest of the Umayyad caliphs carried out conquests in Iran and North Africa according to the internal situation of their government and the existing military power, and when the internal situation of the government was not good, this conquest was minimal or silent.
The rule of the Umayyad dynasty was full of harshness and cruelty to people, especially non-Arabs, and Arab hostility was the most important issue that was considered in this dynasty of caliphs.